Heat energy gained during melting . . . . . . . . . . 334 J/g Heat energy released during freezing . . . . . . . . 334 J/g Heat energy gained during vaporization . . . . . 2260 J/g Heat energy released during condensation . . . 2260 J/g Density at 3.98°C . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.0 g/mL New York State Fossil 2011 EDITION This edition of the Earth Science Reference Tables should be used in the classroom beginning in the 2011–12 school year. The first examination for which these tables will be used is the January 2012 Regents Examination in Physical Setting/Earth Science. Reference Tables for Physical Setting/EARTH SCIENCE Eccentricity = distance between foci length of major axis Gradient = change in field value distance Density = mass volume Rate of change = change in value time Equations RADIOACTIVE ISOTOPE DISINTEGRATION HALF-LIFE (years) Carbon-14 Potassium-40 Uranium-238 Rubidium-87 C 14 K 40 U 238 Rb 87 N 14 Pb 206 Sr 87 5.7 × 10 3 1.3 × 10 9 4.5 × 10 9 4.9 × 10 10 Ar 40 Ca 40 Specific Heats of Common Materials Radioactive Decay Data Properties of Water Average Chemical Composition of Earth’s Crust, Hydrosphere, and Troposphere MATERIAL SPECIFIC HEAT (Joules/gram • °C) Liquid water 4.18 Solid water (ice) 2.11 Water vapor 2.00 Dry air 1.01 Basalt 0.84 Granite 0.79 Iron 0.45 Copper 0.38 Lead 0.13 ELEMENT (symbol) CRUST HYDROSPHERE TROPOSPHERE Percent by mass Percent by volume Percent by volume Percent by volume Oxygen (O) 46.10 94.04 33.0 21.0 Silicon (Si) 28.20 0.88 Aluminum (Al) 8.23 0.48 Iron (Fe) 5.63 0.49 Calcium (Ca) 4.15 1.18 Sodium (Na) 2.36 1.11 Magnesium (Mg) 2.33 0.33 Potassium (K) 2.09 1.42 Nitrogen (N) 78.0 Hydrogen (H) 66.0 Other 0.91 0.07 1.0 1.0 Eurypterus remipes Page 1
Transcript
Heat energy gained during melting . . . . . . . . . . 334 J/g
Heat energy released during freezing . . . . . . . . 334 J/g
Heat energy gained during vaporization . . . . . 2260 J/g
Heat energy released during condensation . . . 2260 J/g
2011 EDITIONThis edition of the Earth Science Reference Tables should be used in theclassroom beginning in the 2011–12 school year. The first examination forwhich these tables will be used is the January 2012 Regents Examination inPhysical Setting/Earth Science.
often seen as red glassy grainsin NYS metamorphic rocks
jewelry (NYS gem),abrasives Fe3Al2Si3O12 Garnet
HARD- COMMON DISTINGUISHINGLUSTER NESS COLORS CHARACTERISTICS USE(S) COMPOSITION* MINERAL NAME
Nonm
etal
lic lu
ster
*Chemical symbols: Al = aluminum Cl = chlorine H = hydrogen Na = sodium S = sulfur C = carbon F = fluorine K = potassium O = oxygen Si = siliconCa = calcium Fe = iron Mg = magnesium Pb = lead Ti = titanium
In 1999, South Carolina ranked 24th among the 50 States in the total nonfuel mineral production. The estimated value of 1999 was $574 million, according to the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS). This was a 2% increase from 1998. The State accounted for nearly 1.5% of the U.S. total of nonfuel mineral production.
On the basis of USGS estimates (of the quantities produced in the 50 states) for 1999, South Carolina remained first of two states that produced vermiculite, second in kaolin, fourth in masonry cement and mica (sericite), sixth in common clays, and tenth in Portland cement and gold (only gold-producing state east of the Mississippi River).
Modified from: South Carolina Principal Nonfuel Mineral Producing Counties, by Clark A. Niewendorp, SCGS Open File Report #112, 1998
Sources: South Carolina Geological Survey, Mineral Resource Map of South Carolina, 1997 U.S. Geological Survey, 1999 Mineral Production Data
SOUTH CAROLINA PRINCIPAL NONFUEL MINERAL PRODUCING COUNTIES
Laurens
Oconee
Pickens
Greenville
Spartanburg
Anderson
Abbeville
Greenwood
McCormick
Edgefield
Aiken
Saluda
Newberry
Union
Fairfield
Chester
Cherokee
York
Lancaster
Kershaw
Richland
Lee
Sumter
Chesterfield
Darlington
Lexington
Calhoun
Orangeburg
Allendale
BarnwellBamberg
Colleton
Hampton
Jasper
Beaufort
Charleston
Dorchester
Berkeley
Clarendon Williamsburg
Florence
Georgetown
Laurens
Oconee
Pickens
Greenville
Spartanburg
Anderson
Abbeville
Greenwood
McCormick
Edgefield
Aiken
Saluda
Newberry
Union
Fairfield
Chester
Cherokee
York
Lancaster
Kershaw
Richland
Lee
Sumter
Chesterfield
Darlington
Lexington
Calhoun
Orangeburg
Allendale
BarnwellBamberg
Colleton
Hampton
Jasper
Beaufort
Charleston
Dorchester
Berkeley
Clarendon Williamsburg
Florence
Georgetown
Horry
Marion
Dillon
Marlboro
Laurens
Oconee
Pickens
Greenville
Spartanburg
Anderson
Abbeville
Greenwood
McCormick
Edgefield
Aiken
Saluda
Newberry
Union
Fairfield
Chester
Cherokee
York
Lancaster
Kershaw
Richland
Lee
Sumter
Chesterfield
Darlington
Lexington
Calhoun
Orangeburg
Allendale
BarnwellBamberg
Colleton
Hampton
Jasper
Beaufort
Charleston
Dorchester
Berkeley
Clarendon Williamsburg
Florence
Georgetown
Horry
Marion
Dillon
Marlboro
South Carolina Geological SurveyEducational Series #6
This generalized graph shows the water velocityneeded to maintain, but not start, movement. Variationsoccur due to differences in particle density and shape.
25.6
6.4
0.2
0.006
0.0004
Rock Cycle in Earth’s Crust
Scheme for Igneous Rock Identification
Relationship of TransportedParticle Size to Water Velocity
Geologic Time Scale for South Carolina(not scaled for geologic time or thickness of deposits)
EON ERA PERIOD EPOCH Geologic Events in South Carolina MYA*
Renewed sea floor spreading; intrusion of N-S and NW-SE trendingdiabase (basaltic) dikes. Great North American intrusive event.
Breakup of the supercontinent Pangea. Triassic rift-basinsdevelop and fault activity.
Alleghanian Orogeny - closing of the Iapetus Ocean accompaniedby continental collision and formation of the supercontinent Pangea.Rocks related to South Carolina are folded and thrusted; some rocks may have been metamorphosed.
Time of uplift and erosion.
Arcadian Orogeny - rocks related to South Carolina may have beenfolded, faulted, and metamorphosed.
Laurentia and western South America/Africa shear apart as theGondwanian supercontinent breakup begins.
Taconic Orogeny - collision of Laurentia with western SouthAmerica/Africa; Gondwanian supercontinent forms. Rocks relatedto South Carolina are folded, sheared/faulted, and metamorphosed.
Deposition of volcanic and sedimentary rocks found in the Slatebelt.
Opening of the Iapetus Ocean (750 to 700 million years ago) andcontinental rifting of Laurentia's (North America) eastern margin.
Grenville Orogeny (1,100 million years ago) metamorphosedbasement rocks and rocks related to the Blue Ridge. Oldest rockdated in South Carolina is 1,200 million years old.
Oldest known rock in U.S. - 3,600 million years old. Oldest known rock inworld - 3,850 million years old. Formation of the Earth - 4,600 million years old.
Uplift and erosion of Piedmont and mountains. Fluvial sedimentsspread over the Coastal Plain. Sandhill dunes deposited.
Coastal Plain sediments reflect large-scale regressive cycles. Off-lap of the ocean and scouring responsible for the Orangeburg scarp.
Surficial deposits cover the underlying Coastal Plain formations. Carolina Bays develop; scarps form due to sea level rise and fall.
Barrier Islands formed; flood plains of major rivers established.HOLOCENE
PLEISTOCENE
PLIOCENE
MIOCENE
OLIGOCENE
EOCENE
PALEOCENE
QUATERNARY
TERTIARY
CRETACEOUS
JURASSIC
TRIASSIC
PERMIAN
PENNSYLVANIAN
MISSISSIPPIAN
DEVONIAN
SILURIAN
ORDOVICIAN
CAMBRIAN
PROTEROZOIC EONARCHEAN EONPRE
CAMBRIA
NP
HA
NE
RO
ZO
IC
PALE
OG
EN
EN
EO
GE
NE
* Estimated age in millions of years.
4,600
3,800
2,500
570
510
438
408
355
320
290
250
205
135
65
53
36.6
23
5.3
1.6
0.01
Time of uplift and erosion.
Empla
ceme
nt of
igneo
us in
trusio
ns
Based on the 1989 Global Stratigraphic Chart, International Union of Geological Sciences.
Development of the Cape Fear Arch and South Georgia Embaymentinfluences deposition of Coastal Plain formations. Fault activity.
Sand deposited in upper Coastal Plain; limestone deposited inmiddle and lower Coastal Plain. Fault activity.
Deposition of carbonates predominate. Arches and embaymentscontinue to influence deposition of Coastal Plain formations.
Fluvial, marginal marine and marine Coastal Plain sedimentsdeposited.
Planetary Wind and MoistureBelts in the Troposphere
The drawing on the right shows the locations of the belts near the time of anequinox. The locations shift somewhatwith the changing latitude of the Sun’s vertical ray. In the Northern Hemisphere,the belts shift northward in the summerand southward in the winter.
