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IPv6 at YaleRick Beebe

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IPv what?

IPv4 = tcp/ip = IP address + protocols

130.132.35.53

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Why Do We Need IPv6?

MORE ADDRESSES!

•Depletion of IPv4 addresses• 4 billion possible•1.8 billion mobile communication devices sold in 2008

• IPv4 was never expected to last this long• OSF.1 was going to take over• CIDR and NAT gained us a decade

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Explosion of New Internet Appliances

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What Ever Happened to IPv5?

0 IP March 1977 version (deprecated)1 IP January 1978 version (deprecated)2 IP February 1978 version A (deprecated)3 IP February 1978 version B (deprecated)4 IPv4 September 1981 version (current widespread)5 ST Stream Transport (not a new IP, little use)6 IPv6 December 1998 version (formerly SIP, SIPP)7 CATNIP IPng evaluation (TP/IX; deprecated) 8 Pip IPng evaluation (deprecated)9 TUBA IPng evaluation (deprecated)10-15 unassigned

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What Does IPv6 Offer?

•Fixes many of the shortcomings of IPv4• More efficient routing• More efficient packet processing• Directed data flows• Simplified network configuration• No more NAT• Security built in

and, of course, 128 bits of addresses

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What were the goals of a new IP design?

• Expectation of a resurgence of “always-on” technologies– xDSL, cable, Ethernet-to-the-home, Cell-phones, etc.

• Expectation of new users with multiple devices.– China, India, etc. as new growth– Consumer appliances as network devices

– (1015 endpoints)• Expectation of millions of new networks.

– Expanded competition and structured delegation.– (1012 sites)

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How big is 128 bits?

IPv4 is 32 bits: 4,294,967,296 addresses

IPv6 is 128 bits: 340,282,366,920,938,463,463,374,607,431,768,211,456 addresses(Three hundred and forty undecillion, two hundred and eighty-two decillion, three hundred and sixty-six nonillion, nine hundred and twenty octillion, nine hundred and thirty-eight septillion, four hundred and sixty-three sextillion, four hundred and sixty-three quintillion, three hundred and seventy-four quadrillion, six hundred and seven trillion, four hundred and thirty-one billion, seven hundred and sixty-eight million, two hundred and eleven thousand, four hundred and fifty-six.)

The smallest subnet allocation is /64 which contains 4 billion IPv4 networks!

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What does an address look like?

Eight groups of four hexadecimal digits separated by colons:

2604:b200:85a3:0000:0000:8a2e:0370:7334

• The hexadecimal digits are case-insensitive.• An IPv6 address can be abbreviated with the following rules:

• Omit leading zeroes in a 16-bit value.• Replace one group of consecutive zeroes by a double colon.

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Compression rules

Fully qualified addressfe80 : 0000 : 0000 : 0000 : 0202 : b3ff : fe1e : 8329

Omit leading zeroes in a 16-bit valuefe80 : 0 : 0 : 0 : 202 : b3ff : fe1e : 8329

Replace one group of consecutive zeroes by a double colonfe80 : : 202 : b3ff : fe1e : 8329

Below are the text representations of these addresses:fe80:0000:0000:0000:0202:b3ff:fe1e:8329fe80:0:0:0:202:b3ff:fe1e:8329fe80::202:b3ff:fe1e:8329

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Yale IPv6 Address Scheme

2604 : b200

Yale prefix

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Yale IPv6 Address Scheme

2604 : b200 : 0000

Service/Router• 0000 – infrastructure and p to p• 0001 – Data Center subnets• 0002 – Anger• 0003 – College• 0004 – Envy• 0005 – Lust• 0600 – access.yale.edu (VPN)• 0609 – Med imaging firewalletc

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Yale IPv6 Address Scheme

2604 : b200 : 0000 : 0000

VLAN ID in hex

Service ID• 0 = data• 1 = voice

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Yale IPv6 Address Scheme

2604 : b200 : 0000 : 0000 : 0202 : b3ff : fe1e : 8329

Interface address

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Yale IPv6 Address Scheme

2604 : b200 : 0000 : 0000 : 0202 : b3ff : fe1e : 8329

Easy calculator available at:

http://dno.med.yale.edu/ipv6.php

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IPv6 - Addressing Model

Link-LocalSite-LocalGlobal

Addresses are assigned to interfaces

change from IPv4 model :

Interface 'expected' to have multiple addresses

Addresses have scope

Link Local

Site Local

Global

Addresses have lifetime

Valid and Preferred lifetime

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Types of IPv6 Addresses

• Unicast– One address on a single interface– Delivery to single interface

• Multicast– Address of a set of interfaces– Delivery to all interfaces in the set

• Anycast– Address of a set of interfaces– Delivery to a single interface in the set

No broadcast addresses

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Types of IPv6 Addresses

• Unicast and Anycast: first 3 bits 001• Reserved: first 8 bits 0000 0000 (hex 00)

• Embedded IPv4 addresses in this space• Multicast: first 8 bits 1111 1111 (hex ff)

• Default route: ::/0 (0.0.0.0/0)• Loopback: ::1/128 (127.0.0.1)• Link Local: fe80::/10 (169.254.0.0/16)• Site Local: fc00::/7 (rfc1918)• IPv4: 0:0:0:0:0:FFFF:10.1.68.3 (::FFFF:10.1.68.3)

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Advantage: Efficient Routing

• Header is larger, but simpler• Routers do not fragment• No checksum• TTL is now Hop Limit• Route aggregation

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Advantage: Multicast

• No more broadcasts• All-Nodes packet sent to ff02::1•Because Multicast is built-in, configuration is significantly easier than in IPv4

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Advantage: SLAAC

Stateless Address Autoconfiguraton

• Host sends a router solicitation message• Router sends back router advertisement

• Includes network, netmask and gateway• May remove the need for DHCP servers

• Host generates its own host address• May be NIC address• May be randomly generated for privacy

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Advantage: Security

• IPSec encryption is built into the protocol although its use is optional

• All implementations required to support authentication and encryption headers (“IPsec”)

• Authentication separate from encryption for usein situations where encryption is prohibited or prohibitively expensive

• Key distribution protocols are under development (independent of IP v4/v6)

• Support for manual key configuration required

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Where is it at Yale?

• Prefix assigned through ARIN:•2604:b200::/32

•IPv6 enabled through virtually entire infrastructure• www.yale.edu reachable via IPv6:

• 2604:b200:6:65::10• Building 25 4th floor• Computer Science Zoo• Sprague Hall• IPv6 on DNS servers

Participated in World IPv6 Day!

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Thank you