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PA RemediationPA Remediation
Goals 2.01, 2.02, 2.04Goals 2.01, 2.02, 2.04
Organic CompoundsOrganic CompoundsCarbo-hydratesCarbo-hydrates ProteinsProteins LipidsLipids Nucleic Nucleic
AcidsAcids
Made of? Made of? (elements)(elements)
MonomerMonomer
PolymerPolymer
TestTest N/AN/A
UseUse
Organic CompoundsOrganic CompoundsCarbo-hydratesCarbo-hydrates ProteinsProteins LipidsLipids Nucleic Nucleic
AcidsAcids
Made of? Made of? (elements)(elements)
C, H, OC, H, O
1:2:1 ratio1:2:1 ratio
C, H, O, NC, H, O, N C, H, OC, H, O
No RatioNo Ratio
C, H, O, N, C, H, O, N, PP
MonomerMonomer Simple SugarSimple Sugar
CC66HH1212OO66
Amino Amino AcidsAcids
Fatty AcidsFatty Acids NucleotideNucleotide
PolymerPolymer StarchesStarches ProteinProtein Lipids: Lipids: steroid, waxessteroid, waxes
RNA & RNA & DNADNA
TestTest Benedict’s Benedict’s (Monomer)(Monomer)
Lugol’sLugol’s(Polymer)(Polymer)
Biuret’s Biuret’s Brown Brown Paper BagPaper Bag
N/AN/A
UseUse EnergyEnergy Structural Structural Elements & Elements & EnzymesEnzymes
Structural Structural Elements Elements
Cell Cell MembranesMembranes
Heredity Heredity InformationInformation
Which of the following Which of the following macromolecules found in macromolecules found in animal tissues functions to animal tissues functions to insulate and help animals insulate and help animals conserve heat?conserve heat?
• CarbohydratesCarbohydrates• LipidsLipids• ProteinsProteins• Nucleic acidsNucleic acidsCarbon is important to Carbon is important to living things because:living things because:• It metabolizes easily, It metabolizes easily,
creating a quick energy creating a quick energy sourcesource
• It is abundant on the It is abundant on the Earth’s surfaceEarth’s surface
• It can form 4 covalent It can form 4 covalent bonds with other atomsbonds with other atoms
• It has 12 protons and It has 12 protons and neutronsneutrons
Nucleotides are to nucleic acids Nucleotides are to nucleic acids as amino acids are to:as amino acids are to:A.A. DNADNAB.B. PolypeptidesPolypeptidesC.C. ProteinsProteinsD.D. CarbohydratesCarbohydrates
When Lugols turns dark blue to When Lugols turns dark blue to black in color, it is an black in color, it is an indicator for the presence of indicator for the presence of what compound?what compound?
A.A. CarbohydratesCarbohydratesB.B. LipidsLipidsC.C. ProteinsProteinsD.D. Nucleic acidsNucleic acids
EnzymesEnzymes
Enzymes are Enzymes are proteinsproteins used to speed up used to speed up
reactions. (catalyst)reactions. (catalyst) specific to the specific to the
reactions they reactions they catalyze.catalyze.
reusable.reusable.
EnzymesEnzymes
What effects them and how?What effects them and how? Temperature Temperature
• Optimal point, denatures when too hot or cold Optimal point, denatures when too hot or cold usuallyusually
pHpH• Optimal point, denatures when to acidic or basic Optimal point, denatures when to acidic or basic
usuallyusually ConcentrationConcentration
• As concentration increases so does reaction rateAs concentration increases so does reaction rate
What are enzymes?What are enzymes?• Catalysts used by living Catalysts used by living
thingsthings• Catalysts used in all Catalysts used in all
reactionsreactions• Chemicals used to increase Chemicals used to increase
activation energyactivation energy• Fats used by living things to Fats used by living things to
help speed up chemical help speed up chemical reactionsreactions
How does an enzyme affect a How does an enzyme affect a chemical reaction?chemical reaction?
• It increases the amount of It increases the amount of product formedproduct formed
• It decreases the amount of It decreases the amount of product formedproduct formed
• It increases the activation It increases the activation energyenergy
• It decreases the activation It decreases the activation energy.energy.
One enzyme can facilitate the One enzyme can facilitate the reaction of many substrate reaction of many substrate molecules. Why does an enzyme molecules. Why does an enzyme have this ability?have this ability?
• Enzymes are super charged.Enzymes are super charged.• Enzymes are reusable.Enzymes are reusable.• Enzymes are made from proteins.Enzymes are made from proteins.• Enzymes are disassociated.Enzymes are disassociated.
The graph shows that temperatureThe graph shows that temperature• Has no affect on enzyme activityHas no affect on enzyme activity• Has an optimum where the Has an optimum where the
enzyme works bestenzyme works best• Can denature the enzymeCan denature the enzyme• Both B and C are correctBoth B and C are correct
The Cell Theory States That all Living The Cell Theory States That all Living Organisms Are: Organisms Are:
• Made of one or more cellsMade of one or more cells• Cells are the basic unit of structure and Cells are the basic unit of structure and
functionfunction• Cell come only from pre-existing cellsCell come only from pre-existing cells
CellsCellsStructureStructure FunctionFunction
11
22
33
44
55
66
77
CellsCellsStructureStructure FunctionFunction
11 Cell WallCell Wall Extra SupportExtra Support
22 Cell Cell MembraneMembrane
Homeostasis Homeostasis
33 NucleusNucleus Controls All Controls All Cell ActivitiesCell Activities
44 Chloro-Chloro-plastplast
Makes FoodMakes Food
55 Mito-Mito-
chondriachondria
Makes EnergyMakes Energy
66 VacuolesVacuoles Stores Stores MaterialsMaterials
77 RibosomeRibosome Makes ProteinsMakes Proteins
Kind of Cell?Kind of Cell?
Plants vs. AnimalPlants vs. Animal
PlantPlant Cell WallCell Wall ChloroplastsChloroplasts Large vacuolesLarge vacuoles
AnimalAnimal CentriolesCentrioles LysosomesLysosomes
Prokaryotic Vs. EukaryoticProkaryotic Vs. Eukaryotic
No nucleus or No nucleus or membrane bound membrane bound organellesorganelles ChromatinChromatin
Cell wallCell wall Cell membraneCell membrane CytoplasmCytoplasm RibosomesRibosomes Flagella/ciliaFlagella/cilia
Nucleus and Nucleus and membrane bound membrane bound organellesorganelles
Cell wallCell wall Cell membraneCell membrane CytoplasmCytoplasm RibosomesRibosomes Flagella/ciliaFlagella/cilia
Hierarchy of Cell OrganizationHierarchy of Cell Organization
Organic compoundsOrganic compounds OrganellesOrganelles CellsCells TissuesTissues OrgansOrgans Organ systemsOrgan systems
Cell CommunicationCell CommunicationCells communicate in a variety Cells communicate in a variety
of ways…..of ways….. Direct contact through cytoplasmic bridges Direct contact through cytoplasmic bridges
between the cellsbetween the cells They share cytoplasm and its contentsThey share cytoplasm and its contents
Chemical signalsChemical signals Chemical signals are released from one cell and Chemical signals are released from one cell and
travel to another celltravel to another cell These signals influence the activity of the second cellThese signals influence the activity of the second cell Examples include hormones and neurotransmitters.Examples include hormones and neurotransmitters.
The mitochondrion of the The mitochondrion of the
cell:cell:
A.A. Has only one membraneHas only one membrane
B.B. Has no membraneHas no membrane
C.C. Is circularIs circular
D.D. Is where cellular respiration Is where cellular respiration occursoccurs
Ribosomes:Ribosomes:
A.A. Are the site of protein Are the site of protein synthesissynthesis
B.B. Are made by other Are made by other ribosomesribosomes
C.C. Have their own DNAHave their own DNA
D.D. None of the aboveNone of the above
A(n) ________ is a group of A(n) ________ is a group of
different tissues that work different tissues that work
together to perform a certain together to perform a certain
function.function.
A.A. Organ systemOrgan system
B.B. OrganOrgan
C.C. CellCell
D.D. OrganelleOrganelle
Structures that support and Structures that support and
give shape to plant cells are:give shape to plant cells are:
A.A. MicrobodiesMicrobodies
B.B. Golgi bodiesGolgi bodies
C.C. NucleusNucleus
D.D. Cell wallsCell walls
Which of the following is Which of the following is
part of the cell theory? All part of the cell theory? All
cells:cells:
A.A. Are eukaryoticAre eukaryotic
B.B. Are prokaryoticAre prokaryotic
C.C. Have nucleiHave nuclei
D.D. Come from other cellsCome from other cells
The storage of hereditary The storage of hereditary
information in a eukaryotic information in a eukaryotic
cell is in the:cell is in the:
A.A. CytoplasmCytoplasm
B.B. NucleusNucleus
C.C. CentriolesCentrioles
D.D. LysosomesLysosomes