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P2.1.3 Terminal Velocity
P2 Physics
KS4 ADDITIONAL SCIENCEMr D Powell
Mr Powell 2012Index
Connection
• Connect your learning to the content of the lesson
• Share the process by which the learning will actually take place
• Explore the outcomes of the learning, emphasising why this will be beneficial for the learner
Demonstration
• Use formative feedback – Assessment for Learning
• Vary the groupings within the classroom for the purpose of learning – individual; pair; group/team; friendship; teacher selected; single sex; mixed sex
• Offer different ways for the students to demonstrate their understanding
• Allow the students to “show off” their learning
Activation
• Construct problem-solving challenges for the students
• Use a multi-sensory approach – VAK• Promote a language of learning to
enable the students to talk about their progress or obstacles to it
• Learning as an active process, so the students aren’t passive receptors
Consolidation
• Structure active reflection on the lesson content and the process of learning
• Seek transfer between “subjects”• Review the learning from this lesson and
preview the learning for the next• Promote ways in which the students will
remember• A “news broadcast” approach to learning
Mr Powell 2012Index
P2.1.4 Terminal Velocity
a) The faster an object moves through a fluid the greater the frictional force that acts on it.
b) An object falling through a fluid will initially accelerate due to the force of gravity. Eventually the resultant force will be zero and the object will move at its terminal velocity (steady speed).
c) Draw and interpret velocity-time graphs for objects that reach terminal velocity, including a consideration of the forces acting on the object.
d) Calculate the weight of an object using the force exerted on it by a gravitational force: W = mg (F = ma)
Mr Powell 2012Index
a) The faster an object moves through a fluid the greater the frictional force that acts on it. A
Mr Powell 2012Index
Newtons Law Number 1
If the resultant force is zero…
The object will stay still OR, if already moving, move at a constant speed in a straight line.
Air resistanceForce from muscles
There is a zero resultant force so the athlete runs at a constant speed.
Copy this law in your own words...
A
Mr Powell 2012Index
Newtons Law Number 2
If there is a resultant force on an object it will accelerate (speed up, or slow down).
The resultant forward force causes the puck to accelerate.
Force = mass x acceleration
mass
Copy this law in your own words...
A
Mr Powell 2012Index
Newtons Law Number 3
For every ACTION there is an equal and opposite REACTION (think of an action as a sort of impact or hitting force)
The tennis racket gives the ball a forward force (action) … but the ball also gives the racket a backward force (reaction).
Copy this law in your own words...
A
Mr Powell 2012Index
Investigating TV with Oil.
1. Pour 100ml of oil into the cylinder and get a spare cylinder to pour into.
2. Get 2 stopwatches,3 dice and some paper to prevent spillage.
3. Get two people down to eye level to time the fall between 90-70 & 50&30ml. Each reading should be a paired reading.
4. Record the times in your table.
5. Repeat 5 times in total. Enter results in table
A
Mr Powell 2012Index
Example Results
1ooMl Cylinder - Trying to Establish the Terminal Velocity of Oil
1st Timing /s
1st Distance /m
Velocity m/s
2nd Timing /s
2nd Distance /m
Velocity m/s
Velocity Difference
m/s
1 0.53 0.034 0.06 0.53 0.034 0.06 02 0.56 0.034 0.06 0.69 0.034 0.05 0.013 0.55 0.034 0.06 0.57 0.034 0.06 04 0.53 0.034 0.06 0.52 0.034 0.07 -0.015 0.56 0.034 0.06 0.54 0.034 0.06 0
Dev 0.000
A
Mr Powell 2012Index
b) An object falling through a fluid will initially accelerate due to the force of gravity. Eventually the resultant force will be zero and the object will move at its terminal velocity (steady speed).
Why is this the case?
A
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c) Terminal Velocity
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 140
10
20
30
40
50
60Velocity of a Skydiver as she falls from a Plane
Time in seconds (s)
Ve
loc
ity
in m
ete
rs p
er
se
co
nd
(m
/s)
Terminal Velocity
Time (s) Velocity m/s
0 0
1 10
2 20
3 30
4 36
5 40
6 44
7 48
8 50
9 52
10 54
11 55
12 55
13 55
?
D
Mr Powell 2012Index
Progress Check…
Mr Powell 2012Index
Terminal Velocity
Time (s) Velocity m/s
0 0
1 10
2 20
3 30
4 36
5 40
6 44
7 48
8 50
9 52
10 54
11 55
12 55
13 55
Mr Powell 2012Index
Summary Questions D
Mr Powell 2012Index
Multichoice... D
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Matchup... D
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d) What is the link? A
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d) Investigation...
We can use the apparatus above to accelerate a trolley with a constant force. Use the newtonmeter to pull the trolley along with a constant force.
You can double or treble the total moving mass by using double-deck and triple-deck trolleys.
A motion sensor and a computer record the velocity of the trolley as it accelerates.
Here is a typical set of results which show that for the same force the acceleration reduces as mass increases.
Can you work out a simple formulae which relates force, mass & acceleration?
A
Mr Powell 2012Index
d) Weight or Gravity?
A lot of people slip into lazy English and try and use the ideas of Weight and Gravity interchangeably.
However, they are not the same thing.
Gravity is a special force which acts upon mass and is measured in Newtons per kilogram.
Weight is measured in Newtons and is a unit of forces
Gravity is on Earth is derived from the total mass of Earth. For this mass the Force of Gravity is 10N/kg. On the moon it is only 1.6N/kg as the Earth has 81.2 more mass and 4 times the radius.
5.9742 × 1024 kilograms
7.36 × 1022 kilograms¼ radius of Earth
2r
mg
A
Mr Powell 2012Index
d) Comparison
Body Multiple ofEarth gravity m/s²
Sun 27.90 274.1Mercury 0.3770 3.703
Venus 0.9032 8.872Earth 1 (by definition) 9.8226 10Moon 0.1655 1.625Mars 0.3895 3.728
Jupiter 2.640 25.93Saturn 1.139 11.19Uranus 0.917 9.01
Neptune 1.148 11.28Pluto 0.0621 0.610
A
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d) Gravity....
So the force of gravity pulls down on masses accord to gravitational field strength. This varies with height but near to the Earth is a constant 10N/kg.So 1kg would weigh;
Weight (N) = mass (kg) x Gravitational Field (g) (N/kg) (W=mg) W = mg W = 1kg x 10N/kg W = 10N
The weight feels a force of 10N
800g would weigh;W = 0.800kg x 10N/kgW = 8N Using the above formula (on the earth) find the following;
1) W? if m = 0.5kg 2) W? if m = 300g 3) m? if W = 34N
4) m? if W = 280N 5) m? if W = 0.1N
1. 5N2. 3N3. 3.4kg4. 28kg5. 0.01kg
D
Mr Powell 2012Index
d) Acceleration again....We can actually consider the gravity acting on objects as a form of acceleration. However, this time the units are different and we can quote the acceleration as the Force per kilogram or N/kg instead of m/s2. In fact both are the same;
10N/kg = 10m/s2 = 10ms-2,
In which case we actually find that one Newton of force can be defined as the force required to give a mass of 1kg, an acceleration, of 1 m/s2 or 1ms-2
Force = mass x acceleration
Work out the following;
1. m= 50kg, a = 10N/kg, F = 2. m= 100kg, a = 5N/kg, F =3. F= 50N, a = 10N/kg, m = 4. F= 30N, m = 5kg, a =5. F= 28N, a = 2.5ms-2, m =
ma
F
am
F
or
maF
1
1
5.12
3
31
3
Nkgkg
N
Nkgkg
N
am
F
1. 500N2. 500N3. 5kg4. 6N/kg5. 11.2kg
D
Mr Powell 2012Index
d) Applications to F=ma
Resultant force(in newtons)
Mass(in kilograms)
Acceleration(in m/s2 or N/kg)
a) Athlete accelerating at start of 100 m
race70 8.0
b) Car accelerating 3000 1200
c) Lorry braking 16 000 0.8
d) Plane taking off 8000 5.0
Complete the table below showing the resultant force, mass and acceleration of objects in different situations.
am
F
or
maF
Resultant force(in newtons) N
Mass(in kilograms)
kgAcceleration
(in m/s2 or N/kg)
a) Athlete accelerating at start of 100 m
race560 70 8.0
b) Car accelerating 3000 1200 2.5
c) Lorry braking 16 000 20000 0.8
d) Plane taking off 40,000 8000 5.0
D
Mr Powell 2012Index
d) Exam Questions...
A vehicle of mass 1500 kg braked to a standstill from a velocity of 24 m/s in 12 s.
1) Show that the deceleration of the vehicle was 2.0 m/s2.
2) Calculate the resultant force on the vehicle.
(0- 24)ms-1 /12s = -2.0 ms-2
F = ma = 1500kg x -2.0 ms-2 = 1500kg x -2.0 Nkg-1 = -3000N
t
v
t
uva
maF
D
Mr Powell 2012Index
1) A cyclist accelerated along a flat road from a standstill to a velocity of 12 m/s in 60 seconds. The mass of the cyclist and the bicycle was 80 kg. Show that the acceleration of the cyclist was 0.2 m/s2.
Calculate the resultant force on the cyclist and the bicycle. On reaching a velocity of 12 m/s, the cyclist in 1) stopped pedalling and slowed down to a velocity of 8 m/s in 10 s, when she started pedalling again.
Calculate:
2) The deceleration of the cyclist when she slowed down.
3) The size and direction of the resultant force on the cyclist when she slowed down.
d) Exam Questions...
12ms-1 /60s = 0.2 ms-2
F = ma = 80kg x -0.4 ms-2 = -32N
(8ms-1 -12ms-1) / 10s = -0.4 ms-2
t
v
t
uva
maF
D
Mr Powell 2012Index
Summary Questions 1
V
RF
M
V RFRF
D
Mr Powell 2012Index
d) Summary Questions 2
a = F/m = 20N / 8 kg = 2.5 N/kg
a = F/m = 5kN / 20 kg = 5000N / 20kg = 250 N/kg
a = F/m = 0.2N / 500g = 0.2N / 0.5kg = 2 N/kg
F = ma = 5kg x 5 m/s2 = 25 kgm/s2 or 25 kgms-2 or 25N
kgm/s2 = kgms-2 = N
F = ma = 15kg x 3 m/s2 = 45 kgm/s2 or 45 kgms-2 or 45N
D
Resultant force
(in newtons) N
Mass(in
kilograms) kg
Acceleration(in m/s2 or
N/kg)
a) Athlete accelerating
at start of 100 m race
70 8.0
b) Car accelerating 3000 1200
c) Lorry braking 16 000 0.8
d) Plane taking off 8000 5.0
W = mg or F = ma
Resultant force
(in newtons) N
Mass(in
kilograms) kg
Acceleration(in m/s2 or
N/kg)
a) Athlete accelerating
at start of 100 m race
70 8.0
b) Car accelerating 3000 1200
c) Lorry braking 16 000 0.8
d) Plane taking off 8000 5.0
W = mg or F = ma
P2.1.4 Terminal Velocity
a) The faster an object moves through a fluid the greater the frictional force that acts on it.
b) An object falling through a fluid will initially accelerate due to the force of gravity. Eventually the resultant force will be zero and the object will move at its terminal velocity (steady speed).
c) Draw and interpret velocity-time graphs for objects that reach terminal velocity, including a consideration of the forces acting on the object.
d) Calculate the weight of an object using the force exerted on it by a gravitational force: W = mg (F = ma)
P2.1.4 Terminal Velocity
a) The faster an object moves through a fluid the greater the frictional force that acts on it.
b) An object falling through a fluid will initially accelerate due to the force of gravity. Eventually the resultant force will be zero and the object will move at its terminal velocity (steady speed).
c) Draw and interpret velocity-time graphs for objects that reach terminal velocity, including a consideration of the forces acting on the object.
d) Calculate the weight of an object using the force exerted on it by a gravitational force: W = mg (F = ma)
P2.1.4 Terminal Velocity
a) The faster an object moves through a fluid the greater the frictional force that acts on it.
b) An object falling through a fluid will initially accelerate due to the force of gravity. Eventually the resultant force will be zero and the object will move at its terminal velocity (steady speed).
c) Draw and interpret velocity-time graphs for objects that reach terminal velocity, including a consideration of the forces acting on the object.
d) Calculate the weight of an object using the force exerted on it by a gravitational force: W = mg (F = ma)
P2.1.4 Terminal Velocity
a) The faster an object moves through a fluid the greater the frictional force that acts on it.
b) An object falling through a fluid will initially accelerate due to the force of gravity. Eventually the resultant force will be zero and the object will move at its terminal velocity (steady speed).
c) Draw and interpret velocity-time graphs for objects that reach terminal velocity, including a consideration of the forces acting on the object.
d) Calculate the weight of an object using the force exerted on it by a gravitational force: W = mg (F = ma)