Building a more complex moleculeC2
Isolated impurities
From E. A. Moore: “Molecular Modelling and bonding”, Royal Soc. Chem.
Building a solid Graphite/Diamond
Isolated impurities
From W. A. Harrison: “Electron Structure” Royal Soc. Chem.
Building a metal (Copper)
Isolated impurities
From J. A. Burdick Phys. Rev. 129 138 (1963)
Isolatedatoms
CondensedPhase
ConductionBand
ValenceBand
AvailableStates
No Statesavailable
1/R
EBuilding a Semiconductor
Valence band
Conduction band
Isolated impurities
Fill up the states with electrons just like you fill up atomic or molecular states, fill from the lower energy up being careful to abide by Pauli.The material properties are dominated at by the highest energy states that are occupied.
Localized states near impurities; These control the properties of the semiconductor
Impurities in Semiconductors•“Electrons” in solids can behave as if they have a different mass and charge than free electrons. Why, the dynamics of the material are really determined by the “excitations” of the system (how it’s behaviour differs from the equilibrium state).•E.G. for Donors in Si you might expect E=(o/)2(m*/mo)EH
•For Si this works out to be about 25meV, and this is in reasonable agreement with the experimental results for shallow donors (even though we have left out a lot of details that account for differences between elements like P and As etc.
Band structure and Impurties in Si and Ge
From S. SM .Sze “Physics of Semiconductor devices”, Wiley (1969))
Nano Technology/Materials•Why interesting?
•Technological Applications (7 responses)•How do we make things that small? (8 responses)•Confinement energy becomes important (DVB)
•What would you like to hear more about?•Quantum computing (7 responses)•Applications in general (5 responses) life sciences (4)•Buckyballs/Carbon Nanotubes (5 responses)•How to make them? (4 responses)
Key Properties of Materials• Electrical Conductivity• Hall Effect (balance of Lorentz and Electric forces within
a wire carrying a current in a magnetic field).– Useful for measuring carrier concentration and type
(electrons vs. holes)– Ubiquitous for measuring magnetic fields
• Thermo-electric Effects– Electrons carry both charge and energy, hence the
two can be coupled.– Used widely for measuring temperature
• Piezoelectric effects (strain<-> voltages)– Used in SPM’s, small sensors etc.
Lecture 32Semiconductor Laser
http://www.explainthatstuff.com/laserdiode.png
The Field-Effect Transistor
From T. N. Thies IBMJRD (2000)
From Mayer and Lau (1990)
Inside an Integrated CircuitMaterials Science:Interdiffusion, anisotropic etching,electromigration, diff. therm. exp.
Condensed-matter Physics:Quantum Hall effects, quantum interference, non-local transport
Integer Quantum Hall Effect
1985 Nobel Prize Von Klitzing
Fractional QHE
1998 Nobel PrizeLaughlin, Tsui, Stormer
A very rich area ofCMP for 2 decades,Anyons, Skyrmions,Coulomb drag …
Fractional QHE
1998 Nobel PrizeLaughlin, Tsui, Stormer
A very rich area ofCMP for 2 decades,Anyons, Skyrmions,Coulomb drag …
Take-home lesson: It’s the excitations (stupid!); the low-lyingExcitations of a many-Particle system determineIts properties!
The Field-Effect Transistor
Photo-lithography(the birth of nano-tech)
http://www.hitequest.com/Kiss/VLSI.htm
From T. N. Thies IBMJRD (2000)
From Mayer and Lau (1990)
Inside an Integrated CircuitMaterials Science:Interdiffusion, anisotropic etching,electromigration, diff. therm. exp.
Condensed-matter Physics:Quantum Hall effects, quantum interference, non-local transport
Fractional QHE
1998 Nobel PrizeLaughlin, Tsui, Stormer
A very rich area ofCMP for 2 decades,Anyons, Skyrmions,Coulomb drag …
Take-home lesson: It’s the excitations (stupid!); the low-lyingExcitations of a many-Particle system determineIts properties!
Vorlesung Quantum Computing SS ‘08
20
ENIAC
• Electronic Numerical Integrator And Computer• 17468 vacuum tubes• weight 20 t, power consumption 150 kW
1946
Vorlesung Quantum Computing SS ‘08
21
Moore’s law
http://www.intel.com/technology/mooreslaw/
Vorlesung Quantum Computing SS ‘08
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breaking the barrier?
We may be starting to see this flatten out, latest Intel processors are using a “32 nm” process, and they are planning for 22nm. Previous generations had used a “45nm” process.http://techreport.com/articles.x/18216
Gold Nano-particles
Color varies with particle size (red stained glassFrom the middle ages uses gold nano-particles)
http://www.meliorum.com/gold.htm?gclid=CObsuZfvlJ4CFQOdnAodoEl-qA
Gold Nano-particles
Color varies with particle size (red stained glassFrom the middle ages uses gold nano-particles)
http://www.nsec.ohio-state.edu/teacher_workshop/Gold_Nanoparticles.pdf
For even more exciting applications see the Dragnea group site in IU Chem.:http://www.indiana.edu/~bdlab/research.html
Self-Assembly routes to nanomaterials
Nanostructures from Self-Assembly
This self-assembly can be used to make materials with molecular size control (e.g. MCM-41 and related silicates)
http://cae2k.com/photos-of-aloha-0/mcm-41.html
http://igitur-archive.library.uu.nl/dissertations/2003-0325-143241/inhoud.htm
Discovery of the Neutron
T&R Figure 12.1
Chadwick (1932, building on earlier work by Both and Becker, and later I. Curie, and Joliot) demonstrated that the unknown radiation must have a mass of the same order as the proton by measuring the energy of recoil nuclei of various mass.
Size of Nuclei
T&R Figure 12.2 R = ro A1/3
Trends in Nuclear Stability
See also: T&R Fig. 12.6Please note two things from this figure:1.The binding energy per nucleon peaks at 56Fe (CALM)2.Note the peaks at 4He 16O, and (to some extent) at 12C.
http://www.tutorvista.com/physics/binding-energy-per-nucleon
http://www.corrosionsource.com/handbook/periodic/periodic_table.gif
21018365486
Closing a shell-> Stable atom, high ionization
energy
Magic numbers in Nuclei(protons)
From E. Segre “Nuclei and Particles
Note the sharp drop in separation energy at atomic numbers of 9, 21, 29,51, and 83
Magic numbers in Nuclei(neutrons)
From E. Segre “Nuclei and Particles
Shell model for NucleiFrom E. Segre “Nuclei and Particles”
3-D Harmonic Oscillator
Spherical Square well
Trends in Nuclear Stability
T&R Figure 12.5See also Nudat2 at:http://www.nndc.bnl.gov/nudat2/
Types of Radiation
http://www.nndc.bnl.gov/nudat2/reColor.jsp?newColor=dm
Types of Radiation•Alpha ():
•4He nucleus; very easy to stop (paper,etc.)•Beta ()
•Electrons or positions, relatively easy to stop •NOTE: you can also get high-energy electrons through “internal conversion” and the Auger process, but strictly speaking, these do not come from beta decay, and are therefore not, technically, “beta” particles (even though they behave exactly the same way).
•Gamma ()•High-energy photons (of nuclear origin)
•X-rays•High-energy photons (of atomic origin)
•Neutron (n)•Protons, ions
Types of Nuclear Decay•Alpha ():
•4He nucleus;
•Beta ()•Electrons or positions, of nuclear origin
•Electron Capture•Gamma ()
•(gamma, internal conversion do not change nucleons). •Spontaneous fission•proton•Neutron (n)
http://library.thinkquest.org/3471/radiation_types.html
Examples
• What is the binding energy per nucleon of 56Fe?
• The mass of 12553I is 124.904624u and that
of 12552Te is 124.904425 u. What decay
mode is possible between these two nuclei?