Sustainability
Ensures producers get
paid a fair price for goods
in disadvantaged areas.
Forest Stewardship Council
ensure wood has come
from a sustainable forest.
Green Dot Symbol shows
a fee has been paid to
recover packaging.
Amount of carbon
emitted during a
product’s life time.
Product Miles:
Miles a product travels in its life
time (Source > Factory > Outlet)
Reduce materials used
Reuse standard parts
Recycle at end of life
Renewable Materials:
Infinite source grown from plants
or animals, e.g wood, leather.
Non-Renewable Materials:
Finite source from oil, ores and
minerals, e.g metals, plastic.
Production Methods
Batch Production is when a series of identical products
are made together in specific quantities. Once one is
made, another series is made. e.g Bread
Mass Production is when a product goes through stages
of a production line, where each stage is responsible for
a certain part - it is usually cheap. e.g Cars
One-Off Production is when only one product is made
at a particular time. Production takes a long time and
the product will be expensive. e.g Sculpture
Continuous Production is when a product is continually
produced over a period of days, weeks etc. The product
is quite cheap and produced 24/7. e.g Soft Drinks
Packaging SymbolsKeep
Contents Dry
Reasons for Packaging
Protection - Prevent damage and tampering
Informing - Information for buyers/user and picture of product
Containing - Keep pieces together
Transportation - Can be easily stored and packed in bulk for transport
Preservation - Prevent product form deteriorating e.g food
Display - Advertise the product so it is easy to find on the shelf
Fragile, handle
with care
Place this
way up
5 a Day
Logo
Estimated
Sign
Name of Product
(not misleading)
All Ingredients
Nutritional
Information
Weight
Price
Storage Conditions
Best Before
Date
Cooking
Instructions
Barcode
Description
2D & 3D Designs Batch Production Tools
Jig is used to make sure parts are made the same,
without the need for marking out. Can be used to
help the positioning of holes when drilling.
Oblique shows the
front face with lines
extending back at 45°
to show 3D effect.
Isometric shows all
sides, but not as true
shape with 90° corners.
Horizontal lines drawn
at 30° to base.
One Point Perspective
shows objects receding
as they get further away
- 1 vanishing point.
Two Point Perspective uses 2
vanishing points, connected
by a horizontal line.
Orthographic
have a front, side
and plan view.
Former is used to make sure parts are shaped
to exactly the same shape each time.
Template allows you to
draw around and mark a
shape onto materials so it
can be cut out.
Mould is a hollow shape used when
casting plastic resin or metal.
Consumer Issues & Safety
Meets European
safety standards
Kitemark - British
Standards Institute
Which - Consumer
Advice Service
Design Movements & Retro Design
De Stijl was formed in the 1920s in the Netherlands by a
group of architects and artists, led by Theo van
Doesburg. It has a distinctive look consisting of
geometric shapes and only primary colours with black
and white. No curves are allowed. Designs were based
on functionalism with no decoration.
Retro Design are products based on nostalgic views
on the past; they have a traditional design with the
latest technology. There is still a place in the market
where people want to buy it.VW BeetleLion Mark -
Safe quality toy Not suitable for children aged
0 - 3 years e.g choking hazard.
Legislation: Consumer Safety Act
and Consumer Protection Act
Hazard: A potentially dangerous activity.
Risk: How likely it is for an employee
to be harmed by the hazard.
Risk Assessment:
Identifies hazards and
how the risk can be
minimised.
Designing New Products Continuous Improvement
Process which ensures manufacturers guarantee that their products are
the best they can possibly make them at the required price.
Technology Push is when scientific research and development has led to
creation of new products.
Example: Toyota Aygo - High customer
demand for smaller, greener cars. Using
existing technology to provide small
cars with better fuel economy and less
environmental impact.
Market Pull is when consumer market creates a demand for new products.
Example: iPhone - Existing products have
developed into Personal Digital Assistants,
using new technology to make it more
than just a simple communication device.
Financial
Savings
Styling
Updates
Environmental Impacts Consumer Feedback
Legislation and
Regulations
Maintenance Issues New Technology
Manufacturing
Improvements
Quality Systems
Quality Assurance checks systems that make the products,
ensuring consistency and required standards are met.
Staff are trained to monitor the equipment and materials
at different stages during the manufacturing process.
Quality Control is a series of checks carried out on a
product as it is made; this guarantees accuracy and
makes sure each product meets a standard.
Checks may include dimensional accuracy (with a
tolerance), material quality, taste, flammability tests.
Branding & Advertising
Methods of Advertising:
� TV / Radio
� Internet Ads
� Newspapers
� Magazines
� Telephone Marketing
� Flyers through post
� Bill boards
Draws the attention of potential customers
and persuades them to buy the product, by
informing them of features and functions.
This may create a consumer demand.
Companies have a brand status when they
have built up logos, symbols, colours, values,
catch phrases and feelings with a successful
product. This may create a brand identity that
the public trust - effective form of marketing.
Human Factors Using ICT to Design and Manufacture
CAD is Computer Aided Design e.g
2D Design, Solid Works software
Anthropometrics are measurements
of the human body.
Ergonomic Products are easy
and comfortable to use.
Inclusive Design is suitable for as many
people as possible - it is designed
between the 5th and 95th percentiles.
Exclusive Design is for a specific type
of user group e.g Braille phones,
wheelchairs, baby car seats.
CAM is Computer Aided Manufacture
e.g Laser Cutter, 3D Printer, Computer
Numerical Controlled (CNC) Lathe
Advantages of using CAM:
+ More accurate
+ Reduce labour costs
+ Less human error
+ Easily repeatable for
identical components
+ Store data easy (no paper)
+ Faster production
Disadvantages of using CAM:
- Expensive
- Staff training required
- Too much reliance on
technology - can fail
Exclusive User Groups:
Biomimicry
Where nature inspires a designer, by looking at the way it solves a
problem through evolution, and applying this to a design problem.
Velcro was invented, by looking at
natural burrs on dog’s fur and
plants in a field. They had natural
hooks that attach to each other,
and any other type of textile.
Japanese Bullet Train was
designed in style of the nose of a
Kingfisher, because it has an
efficient shape, which reduces
drag, so it travels at high speeds.
Product Evolution
Factors causing products to evolve over time:
� New Technology available e.g micro-technology
� Social Changes e.g women going to work
� Changing Fashions e.g seasonal colours in textiles
� New Materials Develop e.g smart materials
� Change in Manufacturing e.g automation
Mobile Phone has become
smaller and more advanced due
to improvements in nano-
technology and inventions such
as the internet, which have been
incorporated into the product.
Design Movements Standard Components
Arts and Crafts Movement took a traditional approach, using
craftsmen to make organic decorations e.g William Morris
Art Nouveau took inspiration from nature and believed in
quality goods but accepted mass production e.g Louis C Tiffany
Art Deco takes motifs from natures but uses bolder colours
and materials, often geometric shapes e.g Clarice Cliff
Bauhaus uses simple, minimal and practical designs to
explore new ideas e.g Walter Gropius (German School)
Memphis use bright colours and geometric shapes to
make eccentric and futuristic designs e.g Ettore Sottsass
Pre-manufactured pieces, mass produced by specialist manufacturers,
that are widely accepted and used by industries in commercial products.
Advantages:
+ Cheap to buy in
+ Assemble/make products
quicker and easier
+ Maintains consistency and
quality of products
Disadvantages:
- Shortage of specialised
components e.g computer chips
- Producers become dependent
on suppliers and have to check
quality of components
Zips Hinges Buttons Nuts and BoltsLEDs Food Colour
PlasticsMetals
Ferrous Metals contain iron (Fe)
• Stainless Steel - resistant to water and corrosion e.g cutlery
• Mild Steel - ductile, malleable, rusts easily e.g gates, railings
Non-Ferrous Metals don’t contain iron
• Aluminium - low density, cheap, shiny e.g car bodies
• Copper - ductile, resistant to water, conductor e.g pipes, wires
• Silver/Gold - resists corrosion, conductor e.g jewellery, circuits
Alloys mixture of metals
• Brass - (Zn and Cu) shiny, hard e.g door handles
Finishes:
• Anodising - gives aluminium durable finish
• Plating - use electrolysis gives shiny chromium surface
• Galvanising - dip metal into bath of molten zinc
Corrosion
Resistant
Thermosetting Plastics can’t be reshaped when heated
• Expoxy Resin - cast made of resin and hardener e.g PCBs
• Urea Formaldehyde - colourless e.g electrical switches, fittings
• Phenol Formaldehyde - hard, brittle, heat resistant e.g pan handles
Thermoplastics can be reshaped when heated (recyclable)
• Low Density Polyethene - flexible, tough e.g plastic bags, bottles
• Polypropene - strong, flexible, robust e.g chairs, buckets
• PVC - durable, tough, water resistant e.g raincoat, water pipes
Finishes:
• Polishing - buffing machine removes scratches
• Powder Coating - spray onto products in oven, which
provides durable, paint-like finish in many colours
Woods
Softwoods from coniferous trees, grow fast all year, cheap
• Pine - strong, easy to work with e.g DIY work
Hardwoods from deciduous trees, lose leaves, grow slow, expensive
• Beech - light in colour, hard, can be steam bent e.g toys
• Oak - strong, easy to work with e.g quality furniture
• Ash - easy to work with, can be laminated e.g tool handles
Man-Made Boards veneers or wood fibres glued together
• Plywood - strong, durable, water and boil proof e.g boat work
• Chipboard - chips glued, cover with laminate e.g shelves
• MDF - smooth even surface, easily machined e.g furniture
Finishes:
• Oils - improves appearance, protects for outdoor use
• Varnishes and Lacquers - seals surface of timber
• Stains - enhance colour and show up grain patterns