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SOUNDSCAPES
Mainstreets:
hightraffic
Tram
Streetswithless
traffic
Fountain
Sport facilitie
s
Soundmark: bells
from “La Miserico
rdia” Parking street
Mejora y recuperación de la calidad sonora.
Planes de acción
Itziar Aspuru 21/IX/2011
Introducción
Qué es el paisaje sonoro?
Por qué nos interesa?
Ideas básicas
Dos investigaciones de Tecnalia
Itziar Aspuru 21/IX/2011
Qué es el Paisaje SonoroPaisaje Sonoro –Soundscape-: forma en que los sonidos (denominados en su conjunto ambiente sonoro) de un determinado lugar (contexto) son percibidos y valorados por las personas, los grupos o la sociedad.
Primeros estudios sobre Paisaje Sonoro los realizaron Murray Schafer (1977, 1978) y Barry Truax (1984) en Canadá:
Dentro de los objetivos que marca la legislación actual en materia de ruido ambiental se destacan dos líneas de trabajo, una de las cuales es:
– Preservar las zonas tranquilas para mejorar la calidad de vida de la ciudadanía: cuya herramienta de trabajo la constituye el análisis del ambiente sonoro.
LEY 37/2007 y RD 1367/32007: •Zona tranquila como la zona con 5 dBA menos de nivel sonoro (generado por los focos de ruido ambiental) que debe ser preservada.•Reserva de sonido de origen natural (cat G).
Itziar Aspuru 21/IX/2011
Soundscapeconcepts
City Noise Action Plans
Environmental Noise Directive
Strategic Noise Maps
Urban Quiet Areas Concept
Urban Design
Soundscapeconcepts
Urban Planners
Itziar Aspuru 21/IX/2011
Qué es el Paisaje Sonoro•El sonido, “como cualquier otro elemento del mundo, no tiene una existencia objetiva o verdadera, sino que existe únicamente en el mundo en que es percibido” (Guyot, 1996)
•Un sonido o ambiente sonoro no puede ser medido y calificado únicamente a partir de sus rasgos físicos, de la misma forma que no puede ser considerado separadamente de la personas que lo perciben, ni del lugar dónde es escuchado (Guillén, 2007).
Contaminación acústica Paisaje sonoro
Ruido Sonido
Molestia Confort
Nivel y Frecuencia
Eventos – Captación de la atención
Congruencia con el contexto
Información (significado)
Identidad (memoria)
Poner en valor el sonidoTemperatura Sabor
Porque es una variable que participa en la consideración de la calidad de vida en el diseño de nuestros entornos. Sostenibilidad integral.
Existen motivos argumentados para la defensa de determinados paisajes sonoros. Los motivos más destacables son:
• la influencia en la restauración del estrés día a día (mejora a la salud),
• el interés de la preservación cultural (argumento de la ecologías acústica y motivo por el cual existen “librerías” de sonidos) y
• para proteger la vida salvaje (cuya “supervivencia” depende de que sus ambientes sonoros no estén afectados por el hombre y puedan “comunicarse” e identificar predadores).
¿Por qué son interesantes?
Itziar Aspuru 21/IX/2011
Percepción
Variables que influyen en SSC:– Personas: Estilos de vida, Experiencia, coping, grupos vulnerables– Actividades, pensamientos, sentimientos.
Variables moduladoras (dosis/respuesta)– Contexto: Lugar de residencia, contaminación del aire, satisfacción residencial.
Soundscape “acts of meaning”: Significado, Expectativa, Congruencia
Sound: one of the essential ways for us to perceive and communicate with the world
– Parte de la estética sensorial: preferencias, discriminación, valor emoción y afecto
Ideas básicas de paisaje sonoro
Itziar Aspuru 21/IX/2011
Parámetros físicos para su evaluación:
• No es suficiente el nivel LAeq medio nivel, tiempo, frecuencia.
– Identificación de eventos su congruencia y significado. – Detección de fuentes de ruido.
• Parámetros como loudness, roughness, y sharpness no aportan excesivamente porque no varían suficientemente en entornos abiertos, excepto cuando hay focos dominantes.
Ideas básicas de paisaje sonoro
Itziar Aspuru 21/IX/2011
Diseño y GestiónAlgunas afirmaciones interesantes:
Se requiere reducir el nivel de LAeq por debajo de 65 dBA para empezar a diseñar soundscape.
La naturaleza aporta experiencias de restauración que afectan directamente al bienestar psicológico y a la salud de la población.
Se identifica una relación de dependencia directa entre la percepción visual y sonora. En ambos casos la presencia de lo natural, el “agua” y la identificación de “señas de identidad cultural” implican una mejor percepción del otro sentido.
Se remarca, en muchas ocasiones, la influencia local o regional en la forma de percibir el ambiente sonoro.
Ideas básicas de paisaje sonoro
Itziar Aspuru 21/IX/2011
TECNALIA y Paisaje SonoroVoluntad de vincularlo al Plan de Acción de Bilbao
Resultados de dos investigaciones que nos muestran:– Pautas a considerar en los Planes de Acción:
• Las expectativas de la población.• La importancia de los soundmarks en la percepción
- Los espacios urbanos pueden jugar un papel restaurador para los ciudadanos que los visiten, de tal forma que contribuyan a la restauración frente al estrés diario
• Existen evidencias biológicamente relevantes que ponen de manifiesto que, disponer de un paisaje sonoro agradable en zonas urbanas de esparcimiento contribuye a una restauración frente al estrés diario más intensa y rápida que en zonas más contaminadas acústicamente
• Estar en ambientes sonoros valorados como “positivos” o “tranquilos” conlleva beneficios en la salud percibida (psicosocial) no solo reduciendo el estrés sino también aumentando el bienestar positivo (emociones)
COST ACTION 22 miembros en el Mangement Comitee.
Itziar Aspuru 21/IX/2011
BILBAO municipality is answering to the Directive:
Strategic Noise Map already made, and Noise Action Plan under development:
General ideas of the Sound Environmental Plan 2013:
– Linked to the global strategy about the desired model of the city and to other plans and urban changes overseen.
– Worked in a multidisciplinary Commission with Urban Planners and Public Works Department involved.
Strategic objective in the Plan: create and preserve quiet areas in each of the districts of the city to restore the stress of the citizen and improve life quality.
At least 8 quiet areas should be identified and their acoustical quality assessed.
First criteria for their identification is based ‐ on their use, ‐ on the possibility of preserving them, and ‐ on the noise levels obtained on Strategic Noise Map (Ld and Le below 60 dBA).
A procedure to assess the acoustical quality of an open space is needed.
Collaboration of Labein and G. Collaboration of Labein and G. MemoliMemoli to check the to check the suitability and accuracy of Slope indicatorsuitability and accuracy of Slope indicator
1. Presentation of the study
(2009)
Bilbao Sound Environmental Plan
Create and preserve quiet areas
Procedure to assess the acoustical quality
of an open space
The challenge of finding a set of indicators that could help
on predicting soundscapeperception
The quest for quantifiable The quest for quantifiable
indicatorsindicators
POLICY MAKERS RESEARCHERS
Presentado en Euronoise, Edimburgo 2009
Main streets: high traffic
Tram
Streetswith less
traffic
Fountain
Sport facilities
Soundmark: bells from “La Misericordia”
Parking street
2. Location
2. La Fuente: Area close to a fountain at the center of the park.
Two subareas1. La placita: Small square in the limit of the park.
It represents urban recreational areas.
Quiet locations Greater than ‐1
Music Close to ‐1
White noise and MLS Close to ‐2
Disturbed locations Lower than ‐2
-2.10
Licitra & Memoli (2005), Licitra, Memoli, Botteldooren, De Coensel (2005)The “Slope” indicator
It measures how often events appear and how they emerge from background noise.
It is calculated by analyzing LAeq (15 min, fast, 1/3 octaves), L% and Lmax data.
The indicator has been correlated to people’s perception using a survey in urban sites near Pisa (IT)
A “scale of quietness” has been constructed
Slope = -1 (music/like structure)
2. Measured Parameters
2. Measured ParametersA questionnaire survey were conducted among users of the park.
Interviewees were asked to indicate – their preferred areas, – how often they go to the park, – what they most like and dislike about it (open questions). – soundscape perception:
• annoyance (5‐levels) and• an analysis of semantic differences to identify key adjectives
Behavioural observations were noted as part of the study
Limited number of responses the number of questionnaires is not enough for statistical analysis.
Presentado en Euronoise, Edimburgo 2009
3. ResultsArea 1: la Area 1: la ““placitaplacita”” (1/3)(1/3)
C1
C2
C3
S1S2
S3
S4
S5
S6
S7
S8 S9
S10
Measurement points:C at 4 m height, at least 45 min with 1s spacing
S at 1.5 m height, at least 15 min with 1s spacing
Main Street and Bus Stop
Secondary street andAccess to the park
3. Results
Slope
According to Slope, the people looking for “quietness” should prefer the right side of the square
LAeq
60-65 dB
65-70 dB
Agreement with noise mapMain Street and Bus Stop
Secondary street and Access to the park
Area 1: la Area 1: la ““placitaplacita”” (2/3)(2/3) Quantitative Analysis
Most of the users of the square are related to the bus stop nearby
Their preferences are conditioned by the fact that they need to stay close to the bus stop
More data are needed both in terms of measurements and questionnaires
The visitors looking for relax, during the measurement period, used only the benches in the right side of the square
3. Results
Area 1: la Area 1: la ““placitaplacita”” (3/3)(3/3)
Qualitative Analysis
Presentado en Euronoise, Edimburgo 2009
Measurements of 45’Measurements of 15’
C417
S717S817
C619
S119
C618
C518
S118
S218/S318S418
Measurement points:C at 4 m height, at least 45 min with 1s spacingS at 1.5 m height, at least 15 min with 1s spacing
3. Results
Area 2: la Area 2: la ““fuentefuente”” (1/3)(1/3)
AverageSlope
LAeq Lmax
C518 ‐1.94 68.7 69.5C417 ‐1.89 62.9 69.3S717 ‐1.17 62.9 64.7S817 ‐1.06 60.9 67.3C719 ‐1.77 63.1 68.6S118 ‐0.93 60.1 62.7S218 S318
‐0.73
61.0 67.9S418 ‐‐‐ 60.3 66.9C618 ‐1.80 63.1 76.9S119 ‐2.05 61.6 73.6
Agreement was found with noise mapping, once the fountain was excluded
3. Results
Area 2: la Area 2: la ““fuentefuente”” (2/3)(2/3)Quantitative Analysis
Most common activities in this area are related to relaxing.
All interviewees preferred stay closer to the fountain but not too much.
3. Results
Area 2: la Area 2: la ““fuentefuente”” (3/3)(3/3) Qualitative AnalysisSport facilities
for older people
Slope could not describe the effect of a soundmark
An age distinction arises in perception:There are sport facilities for older people in the proximity. A wheel working causes a squealing noise. It is well accepted by older people, meanwhile young people considered it as very annoying.
- Younger people preferred other areas of the square.
- Older people preferred the higher part of the square, closer to the sport facilities.
Different concepts of tranquillity
3. ResultsAnalysis of Semantic differentialAnalysis of Semantic differential
Soundscape matches expectations1.Garden; 2. TranquilityLast: SecurityRelated to cultural heritage and identity of Bilbao
Attribute
Significant differences were only found in two pairs of attributes: pleasant <-> unpleasant and relaxing <-> stressing.
Use like a Bus Stop
Perceived sounds are expected but not desirable
1. Overall; 2. Tranquility
Last: Traffic
Positive Sounds
Playing children, birds, bells, squealing wheel, fountain (noisy).
None
La Fuente La Placita
Noise Sources
Natural Sounds City/Civilization. Traffic.
(Limited results) It was clear how relevant is the expectation in sound perception. The
two different concepts of tranquillity showed it. Expectations should be taken into account when designing action plans.
The importance of soundmarks in perception makes them interesting for city planning.
Can we artificially insert new ones?
Positive Sounds Soundmarks
Both qualitative and quantitative approaches should be wisely combined.
3. Conclusions
Presentado en Euronoise, Edimburgo 2009
24
OBJECTIVES
Acousticapproach
Psychosocial approach
Integral Health approach
CROSS VALIDATION
• Definition of a methodology to assess soundscapes, combining acoustics analysis and questionnaires regarding perception, emotion and health.
• Contribute to emphasize the positive effect of soundscape on human health, demonstrating its ability to increase the effect of restoration linked to staying in urban areas
Background level and Events Soundscape
assessment; emotions and stress scales
Health and Lifestyle questionnaire
Monitoring heart rate
Experiment in La Alhondiga, a new urban square (Bilbao)
Presentado en ICBEN, Londres 2011
Group of 10 person from Tecnalia
Two situations, distinguished only by its acoustic quality:• The first one is a natural situation in the square;• In the second one, we introduce an artificial audio, recorded previously in the same place,
but ensuring the presence of some more events and a slightly higher noise level (only 2 dB).
The group split in two to evaluate both situations (the order was changed each time).
In addition to acoustic and psycho‐social assessment, the experiment included the performance of some cognitive tests to create stress in the individuals to be able to evaluate their recovery.
THE EXPERIMENT
RecoveryStress test
QuestionnaireRestingRecoveryStress test
Questionnaire
Resting
PhasesPhases
Experimental Condition: NoiselessExperimental Condition: NoisyGroup 2(29/11/201
0)
RecoveryStress test
QuestionnaireRestingRecoveryStress test
Questionnaire
Resting
PhasesPhases
Experimental Condition: NoisyExperimental Condition: NoiselessGroup 1(24/11/201
0)
Presentado en ICBEN, Londres 2011
We created two situations with different values for the Sound Atmosphere Indicator
Natural SSC+, and SSC with extra - sound.
Comparing the assessment made in the two situations.The PLACE, when Natural SSC, is perceived asmore pleasant (agradable), quiet (tranquilo) and common (común).
Staying in urban recreation areas • Plays a perceived Restorative Effect compared to stress at
work. • It Generates Positive emotional feelings: Calm.• It Reduces Negative emotions: Anger (Enojo).
In the Natural SSC, those effects are higher.
The monitored health indicator shows that in Natural SSCrestoration to induced stress is more intense and faster.
CONCLUSIONS
Presentado en ICBEN, Londres 2011
PSICOSOCIAL APPROACH
Personal DataPersonal Data
Selection Based on our experience•Sociodemographic data•Satisfaction in different areas of life•Noisiness and annoyance of noise sources in different common environments •Relaxation: activities and places
Health and Life StylesHealth and Life Styles• Sources: Health and lifestyles Surveys
• Ministry of Health• Regional Government
• Most relevant items were selected to identify possible contaminant factors
SOUNDSCAPESSOUNDSCAPES• Revision 2009
+ COST + Internoise 2010…• Semantic Differential Scale
EmotionsEmotionsContribution from UPV-EHU, Social
Psychology and Methodology of Behavioural Science Dep.
• Fredickson ( Emotion Scale 2009)EVA (Visual Analog Scale) with 4 emotions
StressStressContribution from DeustoSalud
• Stress Perception Scale EVA of Stress
HE
AL
TH
PERCEPTION INDICATORS
Presentado en ICBEN, Londres 2011
PSICOSOCIAL APPROACH
Natural SSC+ Natural SSC+ (without extra sound)• The PLACE: is perceived asmore pleasant (agradableagradable), quiet (tranquilotranquilo)) and common (comcomúúnn))
• Some less complex (complejo), stressful (estresante), rough (áspero) and uncomfortable (incómodo).
• It difficulties little less conversation
RESULTS ABOUT SOUNDSCAPE PERCEPTION
Presentado en ICBEN, Londres 2011
Percepción ambiente sonoro
1
2
3
4
5
agrad
abletra
nquil
ofue
rtefam
iliar
cerca
noco
munco
ol -fr
esco
cons
isten
tear
mónico
muy ac
tivad
orinc
ómod
oar
tificia
lás
pero
No infor
mativo
comple
jo
dificu
lta co
nversa
ción
inseg
uro
aburr
idoco
nfuso
monóton
oDisc
ontinuo
incon
grue
ntees
tresa
nte
SSC+ Alhóndiga SSC+ calles
SSC- Alhóndiga SSC- calles
,
RESULTS EmotionsEmotions It Generates Positive emotional feelings: Generates Positive emotional feelings: CalmCalm
It Reduces Negative emotions: AngerAnger (EnojoEnojo))StressStress (Base Line: high levels linked to work)
In addition to recovering from stress, it improves the BasIn addition to recovering from stress, it improves the Base Linee Line
SELECTED INDICATORS TO ASSESS Restorative Effect Restorative Effect (Emotions and Stress)
Joy, Calm, Anger, Sadness
PSICOSOCIAL APPROACH
Ambientes sonoros (SSC+/SSC-)
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
Alegría Calma Stress Enojo Tristeza
Línea Base (T6)
SSC+ pre
SSC + post
SSC- pre
SSC- post
EVA(Visual Analog Scale)
HEALTH APPROACHSELECTED INDICATORS (collaboration with DEUSTOSALUD)
Heart Rate Variability.Respiratory rate and EMG responses.SCL (Skin conductance level).Cortisol levels in saliva.
5 equipment
Presentado en ICBEN, Londres 2011
RESULTS
(collaboration with DEUSTOSALUD)
HEALTH APPROACH
Presentado en ICBEN, Londres 2011
RESULTS (collaboration with DEUSTOSALUD)
PAISAJE SONORO 2010: HEALTH APPROACH
CONCLUSIONS“We have found biologically relevant evidences that show that having a nice soundscape in urban recreation areas contributes to have a restoration to daily stress more intense and faster than in more acoustically polluted
areas ”
“We can emphasize that being in acoustic environments rated as "positive " or "calm" has benefits in perceived health (psychosocial). It not only reduces stress but also increases the positive well-being (emotions)”
TECNALIA provides a methodology for the evaluation of soundscapes that, combining acoustic analysis and
psychosocial surveys, facilitates the identification of urban quiet areas to be preserved
Presentado en ICBEN, Londres 2011