Pagano Technological System
THE CONTENTS OF THIS DOCUMENT ARE THE PROPERTY OF
PAGANO ENGINEERING AND MAY NOT BE REPRODUCED, COPIED,
OR DISCLOSED WITHOUT THE EXPRESS AUTHORITY OF PAGANO
ENGINEERING. THE CONTENTS OF THIS DOCUMENT ARE PROTECTED BY
COPYRIGHT
S.I.A.E. NO. 9501109
PAGANO ENGINEERING
00128 Roma – via Trigoria, 233 (Italy) - Tel. +39.06.50652482/80 – Fax +39.06.50652424
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a. General Technical Report of the Pagano System
01. Pagano System Technology for wooden buildings 01.1 Technical description of the Pagano System
02. Laminated timber. Structure’s features. 02.1 Structural system 02.2 Laminated wood 02.3 Fire and earthquake safety of wood construction
02.4 Iroko exterior finishing
03 Assembly of the structure. The building site. 03.1 Outsourcing assembly and erection work 04 An Eco-Sustainable System 04.1 Our Raw Material
04.2 The Eco-Sustainability of the Pagano System 04.3 The green Factory 04.4 Building Biology
05 Low Environmental Impact
05.1 The ecology of Wooden Buildings 05.2 The Ecology of the Pagano System 05.3 Some Low Environmental Impact Projects
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b. Materials, Finishes and HVAC Systems
b.1 Pitched Roof b.1.1 pitched roof covering b.1.2 interior finishing
b.2 Flat roof b.2.1flat roof covering b.2.2 interior finishing
b.3 Perimeter Walls b.4 Interior Wall b.5 Floors b.5.1 ground floor deck b.5.2 intermediate floor deck
b.6 Interior flooring b.7 Terrace Flooring b.8 Double-Paned Thermal Windows b.8.1 window layers b.8.2 extra insulation b.9 Electrical System b.9.1 standard system b.9.2 piping and wiring b.10 The Plumbing System b.10.1 the plumbing system b.10.2 standard bathroom fittings b.10.3 piping and connections b.11 The Heating System b.11.1 air conditioning system b.11.2 heating floor system b.11.3 floor convectors
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a
General Technical Report of the Pagano System
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01 PAGANO System Technology for wooden buildings
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What makes the Pagano system unique is the extremely high technological content of all its elements.
Technological options drive our choice of materials and finishings used for the building process, beginning
with laminated wood (obtained by gluing together boards made of selected, dried and suitably rebated
wood), i.e. traditional wood which technology has made homogenous and enhanced in terms of physical and
mechanical properties.
Pagano is the sole company in the world to have invented a special finishing process that uses valuable wood
species to make every living space something exclusive and distinctive on the strength of individual, subtle
nuances.
Pagano’s entire manufacturing line, which uses specially designed and engineered machinery and proprietary
software, is completely controlled by technology that enhances the authenticity and beauty of wood while
turning to account its technical and building characteristics.
The technological heritage at the heart of the Pagano system consists of the contrivances we have devised
and employ to make the laminated elements we use capable of performing something more than a merely
structural role. One such contrivance is the particular cross-shaped profile of our pillars, which makes them
capable, unlike traditional quadrangular pillars, of containing wire and duct which are therefore easier to
integrate into the structure and of receiving and coupling with other elements of the assembly.
Another such “contrivance” of fundamental importance is the set of solutions devised to create a
technological system that makes it possible to prefabricate and preassemble, not only the components of the
load bearing structure, but also all wiring, ducting and other equipment, and all finishings.
The ensuing advantage in terms of time saving and quality is invaluable.
However, technological solutions are not alone in giving the Pagano building system its distinctive identity.
The ornamental elements are just as important.
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The Pagano aesthetic approach is one of creative structuralism. The result is an unmistakable linear and
innovative design that, without in any way compromising the traditional charm of wooden houses, revisits
their traditional architecture in a modern key.
All Pagano’s technological assets (process, software, machinery, technological elements and ornamental
elements) are protected by patents and certificates registered in Italy and abroad.
Patent N.° RM95A000527 "System for bidimensional prefabrication of civil and industrial buildings made up of modular walls complete with fittings, and having a wood loadbearing structure.” Patent N.° RM95A000132 "Elements for construction of prefabricated buildings". S.I.A.E. Deposit N.° 9501109
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Patent N.° RM95A000528
“Multiequipped frame bed, with adjustable positioning.”
Patent N.° RM95A000530 “Modular wall with fittings, complete type.”
Patent N.° RM95A000529 “Junction element for facilitated composite assembly.”
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United States Patent N.° 6.134.860 Bidimensional prefabrication system for civil and industrial buildings made up of modular equippable walls having a wood load bearing structure, relevant fixtures for the realization of the prefabrication components, and prefabrication components
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01.1 Technical description of the Pagano System The Pagano System is a bidimensional prefabrication system for manufacturing complete wall modules.
Although it industrializes the entire production cycle, it allows complete freedom of architectural
composition and expression.
Its core concept is the aggregation of modular wall elements, the structural parts of which are made of wood,
which are designed for assembling into modules also comprised of non-loadbearing walls, finishings,
mechanical and electrical services, and are manufactured before erection at the work site. This makes it
possible to do away with in situ building and the necessity to find and hire skilled labour the latter entails,
while at the same time dramatically reducing lead times for production and erection, and, therefore, the cost
involved in the use of craftsman labour.
This very concept––equippable modular walls––gives the architect complete freedom of design expression,
for such walls can be composed into a full range of integrable modular components––standard as well as
non-standard––that make it possible to meet all architectural challenges recurrent in contemporary design
logic.
The system is based on rabbet joining and tightening together simple intelligent components, specifically
conceived to come together in a straightforward, automatic, and compositionally flexible way.
Prefabrication systems hitherto known can be divided into two major categories. One consists of global
prefabrication systems producing standard housing modules for the construction of civil and industrial
buildings that are made aesthetically, structurally and distributionally flat and unvarying by the rigid design
of the modules used. Nor could it be otherwise, for the manufacturing approach chosen imposes severe
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conceptual schematization, and the integration of non-standard components would impose extremely high
costs and the use of highly skilled labour.
The other consists of systems that focus on the specialized manufacturing of individual components or stages
of the production process, such as the manufacture of loadbearing structures, and leave the larger part of the
work to on-site erection and finishing. In the end, not much differentiates such an approach from traditional
artisanal ones in terms of specialization, construction costs and periods.
It is a well known fact that most global as well as specialized prefabrication systems make for extremely low
quality production, due the necessity to contain the costs of the materials used and the high cost of all non-
standard parts, not to mention on-site erection and finishing.
Further disadvantages of hitherto known prefabrication systems, especially with regard to buildings for
housing, are the lack of flexibility and the repetitiveness of the structure or of its components, with all their
negative repercussions on both the environmental landscape and the users of the building, who have no
opportunity to introduce any customized element during the design stage, given that the system is rigidly
conditioned by inadequately developed prefabricated components.
Hence the difference made by the Pagano System in the field of industrial construction technologies for civil
and industrial buildings, by introducing a bidimensional, more flexible approach, one that better adjusts to
different design situations, overcomes the shortcomings of hitherto known systems, uses serial production
cycles to industrialize the entire construction process for all elements of a building, and makes it possible to
create diversified housing units of high overall quality.
More specifically, Pagano’s bidimensional prefabrication system is conceived to replace the specialist
approach with a global one that focuses on manufacturing modular elements also comprised of non load
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bearing walls, finishings, mechanical and electrical services instead of structural elements alone. This is
made possible by the use of complete modular elements of essential shapes and proportions––the product of
rationalized experimental analysis aimed at maximum optimization and integration of individual components
within the structure of the building as much as at ensuring easy assembly of floors and roof components with
these complete modular elements. As a result, the need to use skilled labour is eliminated, and erection time
and costs are accordingly reduced.
With this aim in mind, the Pagano prefabrication system has been conceived to make the production cycle of
each component a complete one, meaning that its output consists of finished wall modules that are ready to
perform their structural or building delineation function, complete with finishings, mechanical and electrical
services, and ready to be integrated with all other structural roof and floor elements necessary to construct a
building.
The Pagano construction-by-aggregation philosophy is based on a precise structural choice: a building is
schematized as a global cellular system where the wall elements as well as the floors behave as beam walls
guaranteeing seismic safety in accordance with regulations. Connection components are secured by hinge
joints that are easy to assemble, highly strong and equipped with regulation and control devices.
Moreover, floor elements are built using self-supporting sandwich panels that act as infinitely rigid plates on
the horizontal plane and react like a box beam placed on a plane parallel to the ground.
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Finally––and that is the factor that makes all the above structural choices possible, along with the industrial
construction of equippable wall modules adapted to design requirements on a case-by-case basis––is the
choice to frame the loadbearing structure as a bidimensional system where all structural components such as
columns, main beams (both internal and roof beams), trusses, purlins, secondary and roof frames are of
laminated coniferous timber bonded with special resin adhesives under extremely high pressure, and vacuum
impregnated by autoclaving.
Thanks to the special features of laminated timber––static strength, workability, lightness, and easy
assemblability––the Pagano System uses all structural elements for other functions in addition to load
bearing; to name a few, for housing the elements to be used for fastening wall components together during
assembly, for containing the peripheral supply lines of mechanical and electrical services.
An important contributing factor to the easy assemblability of Pagano System structural elements is the
special shaping of extreme and, if needed, intermediate surfaces of each component to facilitate its insertion
into the matching counter shapes of adjacent elements; to house, and make it ready to receive, fastening
elements; to delimit the housing for pass-through of mechanical and electrical service system connections.
The structural choice that typifies the Pagano prefabrication system is supported by an increasingly
sophisticated industrial process for the manufacture of basic components, so as to contain costs in the factory
manufacturing stage and be able to adopt assembly methods that can be entrusted to small, relatively
unskilled working teams using a limited amount of building yard equipment. For this approach to be
feasible, the project design stage includes computerized analysis of the entire project for feasibility and
component specifications, and its automatic, computerized breakdown into individual walls. This is followed
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by breakdown, identification, and design of the individual elements and structural joints of each wall. The
output of this entire process consists of a number of equippable modular walls basically comprising two
perimetral loadbearing tracks within which multifunctional components are placed that are especially shaped
to allow aggregation according to myriad compositions, thereby allowing complete design flexibility, while
also ensuring the workmanlike construction of the architectural structure envisaged.
Flexibility is made particularly interesting by the fact that the design and construction of a wall involves two
different elements. On one hand, internal compositional flexibility makes it possible to associate all
multifunctional components required to accommodate technical and implementational requirements ranging
from the mere solution of technical problems to the facilitation of factory assembly operations. On the other
hand, the external compositional freedom allowed by the Pagano wall-based approach makes it easy to adjust
a project to aesthetic and functional requirements cyclically arising in the course of any project design
process.
A project based on the Pagano solution makes it possible to compose any type of wall using in every case
two loadbearing tracks––an upper one and a lower one––within which different standard components are
inserted without any limitations as to function.
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Pagano System has developed a structured procedure for moving from concept to the architectural structure
in place:
- the first stage consists of examining the architectural project and evaluating the Client’s functional
requirements;
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- the second stage consists of converting the project into one or more computer files, of breaking it
down into complete modular wall elements, and of identifying the elements and components––
structural or otherwise––of each wall element;
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- the third stage consists of the mutual dimensional adaptation of the standard components thus
selected to project data. This involves determining the dimensions of all structural components,
finishings, optional features, mechanical and electrical services, and their mutual positions and
couplings.
- the fourth stage is automated by sophisticated proprietary software especially designed to identify the
type of processing required for each semifinished element;
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- the fifth stage involves transferring the project data thus obtained to the manufacturing machinery in
the form of CAD/CAM- components;
- the sixth stage consists of manufacturing the components in question––structural and otherwise––by
means of unique specialized machines custom-designed to perform extremely complex operations.
- the seventh stage consists of in-factory assembling of structural and other components into finished
multifunctional bidimensional elements (equippable modular walls), by means of a special patent-
protected machine, named “Strettoio” (carpenter’s clamp), which makes it possible to quickly and
accurately assemble components in strict compliance with dimensional tolerances.
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- the eighth stage involves the transport of the bidimensional elements thus manufactured to the work
site by means of one or more tractor trailers equipped with an advanced racking system in
compliance with international highway code regulations;
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- the ninth stage involves on-site assembling of the bidimensional elements thus manufactured,
followed by integration with horizontal structural components;
- the tenth stage consists of connecting the building to the branch points of mechanical and electrical
services.
Particularly worth noting is the fact that the first stage––where an architectural project is examined together
with the client’s functional and architectural requirements––as well as the second stage––where the project is
computerized and converted into its individual component elements in accordance with the parameters
contained in the system’s customized library, i.e. translated into standard elements––make it possible to
implement any architectural type amenable to construction by means of appropriately assembled standard
elements.
Any architectural type can in fact be implemented because the dimensions of the standard elements identified
in the second stage can be adapted to project requirements, and because the mutual positions of components
and junction points can be established with utter precision thereby providing whatever project data are
needed for each element to ensure that it is manufactured in strict accordance with specifications.
The project data are then transferred to the machinery in charge of actually manufacturing the components.
These are computerized machines that process the data in question and then use them to produce finished,
ready-for-assembling pieces.
The Pagano System breaks down these composite, multifunctional wall elements for easy transport to the
work site without affecting their structural strength.
The ninth stage consists of on-site erection. It involves connecting and fastening the modular walls together
at their upper and lower junctions points, while completing the structure by adding floor and roof
components and connecting the branch points of mechanical and electrical services.
Standard components are in fact components that do not vary in terms of type or function, but do vary in
terms of dimensions and positions of the cavities housing optional features, positions of connection points,
and the like.
Thus Stages 3 and 4 consist of scanning these component elements, the characteristic features and
dimensions of each, and identifying the type of processing required
In graphical terms, the processes carried out during the stages 2,4 and 6 produce a deliverable consisting of a
number of execution drawings that contain all the information––cutting dimensions, position, shape and
dimensions of each milling cut and drilling hole–– necessary to process each component. The computer files
containing these data are then fed to the CNC manufacturing machines and will drive their work.
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Stage 5, when the files containing all the project data relative to each element are fed to the appropriate
machine, is followed by stage 6, when the components are actually manufactured.
Again, stage 7 marks a moment that characterizes the Pagano System procedure: the moment when the
finished modular walls come into being, complete with mechanical and electrical services, using a
proprietary support and tightening apparatus. On the upper an lower borders of this apparatus the beams
delimiting each wall are placed, followed by the non-loadbearing wall elements, mechanical and electrical
services, and finishings, thus completing a wall module as a finished element, ready to be carried to the work
site for aggregation.
The fact that each modular wall comes complete with all elements envisaged by the project makes
assembling them an extremely simple process that can be carried out at little expense of time and money,
since it does not require any skilled labour. All that remains to be done is to correctly connect the adjacent
elements, to tighten the junction points––an action that is in itself a guarantee of the correct alignment of the
parts––and to connect the portions of the systems pertaining to each wall.
It is worth pointing out that, according to the Pagano System, the land on which the building will be erected
will have been equipped with appropriate foundations, as well as connections to the power and water supply
and drainage systems. Accordingly, it will be possible, at the end of the final assembly and mechanical and
electrical services connection work (stages 8 and 9), to implement the connection to the general utility
networks and test both the structure and the mechanical and electrical service supply systems for acceptance
(stage 10).
Assembly of the finished work at the work site is comprised of four stages:
1) Positioning the wall: When it reaches the work site,each wall is finished in every detail and ready
for coupling, i.e. its transfer from the vehicle that carried it to its final destination. Each wall is
hoisted by cables and placed next to the appropriate coupling points. The cables are tied to the joints
so as not to aesthetically compromise the wall and ensure that it is hoisted correctly through its
centroidal axis, to avoid imbalances due to settling;
2) Self-inserting the pins: During this stage of the work it may difficult to manoeuvre the walls into
position because of their large size, which in turn may make it difficult to insert the joining pins into
the respective preassembled cylinders. To facilitate this operation, the surfaces of components come
shaped in special ways that secure straightforward, progressive insertion of each pin at the same time
as bracing of the wall.
3) Inserting and tightening the bolts: This moment is important for two reasons: because that is when
walls are placed in a correct orthogonal position, given that the operation is simply impossible to
perform if the components are placed “not straight”; and because, in the process, the walls are
dragged into perfect contact between external surfaces.
4) Tightening using a torque wrench: While the other assembly stages can proceed without temporary
hindrances, a torque wrench is used in the final tightening of bolts to ensure that crushing stresses
occurring between components are not left to chance, but are precisely established. This ensures that
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the actual global static response of the structures is as calculated for comfortable absorption of given
levels of tensional stress, and is done using a special torque wrench equipped with a dynamometer,
which assembly workers insert into the special boxes placed for this operation next to each coupling
joint.
Thus on-site erection (assembly and tightening) work has been rationalized thanks to the use of the jointing
element patented by Pagano. It is a simple task that triggers a multitude of secondary actions which an
operator performs unconsciously and unconditionally whenever he proceeds to position and tighten a bolt.
Foundation soil creep or other external reasons may cause a relative displacement of support points resulting
in a tension overload at certain points and equivalent relief at other points. Whenever this occurs, all that
needs to be done is adjust the settings of the tightening bolt at any time. There is no need to break or remove
any material. The tightening boxes, which also serve as points of inspection and connection to mechanical
and electrical services, are closed by easily removable covers.
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02 Laminated Timber. Structure’s Features
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LAMINATED WOOD (BSH) Eurocode (EC5)
STRESS Kg/cm2 BS14
Kª –H b BS11
Kª-H b BENDING STRESS // f m,g,k// 28 24 TENSILE STRESS // f t,0,g,k// 17,5-20,5 17 TENSILE STRESS ┴ f t,90,g,k 0,45 0,45 COMPRESSION STRESS // f c,0,g,k// 27,50-29 24 COMPRESSION STRESS ┴ f c,90,g,k 5,5 5,5 LONGITUDINAL AND TRANSVERSAL SHEAR // f v,g,k 2,7 2,7
02.1 Structural System The Loadbearing Structure consists of a bi-dimensional plane framework, where all structural components
(pilasters; main, interior and floor beams; trusses; purlins; and secondary and tertiary structures) are made of
coniferous laminated wood (BSH).
The building structure is like a frame. However, by using rigid wall panels and uprights between the twin
supporting beams of the roof and the floor, the rigidity of the longitudinal frame is greatly increased, much
like a trussed beam. (Patent no. RM95A000527.
The upper and lower supporting wooden beams create a single structure with the verticals. The
connection between the wood components by means of bolts acts as a simple hinged joint linking together
the components of the trussed beam (Patent No. RM95A000530).
Such a structure is thus similar to a very rigid longitudinal framework quite able to withstand any force, be it
due to wind, earthquakes or otherwise. Moreover the structure can transmit said forces to the supporting
structure underneath by means of connecting metal clamp-boxes. (Patent No. RM95A000529).
The cross-sectional rigidity of the system is provided by the other transversal walls.
The presence of self-supporting sandwich panels in the floors creates a “compartmentalizing effect”. In
other words, the floors act as infinitely stiff slabs on the horizontal plane, and thus react as a box beam would
if placed on a plane parallel to the ground.
THE STRUCTURE IS BUILT ACCORDING TO THE FOLLOWING STANDARDS: L. 1086 of 5/11/1971* UNI 3252 - 3266 (for solid wood structures) D.M. 26/3/1980 DIN 4074 (for the choice of woods) CIRC. Min. LL.PP 30/6/1980 DIN 68141 (for the adhesives) CIRC. Min. LL.PP. n. 18591 of 9/11/1978 EC5 EUROCODE FOR WOODEN STRUCTURES D.M. LL.PP. of 12/2/1982 L. 64 of 2/2/1974 (for structures in seismic regions) D.M. of 3/3/1975 D.M. of 3/6/1981 D.M. of 19/6/1984 D.M. of 27/7/1985 D.M. of 24/1/1986 (quake-proof construction standards) D.M. of 14/2/1992 n.55 (reinforced concrete/metal structures) CIRC. Min LL.PP. n.37406 of 24/6/1993 (instructions) D.M. 16 January 1996 (loads) CNR/UNI 10012/85 CNR/UNI 10011/June 1988 DIN 1052 April 1988 (structural calculation laminated wood) AITC 100 American Institute of Timber Costruction BS 5268 part. 2 “Structural use of Timber” CUBIC, part 2, section 8 AITC 117 “Standard Specifications for Structural Glued Laminated Timbers, Manufacture and Design”
* Dates are noted as dd/mm/yy
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02.3 Fire and Earthquake Safety of Wood Constructions Fire safety of wooden buildings–– What science tells us
Although wood is a combustible material, even in the presence of very high temperatures (up to 1000º in a
fire) it only burns on the surface––just a few millimetres below the surface the temperature remains
02.2 Laminated Wood. Glued laminated wood is a technologically advanced product with respect to traditional log beams: the
physical and stress properties are enhanced, the weak points reduced because of the increased
homogeneity.
Glued laminated wood is obtained by $$finger joining well seasoned conifer boards which are then bonded
together with resorcinic and phenolic glues at a pressure of 70,000 kg/mq.
Then the wood is impregnated in factory with high quality chemicals. This treatment prevents damage by
weather, fungi and mildew.
Pagano® uses only selected mountain timber from the best growth areas, with uniform, best-for-assembly-
readiness humidity grade.
Such material features extremely high quality that is guaranteed by constant internal control and verified
by independent tests performed twice a year by Holzforschung Austria, FMPA Stuttgart and NTI Oslo
using the JAS Test.
Each and every beam of laminated timber that enters processing by our CNC machines bears the company
code, the year and internal manufacturing number, the BS class and the sort code.
Every raw beam used by Pagano is of premium quality, elegant, functional, ergonomic. not to mention
fully reusable and recyclable. Its surface appearance is uniform and compact.
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practically unchanged. This means that the part of the material not immediately exposed to combustion (fire)
maintains its strength and mechanical stiffness intact.
In the event of a fire, wooden structural elements directly exposed to the fire will indeed undergo a
combustion process that will result in a reduction of their volume at the rate of 0,7 mm per minute. The part
not so exposed will maintain all its characteristic features intact, and thus secure the structural safety of the
building.
After 30 minutes of exposure to a fire, for instance, wooden structural elements will lose approximately 21
mm. This means that structural safety in the presence of fire requires that the thickness and dimensions of
structural elements take into account surface reduction in relation to duration of exposure.
Interestingly, thanks to the use of self-supporting flat walls, Pagano constructions feature optimum
performance in terms of compliance with fire safety requirements. A flat structural element will only expose
one side to fire, whilst, because of the thermal insulation capacity of wood, on the opposite side-i.e. in the
room next to the one attacked by fire––the surface temperature of the wall or floor will remain practically the
same.
Laminated wood beam after fire tests Steel beam after fire tests
The Pagano Laminated wood beam after the fire tests
Wood and steel structure after a fire action.
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Therefore, the fact that wood is a combustible material is not critical to the fire safety of a structure or a
construction. On the contrary, the special structure of wood makes it possible to guarantee structural safety
for as long as required. In other words, the combustibility of a material is not a determining or exclusive
criterion when evaluating fire safety. Moreover, where special safety requirements make it necessary, a
wooden structure can be covered with materials creating an insulating barrier against fire, thus guaranteeing
that a fire will not cause wooden elements to combust. Although they do not perform an important structural
function, the panels used for wall cladding afford the same protection, for they are made of a gypsum- and
fibre-based material.
The fire safety guaranteed for these constructions is exactly the same as for constructions of the same type,
made of different materials.
Fire Resistance R60 (UNI 9504)
Ministry of Interior approval with Circular 4625/4109 dated 3-3-1976.
The following thermal conductivity graph shows why laminated wood is so resistant to fire and heat.*
The Stuttgart Institute of Building Materials Sciences has carried out strict fire tests on glulam (glued laminated) beams by submitting samples with a 16 x 40 cm section to a flame stress based on the temperature diagram corresponding to a standardized fire (an increase to 880°C in 30 minutes). The safety coefficient obtained was 2,4, as against the minimum coefficient of 1 required by fire safety regulations. Other beams, exposed for a further 30 minutes to a temperature of 1000°C; still retained 60% of their strength at the end of the test. What this means is that laminated beams will not reach the collapse point even if the fire has raged in the building for over an hour. Nor should it be forgotten that in case of a fire structures are never stressed by all live loadings (snow, wind, etc.) they have been designed to withstand..
Thermal conductivity
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Earthquake safety of wooden buildings –– What science tells us
Seismic phenomena are essentially caused by cyclical movements of the ground in every direction. The
structure of a building will respond to this oscillatory movement by suffering deformation and the stresses
arising within it. The amplitude of these stresses will be determined essentially by the characteristics of the
earthquake and the mass of the construction. The materials used, the plan geometry and elevation geometry
of a building, the way the various elements are connected, and the construction features put in place may all
be play a critical role in the behaviour of a structure.
On several counts, wood is definitely a material of choice from the standpoint of earthquake safety.
Wood is particularly light in comparison to other building materials. Its density is approximately one fourth
of the density of plain concrete. In the event of an earthquake, the stresses arising within the structure are
directly proportional to the mass of the construction. Therefore, the use of wood makes it possible to reduce
the forces at play, and, with then, the risk of collapse due to overload of the structural elements.
Wood is a particularly elastic material, meaning that, when submitted to mechanical stresses, it undergoes
significant deformation. This feature turns to the advantage of a structure undergoing the cyclical action of
an earthquake, for those deformations increase its capacity to absorb the seismic waves. A building erected
using Pagano System bidimensional self-supporting walls is more earthquake resistant than a construction
erected using linear elements (as in the case of pillar structures), for the rigidity and strength of its structure
are distributed throughout the construction rather than concentrated on a few points. The walls that make up
the structure of the building are connected by means of mechanical fittings (called joints or couplings), that
act as additional elastic components of the construction and help scatter the energy released by the
earthquake, further reducing the risk of collapse of or damage to the structure.
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02.4 Iroko Exterior Finishing
Our expertise and know-how developed over many years in ageing and settling wooden structures and our
desire to add even more aesthetic and technological value to our laminated wood structures have led us to
adopt iroko for a particular type of surface finish.
The numerous improvements associated to this type of finish include the following:
- Static improvement with increased lift as a result of further and more efficient distribution of surface
loadings on the faces;
- Greater protection against atmospheric agents, ensuring a longer life for the structure;
- Improved appearance through elimination of small surface blemishes typical of the glulam production
cycle;
- Lower maintenance costs as a result of the increased protection provided by the iroko sheet against
atmospheric agents.
The iroko surface finish is a 30/10mm strip of Iroko or another high quality type of wood, such as teak.
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WOODS AND COLOURS Frame and side strips
03 Assembly of the structure. The building site.
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Since all technological components are prefabricated, Pagano building sites are perfectly dry and clean, for
the only additional work required consists of assemblying and locking the structure's macrocomponents in
place. No fixed logistic structures are needed.
The work is done by lightweight erection apparatus that includes the very crane trucks used to transport the
components to the building site.
Since the walls and self-sustaining flooring and roofing panels that make up the structure can be
manufactured to almost any dimensional specification, the building site can be established even on the most
difficult terrain without any harm to the surrounding environment.
The images that follow illustrate a number of building site implementation stages.
As shown by these images, the cleanliness, precision and speed that typify a Pagano building site is not
altered by even the most challenging locations, climatic conditions and regulatory requirements for public
structures.
They also reveal how extraordinarily well-suited this type of building site is to integrate into and respect the
surrounding environment.
Since the walls and self-sustaining flooring and roofing panels that make up the structure can be
manufactured to almost any dimensional specification, the building site can be established even on the most
difficult terrain without any harm to the surrounding environment. The images that follow illustrate a number
of building site implementation stages.
As shown by these images, the cleanliness, precision and speed that typify a Pagano building site is not
altered by even the most challenging locations, climatic conditions and regulatory requirements for public
structures. They also reveal how extraordinarily well-suited this type of building site is to integrate into and
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respect the surrounding environment.In the design of laminated wood structures, site and yard organization
aspects must be kept clearly in mind from the start, so that the building project can be carried out correctly
and without waste of money.
The structure is subdivided into modular walls numbered according to the order of assembly on site. These
are loaded onto trucks at the factory and mounted directly on site.
Flexible dimensioning of the walls and self-supporting floor and roof panels that comprise the structure
makes it possible to organize the yard, even in the most difficult places, in a way that fully respects the
surrounding environment.
On-site assembly is comprised of two separate stages:
- In the first stage the team (with the essential aid of an ordinary truck-mounted crane), mounts the load-
bearing structure. One by one it assembles the walls, the self-supporting panels and the various loose pieces
that have been brought to the site.
- In the second stage, which starts after the roof panels have been put in place, the second specialist team
steps in to connect and complete installation of the various services already located inside the wall panels.
This second team also carries out finishing work necessary to deliver a high quality structure built to the
highest standards.
The structure is assembled by specialist teams supported by a state-of-the-art technological system that has simplified and streamlined on-site work.
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03.1 Outsourcing Assembly and Erection Work (the Angola Case) A Pagano System building is conceived to be produced and erected in two physically distant places, namely
the Component Manufacturing Plant and the Assembly Station.
The Component Manufacturing Plant, located in Italy, is where all structural components are manufactured.
Those processes are performed by very complex, state-of-the-art machines developed by Pagano over many
years of operational experience in the field of research and experimental work on CAD/CAM machining of
wooden components.
Where erection takes place overseas, the components of each delivery are manufactured and shipped via
container to the work site in operationally sequenced order.
The Assembly Station is the physical place, located close to the building yard in the country of destination,
where personnel without any particular skills and usually recruited in situ, takes delivery of the components
manufactured in and shipped from Italy, and assembles them into Self-Sustaining Walls thanks to the use of
special machinery patented by Pagano.
This corporate strategy pursues several objectives, which are ultimately beneficial to all actors in the
production process:
- Economic benefits: shipping suitably stocked components instead of very large objects (walls),
generates considerable savings in terms of final cost and environmental impact of the work
- Qualitative benefits: shipping and handling whole walls would expose them to damage to materials
and finishings
- Involvement of the local economy: local outsourcing of assembly work means that local workers and
contractors will be hired to perform the wall assembly and on-site erection work.
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What follows are images relating to the residential and commercial structures, carried out by Pagano in
Luanda, Angola, in 1986, where assembly and erection work was outsourced locally.
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04 An Eco-Sustainable System
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The Pagano® brand fuses innovation, technology and tradition through continuous experimentation and
research aimed at the creation of an aesthetic addition to the landscape and existing construction geared not
to compromise harmony but, on the contrary, to highlight the site’s original features while applying
principles such as love of nature, personal health, quality of life and energy efficiency.
Pagano® has always used a healthy, natural and ecological building methods to a personalized design
approach that respects the landscape, nature of the terrain, orientation and distribution of functions,
application of bioclimatic principles, integration between exterior and interior—and all with the aim of
appropriating and highlighting the features of the site and climate in order to achieve the best in interior
climate comfort and reduce energy consumption.
Pagano® home construction today hinges on sensitivity to the demand for sustainability and bio-
compatibility, combining high technological standards with optimal comfort features.
The Pagano® approach sets off from the philosophy of the habitat on a tenacious quest for technological
detail, marrying the general themes of environmental design with the application of an ingenuity that renders
its original product all the more recognizable. One example of this, among many, is a unique process of
cladding laminated wood components in precious veneers such as Iroko, in such as way that their beauty is
not cheapened by careless and unhealthy chemical treatments or applications, leaving them free to exert their
beneficial effect (proven by studies on perception, color and materials) on those persons who choose to
spend their lives in a wood house.
Pagano®’s patented technology uses structural elements (modular self-supporting walls) that, thanks to the
use of laminated wood, are both very light and highly resistant. This results in enormous environmental
advantages in terms of the foundation systems they require, which are generally fairly superficial for the
majority of terrain types (thanks to the lightness of the structure), have a minimal number of widely spaced
support points (thanks to the large open spans permitted by the use of laminated carpentry), are small in size
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and can even be prefabricated, resulting in a very minimal use of cement and the undeniable environmental
advantage of eliminating related equipment and yard area.
Pagano® has devoted major attention to developing the sustainable building site.
A Pagano® house can be assembled very quickly since all its technological components are prefabricated,
which allows for a completely dry and clean building site: no manual labor is required except to assemble the
components and lock them into place, eliminating the need for scaffolding, high-impact machinery or fixed
logistical structures. The same truck-mounted cranes used to transport the components to the site are used to
set them in place, avoiding the additional steps of unloading and storing them. The trucks are at the building
site for a very short time and operate for only a few hours, thus producing very little pollution and
consuming minimal energy, with noteworthy direct and indirect advantages for both industry and the
environment. Since the walls and self-supporting flooring and roofing panels can be prefabricated in almost
any size, it is easy to set up a building site even in the most demanding of settings and still respect the
surrounding environment.
As a result of the use of highly innovative materials, it has been possible to unite the sound-absorbent and
thermal qualities of wood for a structure with very low energy needs.
Pagano® has invented wall and floor panel systems that, in full compliance with international regulations,
are capable of reducing the surface area consumed by structural and perimeter elements (with major gains in
cubic living space as compared with traditional systems), resulting in more surface and less volume.
The pursuance of low energy requirement standards involves a design focus on thermal insulation
(eliminating thermal bridges), utilization of passive solar heat by means of broad glazed surfaces (with
insulated glass), proper room ventilation, energy-efficient hot water and heating production, and so forth.
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The materials used come from renewable sources and are all quality and/or eco-compatible certified brands,
are not treated with toxic or harmful substances or pollutants, do not create environmental problems, and do
not emit harmful or polluting substances either during their fabrication or placement.
The Pagano® approach calls for well-designed HVAC systems that ensure maximum energy savings, optimal
air quality, the use of renewable energy sources where possible, the application of active and passive solar
energy, containment of any eventual disturbing effects and maximum security maintenance.
The walls come out of the factory complete with all HVAC system components, which can then be hooked
up very simply without the need for highly skilled labor.
The structure is designed for the creation of horizontal and vertical cavities within the laminated wood
structures, fully accessible for inspection, for the passage of conduits and the installation of HVAC systems.
The air-conditioning system is installed in the horizontal and vertical cavities, and in the beams themselves,
complete with air ducts, heat collectors, ventilation flow grilles and calibration louvers.
Consistency and dedication to quality in every aspect has always been the Pagano® hallmark, a firm devoted
to ensuring complete respect for every phase of the design process—from the initial idea (advanced design
technologies and systems, calculation and control of environmental comfort performance standards) to
construction (automated CAD/CAM prefabrication, use of materials certified for provenance and quality,
processing in low environmental impact factories without the use of toxic substances), keeping in mind the
possible reuse of materials over time and broad flexibility in terms of the building’s potential expansion or
modification.
Over the years Pagano® has done meticulous research on new materials to select only those suppliers that
guaranteed the highest quality products that comply with international regulations and directives on
environment protection.
From the design phase onward, the technological-architectural choices made as a result of 50 years of
experience in building with wood produce projects especially attentive to the maintenance and defense of
their components most exposed to the effect of atmospheric agents. The enrichment of beam surfaces with
precious woods is one of the many ingenious ways of protecting the laminated carpentry while at the same
time upgrading it, which is the best recipe for protection and maintenance.
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The Pagano® system technology of self-supporting walls consists of the assembly of “smart” laminated wood
components whose built-in flexibility permits the eventual removal, replacement and addition of future
systems or system parts, maximum durability and easy maintenance and recycling, and is fast becoming the
industrial benchmark for the most advanced eco-design enterprises and finally, thanks to Pagano®, the
construction industry as well.
04.1 Our Raw Material Zero tolerance when it comes to quality is our mission, and the hallmark of the Pagano tradition of
excellence.
When it comes to raw materials, we always select the very best. This is one of our strengths as well as the
first step towards achieving excellence in our manufacturing process.
Pagano only uses selected mountain timber from the best growth areas, with uniform, best-for-assembly-
readiness humidity grade. Such material features extremely high quality that is guaranteed by constant
internal control and verified by independent tests performed on a six-monthly basis by Holzforschung
Austria, FMPA Stuttgart and NTI Oslo using the JAS Test. Each and every beam of laminated wood that
enters processing by our CNC machines bears our company code, the year and internal manufacturing
number, the BS class and the sort code.
Pagano’s high standards in its selection of raw materials are a matter not only of manufacturing quality, but
also of corporate social responsibility. As is the case with most natural and renewable materials, wood, when
harvested from well managed forests using planned cut, drives spontaneous periodic renewal and improves
the forest’s overall stability and structure, which in turn helps preserve its productivity and value for future
generations.
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04.2 The Eco-Sustainability of the Pagano System Pagano houses are a positive example of environmental responsibility on the part of those who build them
as much as those who buy them––a concrete demonstration of the fact that today, environmental impact
mitigation is fully compatible with comfort, that living in a manner compatible with environmental
protection does not necessarily change the quality of life, except for the better. In a Pagano dream house,
built without ever trespassing on the rights of the environment, ecosustainability is part and parcel of high-
class living. As far back as 1995, in a joint initiative with ENEA, the Italian National Agency for New Technologies,
Energy and Sustainable Economic Development, Pagano designed and presented in Rome “Il Capanno”
(the hut), an energy-wise self-contained housing unit.
For over ten years, Pagano has been a pioneer in offering its customers Class A structures that are either self-
contained energy-wise or ensure extremely low energy consumption levels, while also guaranteeing-unlike
traditional buildings-significantly reduced emissions of hothouse gases, beginning with carbon dioxide.
Each and everyone of our customers receives detailed documentation about the energy requirements of
the structure we are designing for them: in every choice we make-whether it regards architecture, wiring,
ducting and other equipment, or overall aesthetics-energy saving is a primary consideration.
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The collectors of our mechanical and electrical service systems heat water even when the amount of direct
sunlight is minimal, thanks to the use of combined photovoltaic and solar-thermal technologies. Added to
the use of geothermal heat pumps and natural and artificial thermal and acoustic insulation techniques
(such as triple-pane glass walls), this solution ensures excellent environmental and energy-saving
performance.
Checked and certified raw materials Pagano uses wood from sustainably managed forests, where wood harvesting is strictly controlled and
subject to prior authorization in order to ensure regrowth. The wood used by Pagano is FSC certified.
Nor is wood the only material subjected to strict controls. In fact, all Pagano materials are certified by
specific quality and environmental compatibility seals. Pagano processes never involve the use of
contaminating toxic substances or substances that may be released in the course of manufacturing, on-site
assembling, and––most importantly––throughout the period of use of the structure.
Sustainable building works
Further confirmation of the ecosustainability of Pagano structures comes from the sustainable modus
operandi of its building works. Since all architectural and technological components are factory-built,
Pagano building yards are extremely clean and “dry”. Furthermore, Pagano’s construction technique needs
neither scaffolding nor high-environmental impact machinery, for the work is done using light work
equipment, and there is no need for fixed logistic equipment.
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The average Pagano structure weighs far less than its traditional counterparts thanks to the use of
technological materials that make it possible to reduce on-site work to a minimum. Indeed, few, far-spaced
point supports make not only for faster work, but also for more efficient management of the works. In
practical terms, months and months of work are saved with all that this means in terms of consumption of
traditionally used materials and energy. It is simply impossible to ignore the fact that building a Pagano
house means consuming about 1/5 of the energy required to build a traditional house.
Zero impact factory Consistent with this philosophy, Pagano is working to adjust its own manufacturing facility to the
requirements of ongoing energy saving improvement. Its factory at Oricola (Aquila) is undergoing a
transformation. It will be roofed with photovoltaic panels, and equipped with a boiler fed with wood chips
recovered from manufacturing waste wood. By the end of 2009, the Pagano factory will be a new and
important example of energy self-sufficiency, this time in the industrial sphere, a demonstration that a
combination of solar power with biomass (where biomass is “0-kilometer”, coming as it does from
manufacturing waste) can ensure a highly positive ecobalance.
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04.3 The green factory Wood is energy-efficient
No other building material requires so little energy to produce it. Trees grows on their own and continuously,
with nothing more than CO2, water and sunlight. Forestry helps forests through careful tending and planned
usage; regular thinning out creates light and space for young plants and keeps the forest’s dynamic structure
stable.
Wood is sustainable
The term sustainable forestry management, cited in provincial forestry legislation, refers to a responsible and
farsighted use of timber as a resource: it is illegal to cut more than can be replenished. The amount of wood
currently growing in Italy is double the amount cut. A more intense but still sustainable exploitation is
therefore possible, and would even be beneficial for our forests. The consequence of planned cutting is
periodic replenishment and better forest structure and stability.
Wood has a “positive effect” on the carbon cycle
Forests sequester carbon dioxide (CO2). If wood is used as a building material, the CO2 it is storing is taken
out of the carbon cycle, resulting in a positive impact on the “greenhouse effect” (warming of the atmosphere
by greenhouse gases).
4.4 Building biology Building biology deals with the influence of buildings, or better yet, of construction materials, on the persons
that live in them. The decline in the status of the environment has led over recent decades to a growing
consciousness of the home and the need for healthy, natural and ecological building.
An increasing number of people are demanding “healthy” building methods capable of optimizing their
environmental habitat: modern homes made exclusively with materials that are absolutely safe for humans.
The most objective analysis of “biological” building is available today in the form of studies on the
unhealthy emission of various materials, which include dust particles, fibers, gasses, odors, vapors and
radiation. It is therefore especially important to observe the long-term behavior of materials. The following
criteria allow for the biological assessment of buildings:
Emissions
• material odors
• toxic gases and vapors (e.g. formaldehyde, styrene, isocyanide)
• dust, fiber, smoke, fumes, soot
• forms of radiation (e.g. radioactivity)
Interior climate
• humidity and air temperature
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• air quality
• drafts
• surface temperature of walls, floors and ceilings
• temperature distribution
Acoustics
• acoustic insulation of built components
• acoustic insulation and reflection of wall and ceiling surfaces
“Electrical” environment
• static load of various wall and floor materials
• electric and magnetic fields, electromagnetic waves, geo-radiation, etc.
Wood is preferable as a raw material for natural construction. Its benefits, however, must not be reversed by
careless chemical treatments or by combining it with “unhealthy” materials. As a result of its organic nature,
wood has always been a preferred building material. Indeed, its distinguishing physical properties include an
excellent capacity for thermal insulation, diffusion of vapors, maintenance of balanced humidity and
absorption of harmful substances.
Attention to the healthiness of interior environments in wood buildings, therefore, focuses primarily on the
materials used and the products with which their surfaces are treated.
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05 Low Environmental Impact
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5.1 The ecology of wooden buildings Building ecology measures the effects that a building and the materials it contains have on nature and the
environment. To do this it is necessary to consider the material’s entire life-span:
• how raw materials are obtained
• how building materials and building parts are produced
• building construction
• building end-use
• building reuse (adaptation).
Any of these phases of production or use can have repercussions on the environment that play a role in
ecological balances and need to be taken into consideration.
The ecological advantages of wood
In addition to the direct benefits of healthy—i.e. well tended—forests on the climate, the exploitation of
timber has many other advantages from the ecological standpoint:
- Low impact on nature
Nature is “used” respectfully in the production of timber as a raw material. It is not necessary to damage
the soil, as in the case of concrete, bricks, cement, steel and so forth. Therefore using wood can prevent
serious injury to the environment.
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- Minimal energy requirements
It takes the energy of the sun to make wood and, of all building materials, it is the one that requires the
least expenditure of energy in its production, transport and processing. A single cubic meter of finished
construction in wood needs approximately 8-30 kWh, where concrete requires 200 kWh, steel 500-600
kWh and aluminum 800 kWh. For example, a window made of a synthetic material uses 40% more
energy as compared with a wood window. A wood house (if it is built according to low energy-
consumption standards) could be heated for approximately 15 years with the additional energy needed to
build it out of bricks.
- Continous growth
As opposed to other materials, wood is a material that replenishes itself. If forests are used in a
sustainable manner, timber reserves will never be exhausted.
- Wood is durable
The longer a wood product lasts the greater its contribution will be to containing the green house effect.
This is another reason that greater emphasis should be placed from the initial design phase on the
durability of wood constructions, along with the possibility of eventually replacing individual and
particularly stressed building parts.
- Recycling and energy gains
At the end of their lifetime, the various building components can be newly separated into the individual
materials they are made of. This facilitates recycling (e.g. old wood as a secondary product in the
production of pressed-wood panels), before reaching their final possible use: the production of energy.
Wood burning yields useable energy, while other materials consume energy in the process of being
recycled or collected and stored.
- The wood cycle
The amount of CO2 a forest sequesters (in growing trees) and releases (in decomposition) is
approximately the same. Through the use of timber, a portion of the CO2 it is storing is taken out of the
forest. The timber the forest yields is processed into raw products (lumber that, in turn, is made into
finished products such as windows, doors, stairs, etc.), which can then find their way into building
construction. After this initial period of use, when the wood is reused (burned) in the production of
energy, it releases COs. “Capturing” CO2 within wood products, which can go on even for many
centuries, removes it from the atmosphere until it comes to the end of its natural cycle. That is why wood
products represent COs reservoirs.
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5.2 The ecology of the Pagano System
The construction of wood houses is the most effective method for upholding the principles of sustainability
and eco-compatibility.
Many people still believe that a wood house is not as reliable as a masonry one, but there is very little to
substantiate this widespread notion. It is enough to consider that, in contrast with the Italian building
traditions of brick and concrete, over 70% of homes in Canada, the United States and many Northern
European countries are built of wood. A great deal of technical research in this sector has contributed to the
effective elimination of wood’s principal enemy—water—thereby ensuring its durability over time. A wood
house today has an average life of well over 50 years, even double that! Timber is the only material that
needs nothing more than water, air and sun to grow and that maintains its own CO2 balance: wood absorbs
harmful CO2 from the air and releases it only upon combustion, at which point CO2 emissions are extremely
limited. The total energy consumption of wood buildings is 75% less than brick or concrete buildings.
This enormous difference is owing to the fact that brick-making requires very high temperatures over a long
time using fossil fuels. Wood, on the other hand, is never a manufactured material, but exists as a product in
its own right. While minerals have to be removed separately and at great expense, wood can be processed
anew or simply used as natural fuel. Wood is unparalleled when it comes to sustainability, and annual re-
growth currently far exceeds demand.
Here’s another advantage: Wood acts as a humidity regulator, absorbing excesses and releasing it as needed.
Compared with masonry constructions and their high water content, wood buildings that breathe reduce the
threat of mildew. Finally, wood is particularly suitable for resistance to the effects of sudden movement, such
as strong winds or earthquakes. In the majority of cases, the wood elements are connected at flexible joints
that, if properly sized, allow the structure the right degree of elasticity to stand up to eventual seismic stress.
In brief, building in wood is no longer synonymous with vulnerability. Design, technology and economics
studies increasingly underscore the convenience of bio-compatible building—and it is no accident that
several Italian university departments, such as Architecture and Engineering, have included courses in wood
construction in their curricula.
Pagano® has been among the world’s largest producers of wood houses for over 50 years and, to date, can
boast over 1500 houses built. Innovation, technology and tradition are the criteria with which these wood
professionals have been working around the world for a full two generations.
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Their buildings, in addition to being technologically perfect (and truly beautiful) are an extremely
harmonious addition to the environment, incapable of undermining the features of the sites on which they are
built.
Pagano® has invented and patented very lightweight and resistant self-supporting laminated wood modules.
The wood used is FSC certified (Forest Sotto Controllo, a seal identifying products containing wood from
forests correctly and responsibly managed according to environmental, social and economic standards).
The water-based paints used are non-toxic, and HVAC systems run on solar energy.
Solar collectors prevent the loss of heat, and are able to heat water with a minimal amount of direct sunlight
or run heat pumps that use geothermic energy, natural thermo-acoustic insulation and insulated window
glass.
Rapid construction times and low environmental impact building sites, and the ease of dismantling the
structure without compromising the surrounding landscape, are an effective response to a growing
environmental problem.
Finally, cement use is reduced to a minimum, with truly noteworthy environmental advantages. The
complete prefabrication of the building components allows for an entirely dry and clean building site, in that
the only work required is the assembly and anchoring of the macro-components. Thanks to the detailed
design of each element, it only takes a few days to assembly a wood house. The work is done in the factory
and is therefore independent of climatic conditions, and this allows for the highest levels of quality.
Compared with mineral-based materials, wood constructions require no set-up or drying time, thus all wood
homes are delivered immediately occupant-ready.
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5.3 Some low environmental impact projects
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b
Materials, Finishes and HVAC System
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It’s a type of pitched roof with variable sloping surfaces, formed by two sandwiches of wooden panels with a
protective membrane between them. Total thickness of the roof is about 280mm. The upper sandwich
includes an insulation layer made of STYROFOAM RTM-X that ensures high comfort in winter and in
summer and less energy consumption. For the external cover, the choice is a Lares modular system that lays
on the roof surface providing both ideal ventilation and additional insulation.
Pitched roof layers are the following (from outside to inside):
1. 75 mm LARES metal-tile roof modules 2. 1,5 mm Sarnafil waterproofing membrane 3. 15 mm OSB wooden panel 4. 15 mm OSB wooden panel 5. 80 mm STYROFOAM RMT Extruded Polystyrene insulation 6. 15 mm OSB wooden panel 7. 1-2 mm Protective membrane 8. 80 mm X-Lam structural wooden frame 9. 10 mm Fermacell
b.1 Pitched Roof
Properties of Styrofoam LB-X: Properties of Styrofoam LB-X (average values) Standard Unit Value Density DIN 53420 Kg / m3 30
Coefficient of heat transfer at 10 degrees Celsius DIN 52612 W / (m-K) 0,028
Coefficient of heat transfer at 20 degrees Celsius Effective coefficient of heat transfer UNI-CTI 7357
W / (m-K) W / (m-K)
0,037 0,041
Resistance to water vapour DIN 52615 100 Water absorbed if entire shingle is immersed for 28 days DIN 53434 % Volume 0,5 Capillarity -
Resistance to compression (with 10% buckling) DIN 53421 kPa Kg / cm2
300 3,0
Linear thermal expansion coefficient UNI 6348 Mm / (m-K) 0,07
Fire resistance (Germany) DIN 4192 Class B1 Test number PA III 2.334
Reaction to fire (Italy) CSE RF 2/75A 3/77 Class C1
Shingle aspect Planed Panel dimensions (length by width)
Thickness mm
mm
2 500x600 20, 30, 40, 50, 60, 80(1)
1) Other thickness available on request
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b.1.1 Pitched roof covering:
The LARES covering in RAL 7016 Aluminium is a covering formed of modules, with an actual
architectural style, which encloses insulation and ventilation in one product. The insulating and ventilating
product in polystyrene sintered at 30Kg/m3 realises an excellent degree of thermal and acoustic insulation.
The regular continuous ducts from gutter to ridge, 65 mm high, realised in the lower part of the modules,
ensure that the rooms under the roof are effectively cooled during the summer.
Lares covering (Aluminium RAL 7016)
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b.1.2 Interior Finishing The interior covering panels finishing is the following:
Finish in a shade of white: a finishing layer in reinforced gypsum with Fermacell (Fels-Werke) cellulose
fibres, with a white cementite finish in quartz paint (10mm thick).
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It’s a type of flat roof formed by two sandwiches of wooden panels with a protective membrane between
them. Total thickness of the roof is about 220mm. The upper sandwich includes an insulation layer made of
STYROFOAM RTM-X that ensures high comfort in winter and in summer and less energy consumption.
The roof can be safely covered with an extra gravel layer (provided and installed by the customer).
Flat roof layers are the following (from outside to inside):
1. ----- mm Gravel
2. 1,5 mm Sarnafil waterproofing membrane
3. 15 mm OSB wooden panel
4. 15 mm OSB wooden panel
5. 80 mm STYROFOAM RMT Extruded Polystyrene insulation
6. 15 mm OSB wooden panel
7. 1-2 mm Protective membrane
8. 80 mm X-Lam structural wooden frame
9. 10 mm Fermacell
b.2 Flat roof
Proprietà dello Styrofoam LB-X: Proprietà dello Styrofoam LB-X (alori medi) Norma Unità Valore Densità DIN 53420 Kg / m3 30 Conducidilità termica a 10° C. DIN 52612 W / (m-K) 0,028
Conducidilità termica a 20° C. Conducidilità termica utile UNI-CTI 7357
W / (m-K) W / (m-K)
0,037 0,041
DIN 52615 100 Assorbimento d’acqua (28 gg) su lastra intera per immissione DIN 53434 % Volume 0,5 Capillarità - Resistenza alla compressione (con il 10% di schiacciamento) DIN 53421
kPa Kg / cm2
300 3,0
Coefficiente di dilatazione termica lineare UNI 6348 Mm / (m-K) 0,07
Comportamento al fuoco (Germania) DIN 4192 Classe B1 No di prova PA III 2.334
Resistenza al fuoco (Italia) CSE RF 2/75A 3/77 Classe C1
Aspetto delle lastre Piallate
Dimensioni dei pannelli – Lunghezza x Larghezza Spessori mm
mm
2.500x600 20, 30, 40, 50, 60, 80(1)
1) Altri spessori su richiesta
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b.2.1 Flat Roof Covering The Pagano system uses, a completely adhered, waterproof, synthetic Sarnafil sheathing is used for the
roofing. The Sarnafil sheathing is renowned for its excellent durability and stability, as well as for its high
quality, and the ease with which it can be installed.
According to the thermo- and hygrometric design, the proper installation of the vapour barrier and insulation
layers, as well as the permeability of the Sarnafil G 410-12 EL Felt sheathing in plasticized PVC reinforced
with a single layer of glass film (coupled with TNT PE), controls the formation of condensation during the
winter months.
The sheathing is 1,5 mm thick (excluding the TNT PE), and is applied in a single layer onto both sides of the
structure. After the thermal cycle, it has a 0.0% deformation rate, according to the SIA 280/3 codes. It is both
UV-ray and wear-resistant as per the SIA 280/9 codes.
The exposed surface is slightly corrugated, and is non-reflective and smog-resistant. It is certified in
compliance with the international codes ISO 9001 / EN 29001.
The sheathing is directly connected to the gutters (as called for in the plans). Sarnafil G 442 components are
used, and are thermally welded directly to the sheathing itself. The gutters are equipped with 20 cm plastic
leaf traps. The traps have tabs which permit a precise positioning and hold them permanently in place within
the down spouts.
ULTIMATE TENSILE STRESS N / MM ^2 10 DIN 53455 RESISTANCE TO MECHANICAL PERFORATION MM 500 SIA 280 / 14 HAIL RESISTANCE M / S 30 SIA 280 / 8 FIRE PROOFING CLASSE V2 SIA 280 / 11
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80
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b.2.2 Interior Finishing The outer finishing for the interior covering panels is the following:
Finish in a shade of white: a finishing layer in reinforced gypsum with Fermacell (Fels-Werke) cellulose
fibres, with a white cementite finish in quartz paint (10mm thick).
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b.3 Perimeter Walls
The overall thickness of the perimeter walls is about 120mm and they are realised in free-standing panels
formed of 5 overlapping layers (plus eventual layers of exterior finishing). The panels are fixed onto the
perimeter of the supporting structure in glulam.
Their composition and assembly have been studied down to the last detail in order to guarantee maximum
strength and a high thermal insulation coefficient.
As a special feature, standard panels can include an external finishing layer of high quality wood (iroko), as a
part of the structural package.
Composition of panels (from outside to inside): 1) 10 mm Interior finishing layer in Fermacell 2) 15 mm Layer of larch with strong mechanical properties;
3) 80 mm Layer of Styrofoam RTM-X single-layer, expanded, extruded polystyrene;
4) 15 mm Layer of larch with strong mechanical properties; 5) 14 mm Layer of Styrofoam RTM-X single-layer, expanded, extruded polystyrene; 6) 15 mm Layer of exterior finish in iroko;
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STRATIGRAFIA Descrizione
materiale D s m m r dT Tf Ps Rv dP DS Pv CT CTS
Aria ambiente 20 2,32 0
Strato liminare
interno
0,130 0,7 19,3 2,22 0
FERMACELL 1150 1 0,32 0,031 0,2 18,6 2,13 13 0,7 0,01 11,50 1,5 1,1 12,19
OSB 600 1,5 0,13 0,115 0,6 18 2,05 200 16 0,21 9,00 1,29 1,7 14,52
Styrofoam rtm-x
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40 8 0,029 2,762 14,2 3,7 0,79 150 64 0,86 3,20 0,43 2 3,80
OSB 600 1,5 0,13 0,115 0,6 3,1 0,76 200 16 0,21 9,00 0,21 1,7 8,85
Styrofoam rtm-x
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40 1,4 0,029 0,483 2,5 0,6 0,63 150 11,2 0,15 0,56 0,06 2 0,58
IROKO 710 1,5 0,18 0,083 0,4 0,2 0,6 60 4,8 0,06 10,65 0 2,4 12,91
Strato liminare
esterno
0,040 0,2 0 0,6 0
TOTALI: 14,9 3,759 43,91 52,84
Trasmittanza teorica: [W/(m²·K)] 0,266
Incremento di sicurezza (0[%]): [W/(m²·K)] 0,266
Arrotondamento:
Trasmittanza adottata: [W/(m²·K)] 0,266
CONFRONTO CON I VALORI LIMITE La struttura opaca è del tipo :Verticale
Trasmittanza a ponte termico corretto Uc :0,266 [W/(m²·K)]
Valore limite della trasmittanza :0,340 [W/(m²·K)]
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Interior Walls The Interior Walls have a total thickness of 120 mm,. They are held in place within a laminated wood
framework. The final division of interior wall space will conform to the specific project design. The sound
insulation and specific strength of the walls equal those of any traditional wall, and fully meet all pertinent
codes.
Composition of an interior wall: 1) ----- White cementite finish with quartz paint 2) 10 mm Fermacell-like reinforced gypsum fibre board
3) 100mm Layer with laminated wood structural components 4) 10 mm Fermacell-like reinforced gypsum fibre board 5) ----- White cementite finish with quartz paint
b.4
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STRATIGRAFIA
Descrizione
materiale D s m m r dT Tf Ps Rv dP DS Pv CT CTS
Aria ambiente 20 2,32 0
Strato liminare
interno
0,130 2,2 17,8 2,02 0
FERMACELL 1150 1 0,32 0,031 0,5 15,2 1,72 13 0,7 0,02 11,50 1,49 1,1 11,28
Abete-flusso
parallelo 4
480 4 0,13 0,308 5,2 10 1,22 60 12,8 0,39 19,20 1,09 1,6 23,77
Abete-flusso
perpendicolare 4
450 4 0,12 0,333 5,6 4,4 0,83 60 12,8 0,39 18,00 0,7 2,7 31,38
Abete-flusso
parallelo 4
480 4 0,13 0,308 5,2 -0,8 0,57 60 12,8 0,39 19,20 0,3 1,6 16,20
FERMACELL 1150 1 0,32 0,031 0,5 -1,3 0,51 13 0,7 0,02 11,50 0,28 1,1 6,52
Strato liminare
esterno
0,130 2,2 -2 0,51 0
TOTALI: 14 1,271 79,4 89,15
Trasmittanza teorica: [W/(m²·K)] 0,787
Incremento di sicurezza (0[%]): [W/(m²·K)] 0,787
Arrotondamento:
Trasmittanza adottata: [W/(m²·K)] 0,787
CONFRONTO CON I VALORI LIMITE La struttura opaca è del tipo :Verticale
Trasmittanza a ponte termico corretto Uc :0,787 [W/(m²·K)]
Valore limite della trasmittanza :0,800 [W/(m²·K)]
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Floors b.5.1 Ground floor deck (Pan185) Ground floor deck has a total thickness of 185 mm ad it is composed by strengthened plywood elements and
joined to the supporting structure.
Panel layers (from top to bottom):
1. 15 mm OSB
2. 80 mm STYROFOAM RMT
3. 80 mm X-LAM 4. 10 mm Fermacell
b.5.2 Intermediate floor deck (Pan185) Intermediate floor deck has a total thickness of 185 mm ad it is composed by strengthened plywood elements
and joined to the supporting structure.
Panel layers (from top to bottom):
1. 15 mm OSB
2. 80 mm STYROFOAM RMT
3. 80 mm X-LAM 4. 10 mm Fermacell
b.5.2.1 Finishings
The exterior finish of the storey height floor is the following:
b.5
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b.6 Interior flooring
Finish in a shade of white: a finishing layer in reinforced gypsum with Fermacell (Fels-Werke) cellulose
fibres, with a white cementite finish in quartz paint (10mm thick).
Pagano uses an iroko maxi-plank. The larger-than-normal floorboards and the carefully selected choice
woods combine to enhance the aesthetic value of this flooring.
The parquet is attached directly to the self-supporting horizontal panels. It consists of several layers of
choice woods, kiln-dried to resist potential warping due to changes in temperature and humidity.
This particular type of construction allows for a parquet floor that is extremely stable, as each individual
layer can be dried to perfection prior to gluing and assembly.
Once assembled, the floorboards constitute a virtually monolithic flooring system, for the tongue and
groove system guarantees a precise installation and an even pavement, and compensates for any incidental
irregularity in the base.
The parquet components are milled according to the DIN 280 BI. 5 code. This means that the choice woods
used have been well seasoned and kiln-dried.
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b.7 Terrace Flooring
The exterior areas are made of a principal framework of large laminated beams, with a secondary
framework consisting of laminated wood strips 60 mm thick, treated and painted as required, which
also make up the flooring.
This concept makes exterior areas an integral part of the structure, one that significantly contributes
to the architectural value of the project as a whole.
From a functional standpoint, they harmoniously connect the interior and exterior areas of the
home.
Pagano flooring: in boards made of glulam and iroko cutting 50/10, 40mm thick, suitably treated
and painted.
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LOW EMISSION MULTILAYERED GLASS
LOW BRONZE HARDENED
CHAMBER
CHAMBER
Double-Paned Thermal Windows b.8.1 Window layers The insulated windows are made of several panes of glass joined together along the perimeter by a plastic or
metal gasket especially designed to provide a cavity filled with dehydrated air.
A perfect plastic seal around the perimeter of the window assures that no air is leaked.
The window itself is made of (from external to internal layer): - mm 6 thermal hardened bronze glass - mm 12 filled with argon gas 90%, - mm 6 low-emission hardened glass - mm 12 filled with argon gas 90%, - mm 44,1 multi-layered and low-emission hardened glass The total thickness of the window, sealed in an aluminium and rubber frame, is thus 44 mm. Thanks to this
and the tightness of the fit guaranteed by the quality of the hardware used, the window provides very high
thermal as well as acoustic insulation.
b.8.2 Extra Insulation On request of the client and for specific climatic/environmental conditions, it is possible to insert Argon Gas
in the cavity of the double-glazing, this guarantees the maximum thermal insulation coefficient.
GLOBAL HEAT TRANSFER COEFFICIENT * 0,7 W/mq.K
* Regulatory standards as per: DL. 20 December 2006, n°311 G.U. 1 February 2007
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The structure has been designed to contain, within the laminated beams themselves, vertical and horizontal
ducts within which are placed feed conduits for all of the home’s wiring.
“My Home”, b-Ticino’s home automation system will be used on the strength of its ability to support high-
tech functions and applications for comfort, security, energy saving, communication and control. It allows
for modular installation and functional integration of its component devices, which gives it great flexibility
and makes it possible to modify or add new functions at any time merely by using wireless interfaces and
devices that can be placed anywhere in the house, without the need to change the wiring or the structure.
Digital technology and intelligent devices communicating through a BUS transmission system make it
possible to power feed and enable parallel-connected devices to exchange information.
Thanks to low-voltage feed (27 d.c.), the electrical system features low levels of electromagnetic emissions.
Sensors and special interfaces are available that make it possible for disabled users to switch on electrical
devices or assistance devices.
WOODS AND COLOURS Frame and side strips
b.9
Electrical System
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b.9.1 Standard system The wiring is subdivided among individual walls, each furnished with switches, outlets, cables and
corrugated conduits leading from their respective junction boxes. The boxes are, in turn, fed from the main
wiring, which is correctly dimensioned in accordance with load.
Each junction box and each point of use are equipped with an additional twin-core cable that makes it
possible to transmit digital signals between commands and users through b_Ticino’s SCS system. This is the
grey BUS cable. Its 27 V DC voltage makes it perfectly safe.
The project envisages installation of b-Ticino AXOLUTE series with cover plates in bronze color (code
BR).
TV system: supports both terrestrial and satellite-based TV signals.
The location of TV connection points conforms to project specifications. Cables go to/from a central
point where the client will install a suitable TV switchboard.
Telephone system: all telephone connection points are reached from a single switchboard through a
single cable, one pair, star wiring system.
Anti-intrusion alarm system: A red BUS cable will connect all points in loop mode. Appropriate
infrared and/or volumetric sensors can be installed at the client’s expense.
Data: WI-FI antennas will be provided and connected to a central location. customer must then
connect them to telephone provider line.
Lighting: Lighting is non included but can be designed with furniture interior project.
Traditional installation and BUS installation Command configurators
Blue LED
b-Ticino AXOLUTE
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b.9.2 Piping and Wiring
PARTICOLARE PASSAGGIO CORRUGATI ELETTRICI
Flexible, self-extinguishing conduits All wiring is installed in-wall. Junction boxes conform to current regulations. Flexible protective conduits are made of PVC polyvynil chloride. They come from Gewiss’s FK 15 Arcobaleno series. Conduit colours identify system lines.
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*
The structure has been designed and prepared with horizontal and vertical ducts─all open to
inspection─within which there is sufficient room for the installation of necessary pipework. In addition,
ducts will be covered with mat white painted wood panels or other material.
b.10.1 The Plumbing System
The sanitary pipework is installed in vertical ducts within the structure. It is completely open to
inspection.
The pipework consists of pipes, reducers, bends, vee joints, connectors, sleeves, siphons and manifolds of the
best makes, W.C cisterns and their accessories are mounted within duct walls.
The suspended bathroom fittings are then fixed to these walls, thus improving the look of the bathroom and
facilitating cleaning.
b.100 The Plumbing System
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b.10.2 Standard Bathroom Fittings
a) WASHBASINS Flaminia Nuda Acquagrande Catalano Cx Antonio Lupi Ego
b) W.C. and BIDET
Flaminia Spin
c) BATHTUB
Teuco vasca ad incasso (basic model)
d) SHOWERS
Teuco 156 Next +, 157 Next + (basic model) Colacril My Water (basic model)
e) FAUCETS
Nobili Plus FIR Cora 35 Teuco Leaf CEA Milo
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FLAMINIA Nuda
FLAMINIA Acquagrande
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CATALANO Cx
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FLAMINIA Spin
ANTONIO LUPI Ego
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TEUCO vasche ad incasso
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TEUCO docce
COLACRIL docce
TEUCO “156 Next + “ TEUCO “157 Next + “
My Water My Water
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NOBILI Plus
FIR Cora 35
Washbasin mixer Washbasin mixer Bidet mixer
Washbasin faucets Bidet faucets Bathtub faucets
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TEUCO Leaf
Washbasin mixer Bidet mixer Bathtub mixer
Height adjustable shower
Shower head
Shower mixer
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CEA Milo
Floor standing washbasin mixer
Bidet mixer
Washbasin mixer
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b.10.3 Piping and Connections
Technical specifications for Multi calor pipes Name PE X + Alu + PE X
(reticular polyethylene + aluminium + reticular polyethylene) Regulatory standard UNI 10954-1; DIN 4726 – 4729 Thermit welding Head-to-head, using TIG method Colour White Chemical reticulation PE xb – silani Alluminium alloy between 0,3 and 0,8 mm – according to UNI 10954-1 Oxigen permeability In accordance with
DIN 4726 % mg/l 0,0
Maximum operative temperature Maximum peak temperature
95ºC 100ºC
Maximum pressure at 95ºC 10 bar Cold operative temperature (for conditioning)
α + 5ºC 20 bar minimum useful life: 50 years
Hot operative temperature α + 95ºC 10 bar minimum useful life: 50 years Maximum operative pressure at 20ºC
30 bar
Thermal conductivity at 20ºC w/mkº 0,43 Thermal expansion coefficient mm/mkº 0,026 Internal rugosity mm 0,007 Radius of curvature at 20ºC 6 times Ø of the pipe
Drinkability and organolepticity In accordance with directives issued by the Ministry of Health of the Italian Republic − G.U. Circ. N. 102.02.12-78
Quality control and licence to sell In accordance with ISO 9002: Oversight by Head of Laboratories and Tests
Multi-calor pipes meet all UNI 10954-1 requirements for conveyance of hot and cold drinking fluids, whether for human consumption, heating of radiators, low temperature conditioning, heat radiating floor boards and other systems compatible with their base material.
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The structure has been designed and prepared with horizontal and vertical ducts ─all open to inspection─
within which there is sufficient room for the installation of necessary pipework. The standard structure also
has vents located along the main upper beams, in the lower interior doors, and in the false ceiling covering
the horizontal duct.
b.11.1 Air Conditioning system The air-cooled air-conditioning system will be installed in the horizontal and vertical ducts and within the
beams themselves. It will be supplied per individual wall, and will include air conditioning ducts, pickoffs,
air-vent of sent and transit, airflow calibration grills.
Air grates are made of aluminium with two individually adjustable rows of blades, a feature that ensures
exact control and stable positioning through time. Their special shapes ensure a turbulence-free and strong
flow of air with minimum noise levels and low flow resistance.
Neither the central conditioning unit nor the main feed line to individual thermal walls are included.
b.11 The Heating System
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b.11.2 Heating floor system
All structures can be prepared for installation of heat radiating floor boards.
Floors thus equipped have temperatures of approximately 26-27 °C. This activates a radiative heat exchange
mechanism that brings the entire structure to temperatures close to 22-24 °C. As a result, the human body
finds itself enclosed in a “warm envelope” with innumerable advantages in terms of both comfort and energy
savings.
The structure will be studied in order to ensure that flooring will allow the insertion of tubes and other
fittings to support this system. The woodwork will include horizontal and vertical ducts open to inspection
from the inside, and vents for installing and connecting the system to the thermal station. The Pagano heating
flooring system would be connected to the collector, not including its connection to the thermal station.
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b.11.3 Floor convectors Based on thermal calculations, Pagano can improve heating floor system with floor convectors
(Moehlenhoff). Supplied grills are in black matte colour.
Pagano supply stops at collectors. Their connection to thermal unit is not included.
