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PAGMaWPlasma Arc Gasification of Municipal Solid Waste
Thesis PresentationApril 2, 2014Celerick StephensMasters Management (Marketing)Masters Engineering Science (Sustainability)
PAGMaW Plasma gasification process overview Benefits of plasma gasification of waste Application and benefits of technology Modeling the process Results Conclusions
Agenda
What is plasma Fourth state of matter
Ionized gas in which the number of free electrons nearly equals the number of free ions
Electric arcs Neon bulbs Lightning
Overview
What is Plasma Gasification Gasification is the process of changing
matter into a useful fuel-gas (syngas) Plasma gasification is applying high-energy
plasma to gasify any solid Plasma gasification
Severs molecular bonds of solids Releases elemental gases and solids Vitrifies precipitate solids Allows for high temperature recombination of
gases
Overview
Plasma Gasification of Waste Reduces/eliminates need for solid waste disposal
Vitrified waste is reduced (>90% reduction in solids) Produces low-heating value “natural” gas (syngas) useful for
power/heat production
Reduces carbon footprint
Reduces release of harmful products Dioxins nearly eliminated (ppb) Vitrified wastes make harmful agents inert
Nuclear waste conversion Biologically hazardous waste conversion
Benefits of Waste Gasification
Plasma Process In Real-World Usage
13 commissioned sites worldwide Europe Japan United States
Hawaii*
Proven energy production exceeds energy requirements
Application of Technology
Scaling the Technology Unique application of
technology on a smaller scale From 250 tons/day to 7 tons/day (or smaller)
Community Waste Disposal Reduces waste transport
energy Reduces electrical
transmission waste Reduces cost of operation Reduces electrical
consumption Supplements community
heating
Fast Facts Americans generate 4 lbs trash/day
60% of MSW is landfilled (145 million tons)
We can bury Rhode Island each year (1-foot) We use 1.5 billion gallons of fuel/yr to haul
trash (1.4 million average daily drivers)
10% of the power produced is wasted in delivery (400 million MW-hrs/year) US Line loss can power
Powers NYC for 35 yrs or Powers France for 1 year (10th largest
consumer of electrical power in the world)
Application of Technology
The Future Need Economists show the
United States as the Middle Class Model
Trends indicate unsustainable nature in energy consumption
Power cannot be created fast enough to match demand
Waste cannot be disposed fast enough to match demand
Application of Technology
Scaled Plasma Gasification of Community Waste
Modeling the Process
Waste stream
Plasma process
Power process
Energy generation
Functional Basis
Scaled Plasma Gasification of Community Waste
Modeling the Process
0%
5%
10%
15%
20%
25%
30%
35%
40%
45%
1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010
Was
te C
onte
nt
Year
United States Waste Content from 1960 to 2005
Paper and Paperboard
Glass
Metals
Plastics
Rubber and Leather
Textiles
Wood
Food Waste
Yard Waste
Other
Material
Weight
Generated
(Millions of
Tons)
Percentage
Generation
Typical
Moisture
Content
Water
Weight
of
Waste *
(Millions
of Tons)
Paper & Paperboard 77.42 31% 6% 4.65
Glass 12.15 5% 2% 0.24
Metals 20.85 8% 0% 0
Plastics 30.05 12% 2% 0.60
Rubber & Leather 7.41 3% 15% 1.11
Textiles 12.37 5% 6% 0.74
Wood 16.39 7% 35% 5.74
Other Organic Wastes 64.69 26% 60% 38.81
Other Inorganic
Wastes 8.28 3% 0% 0
Total 249.61 51.8934
Gasification Process
Thermochemical Analysis
Gasification ProcessChemical equilibrium evaluation
Molecular decomposition of the waste stream Proximate analysis Ultimate analysis
Mass Balance Molecular balance of constituents
Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen, Soot (metals/glass) Water (moisture content)
Heat Balance Heat capacities Heats of formation HHV refuse derived fuel
Products of equilibrium is syngas CO, CO2, H20, H2, CH4
Thermochemical Analysis
Results
Process independent of gasification temperature
Process scalable to waste stream input Optimized waste recycling content apparent
0 1,000 2,000 3,000 4,000 5,000 6,000 7,000 8,000 0
0.000001
0.000002
0.000003
0.000004
0.000005
0.000006Hydrogen Output Based Upon Energy Input
Energy Input - 1200 K
Energy Input - 1250 K
Energy Input - 1300 K
Energy Input - 1400 K
Energy Input (kJ/kg of input waste stream)
Hydro
gen P
roducti
on (
kg/s
)
Gasification Modeling
ResultsGasification Modeling
0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100%12.0%
13.0%
14.0%
15.0%
16.0%
17.0%
18.0%
Hydrogen Gas Content (Volume) based upon Random Recycled Waste Stream Content from
1200K to 1500K
OrganicsLinear (Organics)PaperLinear (Paper)PlasticLinear (Plastic)TextilesLinear (Textiles)WoodLinear (Wood)GlassLinear (Glass)MetalsLinear (Metals)
Percentage of Constituents in Waste Stream
%V
olu
me
ResultsGasification Modeling
0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100%0.0E+00
1.0E-06
2.0E-06
3.0E-06
4.0E-06
5.0E-06
6.0E-06
Hydrogen Gas Content (Mass) based upon Re-cycled Waste Stream Content
OrganicsPaperPlasticTextilesWoodGlassMetals
Percentage of Constituents in Waste Stream
H2 (
kg/s
)
Scaled-Distributed Plasma Gasification of Community Waste
Waste stream
Plasma process
Power process
Net generation
Facility Modeling
ResultsFacility Modeling
0 0.02 0.04 0.06 0.08 0.1 0.12 0.14 0.16 0.18 0.20
50
100
150
200
250
300
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
3
3.5
4
4.5
f(x) = 23.3542795587914 x − 1.02140518265514E-14
f(x) = 1420.95880050305 x
Hydrogen Gas Production and Waste Flow Rate as Related to the Gasifica-
tion Power RequirementsWaste Generation Rate (kg/day)Linear (Waste Genera-tion Rate (kg/day))Gasification Power Requirements (kW)
Gasification Power Requirements (kW)
Waste
Flo
w R
ate
(kg/d
ay)
Hydro
gen G
as P
roducti
on (
g/s
)
Plastics, Organics Textiles Only
Full Waste Stream Recycled Glass & Metals (with Contamination)
0
1000
2000
3000
4000
5000
6000
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
Influence of Recycling Content on Power Input and Waste Input
Waste Requirement (kg/day)
Power Requriement (kW)
Waste
(kg/d
ay)
Gasifi
cati
on P
ow
er
Input
(kW
)
Facility Modeling
Next Steps Complete energy
cycle analysis H2 Fuel Cell
Integration Waste stream size
to support facility (net zero)
Waste stream size to support community (net zero)
Document challenges Facility complexity
Noise Location Maintenance
Complexity of byproduct recycling High temperature
materials discharge Waste gas reuse Sour gas elimination
Completing the Analysis