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Theories & Concepts of Leadership

Debie Dahlia, SKp., MHSM., ETN

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Defining Leadership• Leadership is the art of getting someone else to do something

you want done because he wants to do it (Dwight D. Eisenhower)

• The special quality which enables people to stand up and pull the rest of us over the horizon (James L. Fischer)

• Leadership and learning are indispensable to each other (John F. Kennedy)

• Leadership is lifting a person’s vision to higher sights, the raising of a person’s performance to a higher standard, the building of a personality beyond its normal limitations (Peter F. Drucker)

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• The first step to leadership is servanthood (John Maxwell)

• The first responsibility of a leader is to define reality(Max DePere)

• Has a harder job to do than just choose sides. It must bring sides together (Jesse Jackson)

• The only test of leadership is that somebody follows(Robert K. Greenleaf)

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What Is A Leader?

• A leader is an individual who works with others to develop a clear vision of the preferred future and to make that vision happen.

• Oackley & Krug (1994) , the ability to elicit a vision into reality

• Leadership is very important concept in life• Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr., called his vision a dream• Mother Teresa called her vision a calling • Steven Spielberg called his vision a finished motion picture• Florence Nightingale called her vision nursing

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A Leader’s Roles

Decision maker, Critical thinker, Visionary, Forecaster, Influencer, Creative Problem Solver, Change Agent, Role Model, Risk Taker, Communicator, Coach, Evaluator, Facilitator, Mentor, Energizer, Teacher, Buffer, Advocate, Diplomat, Counselor

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The Leadership theories

• The Great Man Theory/ Trait Theories

• Behavioral Theories

• Situational and Contingency Leadership Theories

• Contemporary Theories of Leadership– Interactional Leadership Theories– Transformational Leadership

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The Great Man Theory/ Trait Theories

• The Trait Theories : some people have certain characteristics or personality traits that make them better leaders than others.

• The Great Man Theory: some people are born to lead, whereas others born to be led

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Characteristics in the trait theory

Intelligence Personality Abilities

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Behavioral Theories

• Lewin (1995) and White & Lippit (1960): isolated common leadership styles authoritarian, democratic & laissez – faire

• Authoritarian leaders characteristic: • Results of authoritarian style

• The democratic leaders behavior:• Result

• The Laissez-faire Leader• Result

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Situational and Contingency Leadership Theories

• Follet (1926) and Fiedler (1967): No one leadership style is ideal for every situation

• Three factors are critical:1) The degree of trust and respect between leaders &

follower2) The task structure denoting the clarity of goals and the

complexity of problems faced3) The position power in terms of where the leader was

able to reward follower s and exert influence • Consequently,l eaders were viewed as able to adapt their

style according to the presenting situation.

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Contemporary Theories

• Leadership depend on organizational culture, values of the leader and follower, the work, the environment, the influence of the leader, the complexities of the situation

• Interactional leadership theories (Theory Z expansion of theory Y), Ouchi, 1981: determined by the relationship between the leader’s personality and specific situation.

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Characteristic of theory Z : – consensus decision making. – Fitting employee to their job– Job security– Slower promotions– Examining the long term consequences of management decision

making– Quality circles– Guarantee of lifetime employment– Establishment of strong bonds of responsibility between supervisors &

subordinates– Holistic concern for the worker

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Transformational Leadership

A process whereby the leader attends to the needs and motives of followers so that the interaction raises each to high levels of motivation and morality. The leader is a role model who inspires follower through displayed optimism , provides intellectual stimulation, and encourage follower creativity

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Transactional Leader Transformational Leader

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Principles of Leadership• Know yourself and seek self-improvement• Be technically proficient• Seek responsibility and take responsibility for your actions• Make sound and timely decisions• Set the example• Know your people and look out for their well-being• Keep your people informed• Develop a sense of responsibility in your people• Ensure that tasks are understood• Train your people as a team• Use the full capabilities of your organization

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Factors of Leadership

There are four major factors in leadership:1. Follower2. Leader3. Communication4. Situation

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Follower

• Different people require different styles of leadership

• For examples:

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Leader

• Who you are, what you know, and what you can do

• To be successful you have to convince your followers, not yourself or your superiors, that you are worthy of being followed

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Communication

• You lead through two way communication

• Much of it is non verbal

• What and how you communicate either builds or harm the relationship between you and your employees

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Do

• Do provide direction

• Do implement

• Do motivate

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Situation

• What you do in one situation will not always work in another

• You must use your judgment to decide the best course of action and the leadership style needed for each situation

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Leadership Framework

• Be Know Do

• Be a professional

• Be a professional who possess good character traits

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Know

• Know the four factors of leadership

• Know yourself

• Know human nature

• Know your job

• Know your organization

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Komponen Kepemimpinan Yang Efektif

• Pengetahuan

• Kesadaran diri

• Komunikasi

• Bersemangat

• Tujuan/ Sasaran

• Kegiatan konkrit

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Thank You

Leaders don’t force people to follow, They invite them on a journey

(Charles S Lauer)