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Pakistan United States relations or Pakistan-American relations, refers to the international, historical,

and cultural bilateral relationship between the State of Pakistan and the United States, with both

countries first establishing diplomatic relations on October 20, 1947, roughly two months after the

establishment of the former country after the Indian partition by Great Britain. With the United States

being among the very first nations to have established relations with Pakistan, the relationship since

then has been based primarily on U.S. economic and military assistance to Pakistan.[1] Pakistan is a

Major non-NATO ally of the United States and also the second-largest supplier of military equipment to

Pakistan after China, and largest economic aid contributor as well.[2][3][4]

Contents

1 Relations with Superpower: 1947Present

1.1 Democratic governments (1947-1958)

1.2 Military dictatorship (19601969)


1.3.1 Pakistan's role in U.S.-China relations

1.3.2 Role in Indo-Pakistani war of 1971

1.4 Democratic government (1971-1977)


1.6 Democratic governments (19881998)

1.6.1 Rift in relations

1.6.2 Economic embargo

2 Military pacts and suspension of aid

2.1 Baghdad Pact

2.2 Foreign Assistance Act

3 Soviet invasion of Afghanistan

4 Military science programmes

4.1 Pakistan and atomic weapons

4.2 Space programme


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to take active measures against socialists in the West and communists in the East.[6] Prime Minister Ali

Khan made a tireless effort to establish relations with the Soviet Union, repeatedly asking Joseph Stalin

for military aid, but all attempts were rebuffed by the Soviets.[7] According to the PIIA, the religious

background of Pakistan and the atheist background of the Soviet Union had created a major divergence

after Pakistan noted subservience which was forced upon the allies of the Soviet Union.[6]

After a long debate, Prime Minister Ali Khan decided to pay his first visit to the United States, while

holding the Soviet invitation which was met with great hostility from the Soviet Union, and the harsh

criticism by the socialists and communists to Ali Khan and his government. The President of the United

States Harry Truman and the U.S. itself were well aware of strategic importance of Pakistan, but did not

have any concrete plans.[8] The U.S. continued its civilian aid to the country through the United States

Ambassador to Pakistan, Paul Allin. It was not until 1950 when the military aid was begun with new

ambassador Avra M. Warren taking office.[8]

In 1950-53, a flurry of Pakistan's state delegation paid visit to the U.S., initially seeking military aid rather

than civilian.[8] Prime Minister Liaqat Ali Khan, Huseyn Suhravardie, Army commander Ayub Khan,

Foreign Minister Sir Zafrullah Khan, Foreign Secretary Ikram-ullah Khan, Finance Minister Ghulam

Muhammad, Defense Secretary Sikander Mirza, and special envoy Mir Laiq Ali made U.S visits with the

main intention of getting military aid. Controversially, there was neither an organized, coordinated, nor

institutional effort nor any attempt made to study the U.S. decision-making process to achieve the

goal.[8]

Map of Pakistan before 1971: The tendency of socialism in West and communism in East, played a keyfactor in Pakistan's policy to developed close relations with the United States throughout the cold war

era.

The U.S. government officials were smart enough to understand and to very quickly grasp the mediocre

Pakistan's leadership.[8] The U.S. government would use the country to their maximum regional and

strategic goals and interests. When the true nature of U.S. ambition exposed to Prime minister Ali Khan,

the prime minister deliberately attempted to warm the relations with the Soviet Union and the Soviet

bloc, while warning the U.S. that "[Pakistan] has annexed half of Kashmir without [A]merican support....

And would be able to take the other half too".[9] Ali Khan's sudden shift and aggressive mood was a"bombshell" for President Truman's presidency and for the U.S. foreign policy.[9] In 1950, President

Truman requested Prime minister Ali Khan to provide a military base to Central Intelligence Agency to

keep an eye on Soviet Union, which Ali Khan hesitated and later refused, prompting the U.S. to began

the planning to assassinate Ali Khan to remove him from the country's politics once and for all.[9]

However, there are no official evidence to support, marking the big question on Ali Khan's

assassination.[9] The Indian government followed a different, non-aligned policy stance, which leaned


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closer to the Soviet Union rather than the United States of America. Pakistan was seeking strong

alliances to counter its neighbor, India. At this time, India was neutral and went on to be a part of Non

Aligned Movement.

In 1953, United States assessed Pakistan as "a volunteer army of 3,000,000... It is not neutral but an

anti-communist... As a possible ally for US, Pakistan displays a tempting picture of power potential

and actual. The Pakistan Armed Forces were extremely well-disciplined, professional, well trained armed

forces whose morale and bravery are unquestionable.[8] According to Hamid Hussain, Pakistan has

became comical in 1955-56, and the Secretary of State John Foster Dulles while arguing for wheat aid to

Pakistan in 1953, told the sub-committee on Agriculture and Forestry during hearings that, "the [p]eople

of Pakistan had a splendid military tradition and that in Karachi he had been met by a guard of honour

which was the "finest" he had ever seen".[8] Apparently, Dulles did not tell the agriculture department

what on earth the wheat aid has to do with the military. After the signing of first mutual defence treaty

in May 1954, large-scale interaction between U.S. and Pakistani military started, with hundreds of

officers began to sent to U.S. on routine and regular basis, getting trained shoulder-to-shoulders with

U.S. military.[8] A U.S. Military Assistance Advisory Group (MAAG) was established in Army

Headquarters in Rawalpindi, although the MAAG was divided into groups depending on their role.[8]

According to Colonel Jordan of CIA, the officers of Pakistan Armed Forces were not only trained in

military ethics but also to groom them for non-military activities such as leadership, management,

economics.[8] The U.S. had no interests to enhance relations with the political leadership, but was

rather hostile towards the civilians.[8] In 1956, President Dwight Eisenhower kindly requested Prime

minister Suhravardie to lease a military base, Peshawar Air Station (PAS), to make preparations for spy

operations and to coordinate secret signal intelligence flights to gain intelligence on Soviet Union's

intercontinental ballistic missiles.[8] The request was granted and the U.S. opened the station withbuilding an airstrip, command and control station and air force base near by.[8] This base was kept in

secret, the highest Pakistani government officials, including the military personnel, could not enter, and

in 1959, U.S. denied the request of Zulfikar Ali Bhutto when he tried to visit the facility.[8]

The U.S. interest in Pakistan grew after realizing the importance of Pakistan Armed Forces, which was

seen as potential partners against the communism, not the political leadership. That is why, when Prime

minister Huseyn Suhravardie made a frequent trip to U.S., the importance was not given to him but his

Army commander Ayub Khan.[8] Furthermore, the relations gradually went down with people-elected

president Iskander Mirza, leading to military coup against him in 1958. After successfully leading themilitary coup d'tat in 1958, Ayub Khan quickly visit the U.S., stressing that armed forces are the

strongest element.[8]

Ayub Khan and U.S. were completely convinced that the left wing intellectuals will come to power which

will not only destabilize Pakistan but will affect U.S. strategic interest.[8] To United States, the military


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alliance with Ayub Khan was to ensure a provide safeguard to U.S. interests in Southwest Asia and

Middle East and not against India. The secret Establishment too saw the relationship as a short cut to

modernization of its armed forces but failed to comprehend long-term strategic interest of Pakistan.[8]

Military dictatorship (19601969)

Main articles: CIA activities in Pakistan, Peshawar Air Station, 1960 U-2 incident, and Indo-Pakistani war

of 1965

Invitation to Pakistan.ogv

Jacquelyn Kennedy visiting Pakistan in 1962

Pakistan joined the US-led military alliances SEATO and CENTO. In 1954 the United States signed a

Mutual Defense Assistance Agreement with Pakistan. Under Ayub Khan, Pakistan enjoyed a strong and

healthy relationship with the United States. Pakistan had aligned itself with the United States during the

Cold War, rather than with the Soviet Union. Khan's government also provided a secret military base to

United States. The 1960s era was perhaps most enjoyable and fond relationships enjoyed both by the

United States and Pakistan. This 1960s era, Pakistan and her people were the most pro-American nation

where the U.S. image was more positive than any other nation at that time. In 1961, Khan paid a state

visit to the United States, accompanied by his daughter Begum Nasir Akhtar Aurangzeb. Highlights of the

trip included a state dinner at Mount Vernon, a visit to the Islamic Center of Washington, and a ticker

tape parade in New York City.[10]

In 1954, Ayub Khan had famously told Brigadier-General Henry A. Byroade and the United States that "I

didnt come here to look at barracks. Our army can be your army if you want us. But lets make a

decision".[8] In 1960, Ayub Khan gave approval to U.S. to fly a spy mission to Soviet Union, knowing the

aftermath of the mission, Ayub Khan was fully aware of the operation.[8] On May 1960, the U-2 incident

took place, capturing its pilot Gary Powers was captured.[8] The CIA notified Ayub Khan of the incident

when he was in London for a state visit, he shrugged his shoulders and said that he had expected this

would happen at some point.[8] According the General Khalid Mahmud Arif, this incident "severely

compromised Pakistan security" and brought the Soviet ire on Pakistan.[8] "Pakistan felt deceived

because the US had kept her in the dark about such clandestine spy operations launched from Pakistans

territory", quoted by General Arif.[8]

The United States military aide was only concentrated in West-Pakistan, and the economical benefits

enjoyed by West Pakistan, not the East.[8] The Anti-Americanism and democracy tendency was great

and was stronger in East-Pakistan, the East-Pakistan parliament signed a statement, denouncing the

military pact and aide with United States.[8] The United States refrained to provide the military training


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of the East Pakistan Army and the East Pakistan Rifles, troops stationed at Kashmir province did not

receive any training but was managed by Pakistan itself.[8]

President Ayub Khan and Jaqueline Kennedy with Sardar, a Seal brown horse gifted by Khan to Jackie

Kennedy, 1962.

The economical aide to Pakistan was increased by the United States through the consortium

companies.[11] Booming economy had brought Pakistan a prestige and the success of capitalism system

in an underdeveloped country was widely appreciated.[11] But this was short lived, when Ayub Khan

launched the Operation Gibraltar against India, leading India to declare full-scale war with West-

Pakistan.[11]

Many civil bureaucrats, notably Sartaj Aziz noted that the war with India was an ill-considered decision

and its aftermath that was uncontrollable by Ayub Khan.[11] The economy and foreign policy

requirements are not fully consistent, in fact they were rapidly falling out of line after the operations

were launched.[11] The United States placed embargo on Pakistan, both military and economical, that

led the collapse of Pakistan's economy.[11]

The war with India cost Pakistan an economical price, when Pakistan lost lost the half a billion dollars it

had coming from the Consortium for Pakistan through the United States.[11] Ayub Khan could not suffer

the aftermath and fall from the presidency after surrendering the presidential power of Army

Commander General Yahya Khan in 1969.[11] Escalating the further crises, the country was floundered,losing East-Pakistan after India again attack Pakistan six years later, with the economy in great jeopardy

without United States' assistance.[11]


See also: Bangladesh Liberation War, Yahya Khan, Indo-Pakistani war of 1971, 1972 Nixon visit to China,

Sino-American relations, and State-sponsored terrorism#India

Pakistan was perceived in the United States as an integral bulwark against Communism in the Cold War.

The United States cautiously supported Pakistan during 1971 although congress kept in place an arms

embargo.[12]

With the Soviet Union already covertly engaged in neighboring Afghanistan, the Nixon administration

used Pakistan to try to deter further Soviet encroachment in the region.[13]


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Nixon relayed messages to Yahya, urging him to restrain Pakistani forces.[14] His objective was to

prevent a war and safeguard Pakistan's interests, though he feared an Indian invasion of West Pakistan

that would lead to Indian domination of the sub-continent and strengthen the position of the Soviet

Union.[15] Similarly, Yahya Khan feared that an independent Bangladesh could lead to the disintegrationof Pakistan. Indian military support for Bengali guerillas led to war between India and Pakistan.[16]

Pakistan's role in U.S.-China relations

In 1971, Pakistan helped the United States to make preparations for the President Richard Nixon for his

historical visit to Peoples' Republic of China (PRC). President Nixon and Henry Kissinger used Pakistan's

relationship with China to start secret contacts with China, which resulted with Henry Kissingers secret

visit to China in July 1971 while visiting Pakistan.

Role in Indo-Pakistani war of 1971

President of Pakistan Yahya Khan with United States President Richard Nixon, 1970.

The United States was secretly encouraging the shipment of military equipment from Iran, Turkey, and

Jordan to Pakistan, reimbursing those countries[17] despite Congressional objections.[18] The U.S. used

the threat of an aid cut-off to force Pakistan to back down, while its continued military aid to Islamabad

prevented India from launching incursions deeper into the country. Near the end of the war and fearing

Pakistan's defeat by the joint forces of Mukti Bahini and Indian forces, Nixon ordered the Enterprise into

the Indian Ocean, although it was never used for actual combat fearing Russian response.[19] Pakistan

also felt the US arms embargo affected Pakistan more than it affected India.[20]

The United States deployed the Task Force-74 of the United States Seventh Fleet, when it became

apparent that Pakistan was losing the war. At the height of Vietnam war, the Enterprise led the Task

Force-74 and was seen as a Show of force by by the United States in support of the beleaguered West

Pakistan Armed Forces.[20] The Task Force-74 was forced to withdrew with Soviet Union dispatch a

large fleet to support India, as well as nuclear submarines armed with nuclear missiles.[19]

In a declassified CIA intelligence documents proved that "India intended to dismember Pakistan and

destroy its armed forces, a possible loss of U.S. ally in the Cold war that United States cannot afford to

lose. Nixon termed India as "Soviet stooge" before ordering the Enterprise to lead the Task Force-74.[21]

In an assessment completed by U.S., India, with full-backing of Soviet Union, can tackle [Pakistan]

without anybody doing anything.[21] Nixon sent a strong message to Soviet Union urging Russians to


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stop India from dismembering and disintegrating the State of Pakistan from existence, in Nixons' words:

"In the strongest possible...(...)... terms to restrain India with which (Soviets) have great influence and

for whose actions you must share responsibility... (...)...".[21]

Democratic government (1971-1977)

Main articles: 1977 Pakistani coup d'tat, Pakistan-Russia relations, Smiling Buddha, Organization of the

Islamic Conference, Pakistan and its Nuclear Deterrent Program, Democratic socialism, and Pakistan

Peoples Party

As a result of 1970s election, Zulfikar Ali Bhutto, a charismatic democratic socialist, became President

(1971-1974) and later Prime minister in 1974. This period is seen as a "quiet cold war" with the Pakistan

who was administer under democratic socialists led by Zulfikar Ali Bhutto. His socialist ideas favored the

communist ideas but never actually allied with communism. Under Bhutto, Pakistan would focused on

Movement of Non-Aligned Countries, building closer ties with Soviet bloc and the Soviet Union.Meanwhile, Bhutto tried to maintain a balance with the United States, but such attempts were rebuffed

by United States. Bhutto opposed the ultra-leftism concepts but was a strong proponent of left-wing

politics, which the U.S. had opposed in Pakistan from the very start.[22]

When differences develop, a small country should not take on a great power head-on, it is wiser

for it to duck, detour, side-step and try to enter from the back-door...

Zulfi Bhutto, on U.S.-Pakistan relations, [8]

Although, Richard Nixon enjoyed firmly strong relations with Bhutto and was a close friend of Bhutto,

the graph of relation significantly went down under the Presidency of Jimmy Carter.[23] Carter, an anti-

socialist, tightened the embargo placed on Pakistan and placed a pressure through the United States

Ambassador to Pakistan, Brigadier-General Henry Byroade.[23] The socialist orientation, and Bhutto's

proposed left-wing theories, had badly upset the United States, further clinging the bell tolls in the

United States as fearing Pakistan's loss as an ally in the Cold war.[23] The leftists and Bhutto's policy

towards Soviet Union was seen sympathetic and had built a bridge for Soviet Union to have gain access

in Pakistan's warm water ports, that something both United States and Soviet Union had lacked.[23]

During the course of 1976 presidential election, Carter was elected as U.S. President, and his very

inaugural speech Carter announced the determination to seek the ban of nuclear weapons.[23] With

Carter's election, Bhutto lost all links to United States administration he had through President

Nixon.[23] Bhutto had to faced the embargo and pressure from the American President who was totally


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against the political objectives which Bhutto had set forth for his upcoming future plans. Carter

indirectly announced his opposition to Bhutto, his ambition and the elections.[23]

Although, Carter placed an embargo on Pakistan, Bhutto under the technical guidance and diplomatic

though Foreign minister Aziz Ahmed, succeeded to bought sensitive equipments, common metal

materials, and electronic components, marked as "common items", hide the true nature of the

intentions, greatly enhance the atomic bomb project, though a complete failure for Carter's

embargo.[23] Bhutto tried to resolve the issue, but Carter intentionally sabotage the talks. In a thesis

written by historian Abdul Ghafoor Buhgari, Carter keenly sabotaged Bhutto credibility, but did not

wanted favored his execution as Carter made a call to General Zia-ul-Haq to stop the act.[23] Therefore

senior leadership of Pakistan Peoples Party reached out to different country's ambassadors and high

commissioners but did not meet with the U.S. ambassador, as the leadership knew the "noble" part

played by Carter and his administration.[23] When Carter administration discovered Bhutto's act, the

programme was reached to a well advanced level, and furthermore, had disastrous effect on SALT I

Treaty which was soon collapse, a failure of President Carter to stop the atomic proliferation and arm

race between Soviet Union and United States heightened.[23]

Bhutto meeting with Nixon in 1972.

In 1974, with India carried out the test of nuclear weapons near the Pakistan's eastern border,

codename Smiling Buddha, Bhutto sought United States to impose economic sanctions in India.[22]

Though it was unsuccessful approach, in a meeting of Pakistan's Ambassador to United States with

Secretary of State Henry Kissinger, Kissingers told Pakistans ambassador to Washington that the test isa fait accompli and that Pakistan would have to learn to live with it, although he was aware this is a

little rough on the Pakistanis.*22+ In 1970s, the ties were further severed with Bhutto as Bhutto had

continued to administer the research on weapons, and in 1976, in a meeting with Bhutto and Kissinger,

Kissinger had told Bhutto, "that if you [Bhutto] do not cancel, modify or postpone the Reprocessing

Plant Agreement, we will make a horrible example from you".[24] The meeting was ended by Bhutto as

he had replied: "For my countrys sake, for the sake of people of Pakistan, I did not succumb to that

black-mailing and threats". After the meeting, Bhutto intensified his nationalization and industrialization

policies, as well as aggressively taking steps to spurred the scientific research on atomic weapons and

the atomic bomb project. Bhutto authorized the construction of Chagai weapon-testing laboratories,

whilst United States opposed the action and predicted that it will lead to a massive and destructive warbetween India and Pakistan in the future. The atomic bomb project became fully mature in 1978; and a

first cold test was conducted in 1983 (see Kirana-I).


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Bhutto called upon Organization of Islamic Conference in order to bring Muslim world together but after

months, the pro-United States Muslim nations and United States itself took the promised step and

Bhutto was declared as the corrupted one, as a result the Bhutto was hanged in 1979.[24]


Main articles: Soviet war in Afghanistan, Operation Cyclone, Foreign aid to Pakistan, Reagan Doctrine,

Ronald Reagon, Tim Osman, Grand Mosque Seizure, Islamic terrorism, and United States and state

terrorism

In 1979, a group of Pakistani students burned the American embassy in Islamabad to the ground killing

two Americans as a reaction to Grand Mosque Seizure, citing the U.S. involvement.

Crile and Charlie Wilson meeting with ISI officers, c. 1980s.

After the removal and death of Bhutto, the Pakistan's ties with United States were better and improved.

In December 24, 1979, the Soviet 40th Army crossed borders, rolling into Afghanistan, President Carter

issued his doctrine (see Carter Doctrine). The silent features offers the creation of the Rapid Deployment

Force (RDF), increasing the deployment of United States Naval Forces Central Command (NAVCENT), a

collective security framework in the region and a commitment to the defence of Pakistan by transfer of

significant amount of weapons and Monetarism.

Following the Soviet invasion of Afghanistan, ISI and CIA ran multi-billion dollar worth Operation Cyclone

to thwart the communist regime as well as defeating Soviets in Afghanistan. Throughout the military

regime of General Zia-ul-Haq, the ties and relations were promoted at its maximum point, and United

States had given billion dollars of economical and military aid to Pakistan.

In the 1980s, Pakistan agreed to pay $658 million for 28 F-16 fighter jets from the United States;

however the American congress froze the deal citing objections to Pakistani nuclear ambitions. Under

the terms of the American cancellation, they kept both the money and the planes, leading to angry

claims of theft by Pakistanis.[25]

When Americans lost in Vietnam, Americans went home and cried. When the Soviets got kicked

out of Egypt, Soviets decided to go after Libya... Is America still the leader of the free world? In what

respect?.... I hope it will soon restore its countervailing role, abandoned after Vietnam

Zia on U.S.'s policy on Pakistan., [8]


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Initially, Carter offered Pakistan $325 million in aid over three years; Zia rejected this as "peanuts."[26]

Carter also signed the finding in 1980 that allowed less than $50 million a year to go to the Mujahideen.

All attempts were rebuffed, Zia shrewdly played his cards knowing that Carter was on his way out and

he may get a better deal from the incoming Reagan. After Ronald Reagan came to office, defeatingCarter for the US Presidency in 1980, all this changed, due to President Reagan's new priorities and the

unlikely and remarkably effective effort by Congressman Charles Wilson (D-TX), aided by Joanne Herring,

and CIA Afghan Desk Chief Gust Avrakotos to increase the funding for Operation Cyclone. Aid to the

Afghan resistance, and to Pakistan, increased substantially, finally reaching $1 billion. The United States,

faced with a rival superpower looking as if it were to create another Communist bloc, now engaged Zia

to fight a US-aided war by proxy in Afghanistan against the Soviets.

The Reagon administration and Reagon himself was a great supporter of Pakistan's military regime,

American officials visiting country on a routine basis.[8] The U.S. political intelligentsia in Pakistan had

effectively curbed down the liberals, socialists, communists, and democracy tendency in the country in

1983, instead advising Zia to hold the non-partisans elections in 1985.[8] General Akhtar Abdur Rahman

of ISI and William Casey of CIA worked together in harmony, and in an atmosphere of mutual trust. The

ISI officer Mohammad Yusuf stated "It was a great blow to the Jehad when Casey died", callimg Casey

as "shaheed", a former CIA director is actually a martyr of Islam.[8] The U.S. intelligence community also

helped Zia to expand the idea of Establishment, in the national politics of Pakistan, approving the sell of

F-16 Fighting Falcon, nuclear technology, naval warships and furthermore intelligence training and

efforts.[8]

Democratic governments (19881998)

Main articles: Pressler amendment, Taliban, Economy of Pakistan, Nawaz Sharif, Benazir Bhutto, Indo-

Pakistani War of 1999, 1999 Pakistani coup d'tat, Pokhran-II, Chagai-II, and Soviet troop withdrawal

from Afghanistan

After the restoration of democracy after the disastrous and mysterious death of Zia and U.S.

Ambassador in an aviation crash. The relations quickly deteriorated with upcoming prime ministers

Benazir Bhutto and Nawaz Sharif. The United States took tough stand on Pakistan's nuclear

development, passing the Pressler amendment, while significantly improving the relations with India.Both Benazir and Nawaz Sharif also asked the United States to take steps to stop the Indian nuclear

programme, feeling that United States was not doing enough to address what Pakistan saw as an

existential threat. Pakistan found itself in a state of extremely high insecurity as tensions mounted with

India and Afghanistans infighting continued. Pakistans alliance with the U.S. was strained due to factors

such as its support for the Taliban and public distancing of the Pakistani government from the U.S.


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Rift in relations

In 1992 US Ambassador Nicholas Platt advised Pakistan's leaders that if Pakistan continued to support

terrorists in India or Indian-administered territory, "the Secretary of State may find himself required by

law to place Pakistan on the state sponsors of terrorism list."[27] When the US decided to respond to

the 1998 United States embassy bombings in Africa by firing missiles at an al-Qaeda camp in Taliban-

controlled Afghanistan, five Pakistani intelligence agents present at the camp were killed.[27]

Economic embargo

Benazir Bhutto paying state visit to the U.S., 1989.

In 1989, Benazir Bhutto made a quick visit in the U.S. asking U.S. to stop financing the Afghan

mujahideen to President George H. W. Bush, which she marked "America's Frankenstein".[28] This was

followed by Nawaz Sharif who visited the U.S. in 1990, but U.S. gave cold shoulder to Pakistan, asking

Pakistan to stop developing the nuclear deterrence. In 1990, Prime minister Nawaz Sharif travels to U.S.

to solve the nuclear crises after the U.S. had tightened its economic embargo on Pakistan, prompting

Sharif and then-Treasure Minister Sartaj Aziz to held talks on Washington.[29] It was widely reported in

Pakistan that the U.S. Assistant Secretary of State Teresita Schaffer had told the Foreign Minister

Shahabzada Yaqub Khan to halt the uranium enrichment programme.[29] In December 1990, France's

Commissariat l'nergie atomique agreed to provide a commercial 900MW power plant, but plans did

not materialize as France wanted Pakistan to provide entire financial funds for the plant. Furthermore,

the U.S. Ambassador Robert Oakley further influenced on the project, showing growing concerns of the

U.S. on the agreement.[29] While talking to U.S. media, Nawaz Sharif declared that: "Pakistan possessed

no [atomic] bomb... Pakistan would be happy to sign the Nuclear Nonproliferation Treaty (NPT) but it

must be provided "first" to India to do the same".[29] After the France's project cancel, Nawaz Sharif

successfully held talks with the China to build the largest commercial nuclear plant, CHASNUPP-I in

Chasma city in Pakistan.[29]

In 1995, Prime minister Benazir Bhutto made final visit to U.S. urging President Bill Clinton to amend the

Pressler Amendment and emphasized United States to launch a campaign against the extremism, with

Pakistan allying with the United States.[30] Prime minister Benazir Bhutto was succeeded to pass theBrown Amendment, but the embargo on arms remain active. At the United States trip, Prime minister

Benazir Bhutto faced a heated criticism and opposition on nuclear weapons program, Benazir Bhutto

responded fiercely and sharply criticized U.S.'s nonproliferation policy and demanded that the United

States honour its contractual obligation.[30] Although Benazir was able to convince U.S. business

community to invest in Pakistan, but was unable to revert the economic embargo which kept

investment away from the country.[30]


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Nawaz Sharif meeting with William Cohen, Secretary of State, 1998.

In 1998, Prime minister Nawaz Sharif ordered to conduct first nuclear tests after Benazir Bhutto called

for the tests (see Chagai-I and Chagai-II), in response to Indian nuclear tests (see Pokhran-II). Nawaz

Sharif's ordering the nuclear tests was met with great hostility and ire in the United States after

President Clinton placing the economic embargo on Pakistan. The relations were also refrained and

strained after Nawaz Sharif became involved with Kargil war with India, while India's relations with Israel

and U.S greatly enhanced. Soon after the tests, Benazir Bhutto publicly announced her believe that her

father was "sent to the gallows at the instance of the superpower for pursuing the nuclear

capability,[31] though she did not disclose the name of the power.[32] In 1999, Benazir leaked the

information that Nawaz Sharif would be deposed that there is (nothing) that Americans[33] want to

support Nawaz Sharif or the democracy in Pakistan.[33] After the military coup was commenced against

Nawaz Sharif, the President Clinton criticized the coup demanding the restoration of democracy but did

not favor the mass demonstration against the military regime as the coup, at that time, was popular. In

conclusion, both Nawaz Sharif and Benazir Bhutto refused to make compromise the with country's

nuclear deterrence, but instead building the infrastructure despote U.S. objections.[31]

Military pacts and suspension of aid

Baghdad Pact

Pakistan was a member of the Central Treaty Organization from its adoption in 1955, until the pact's

dissolution in 1979. The promise of economic aid from the US was instrumental in creating the

agreement. At the time the pact was adopted, Pakistan's relationship with the United States was the

friendliest in Asia.[citation needed]

During the Indo-Pakistani War of 1965, the US did not provide Pakistan with military support as pledged.

This generated a widespread feeling in Pakistan that the United States was no longer a reliable ally.

According to C. Christine Fair, the US cut off arms supplies because Pakistan "started the war with India

by using regular military personnel disguised as mujahideen." According to Fair, in 1971 "the Pakistanis

were angry at the US again, for not bailing them out from another war they started against India."[27]

Foreign Assistance Act

In April 1979, the United States suspended most economic assistance to Pakistan over concerns about

Pakistan's nuclear program[34] under the Foreign Assistance Act.

Soviet invasion of Afghanistan


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The Soviet invasion of Afghanistan in December 1979 highlighted the common interest of Pakistan and

the United States in opposing the Soviet Union. In 1981, Pakistan and the United States agreed on a $3.2

billion military and economic assistance program aimed at helping Pakistan deal with the heightened

threat to security in the region and its economic development needs. With US assistance, in the largestcovert operation in history, Pakistan armed and supplied anti-Soviet fighters in Afghanistan, eventually

defeating the Soviets, who withdrew in 1988.[citation needed]

Military science programmes

Pakistan and atomic weapons

In 1955, after Prime minister Huseyn Suhrawardy established nuclear power to ease of the electricity

crises, with U.S. offering grant of $350,000 to acquire a commercial nuclear power plant.[35] Following

this year, the PAEC signed an agreement with counterpart United States Atomic Energy Commission

where the research on nuclear power and training was started initially by the United States. During

1960s, the U.S. opens doors to Pakistan's scientists and engineers to conduct research on leading

institutions of the U.S., notably ANL, ORNL, and LLNL. In 1965, Abdus Salam went to U.S. succeeding the

U.S. government to establish a national institute of nuclear research (see PINSTECH and a research

reactor Parr-I).[35] The Pinstech was designed by leading American architect Edward Durrell Stone

whereby American nuclear engineer Peter Karter designed the reactor, with the reactor supplied by the

American Machine and Foundry as its contractors.[35] Later in years, U.S. helped Pakistan to negotiate

to acquire first commercial nuclear power plant, Kanupp-I, from GE Canada in 1965.[35] All this nuclear

infrastructure was established by the U.S. during the successive years of 1960s, as part of theCongressional Atoms for Peace programme.[35]

This was changed after Zulfikar Ali Bhutto and democratic socialists under him decided to build nuclear

weapons for the sake of their national security and survival.[35] In 1974, U.S. imposed embargo and

restriction on Pakistan to limit its nuclear weapons programme.[35] In 1980s, the American concerns of

Pakistans role in nuclear proliferation eventually turned out to be true after the exposure of nuclear

programs of Iran, North Korea, Saudi Arabia and Libya.[35] Although the atomic program was effectively

peaceful and devoted for economical usage, the nuclear policy change in 1970s and till the present, with

Pakistan maintaining its program as part of the strategic deterrence.[35]

In 1980s, the plan of recognizing national security concerns and accepting Pakistan' assurances that it

did not intend to construct a nuclear weapon, Congress waived restrictions (Symington Amendment) on

military assistance to Pakistan. In October 1980, a high level delegation and CMLA General Zia-ul-Haq

travels to U.S., first meeting with former president Richard Nixon.[36] Although, the meeting was to


15/23

discuss the Soviet integration of Afghanistan, Nixon made it clear he is in favor of Pakistan gaining

nuclear weapons capability, while correcting that he is not in a race for the presidential elections.[36]

The following year, Agha Shahi made it clear to Alexander Haig that Pakistan "won't make a

compromise" on its nuclear weapons program, but assured the U.S. that the country had adopted the

policy of deliberate ambiguity, refraining itself to conduct nuclear tests to avoid or create divergence in

the relations.[36]

In March 1986, the two countries agreed on a second multi-year (FY 198893) $4-billion economic

development and security assistance program. On October 1, 1990, however, the United States

suspended all military assistance and new economic aid to Pakistan under the Pressler Amendment,

which required that the President certify annually that Pakistan "does not possess a nuclear explosive

device."

India's decision to conduct nuclear tests in May 1998 and Pakistan's matching response set back US

relations in the region, which had seen renewed US interest during the second Clinton Administration. A

presidential visit scheduled for the first quarter of 1998 was postponed and, under the Glenn

Amendment, sanctions restricted the provision of credits, military sales, economic assistance, and loans

to the government.

An intensive dialogue on nuclear nonproliferation and security issues between Foreign Secretary

Shamshad Ahmad and Deputy Secretary Talbott was initiated, with discussions focusing on CTBT

signature and ratification, FMCT negotiations, export controls, and a nuclear restraint regime.[citation

needed] The October 1999 overthrow of the democratically elected Sharif government triggered an

additional layer of sanctions under Section 508 of the Foreign Appropriations Act which include

restrictions on foreign military financing and economic assistance. US Government assistance to

Pakistan was limited mainly to refugee and counter-narcotics assistance.[citation needed]

Space programme

In 1990s, U.S. and the Missile Technology Control Regime put restrictions on Pakistan's space

programme in amid fear that the country's alleged covert development of missile programmes. The U.S.

began cooperation with Pakistan in peaceful space technology in 1960s after establishing the Sonmiani

Terminal in 1961, constructing an airfield and launch pad. In 1962, the Space Research Commission

launched the first solid-fuel rocket, Rehbar-I, built with close interaction with the U.S. NASA. Launching

of the rocket made Pakistan the first South Asian country and tenth country in the world to carrying out

the launch of the rocket. During the 1962 and 1972, approximately 200 rockets were fired from the

Sonmiani, but this cooperation waned after 1972.


16/23

During 1990s and early 2000s, U.S. tightened its embargo and constriction on Pakistan's space

development, and in 1998, putting restrictions and sanctions on premier astronautics research

department, DESTO, although the sanctions were uplifted in 2001 by the Bush Administration.

Modern history: PostSeptember 11

Pervez Musharraf with President Bush.

After the September 11 attacks in 2001 in the United States, Pakistan became a key ally in the war on

terror with the United States. In 2001, US President George W. Bush pressured the government into

joining the US war on terror. Pervez Musharraf acknowledges the payments received for captured

terrorists in his book:

We've captured 689 and handed over 369 to the United States. We've earned bounties totaling

millions of dollars

Former President of Pakistan Pervez Musharraf

In 2003, the US officially forgave US$1 billion in Pakistani debt in a ceremony in Pakistan as one of the

rewards for Pakistan joining the US war on terror. "Today's signing represents a promise kept and

another milestone in our expanding partnership," US Ambassador Nancy Powell said in a statement,"The forgiveness of $1 billion in bilateral debt is just one piece of a multifaceted, multibillion dollar

assistance package." The new relationship between the United States and Pakistan is not just about

September 11,' Powell said. "It is about the rebirth of a long-term partnership between our two

countries." However Pakistan support of the U.S. and its war has angered many Pakistanis that do not

support it.

In October 2005, Condoleezza Rice made a statement where she promised that the United States will

support the country's earthquake relief efforts and help it rebuild" after the Kashmir Earthquake.[37]

Alliance with United States

Prior to the September 11 attacks in 2001, Pakistan and Saudi Arabia were key supporters of the Taliban

in Afghanistan, as part of their "strategic depth" objective vis-a-vis India, Iran, and Russia.[citation

needed]


17/23

After 9/11, Pakistan, led by General Pervez Musharraf, reversed course as they were under pressure

from the United States and joined the "War on Terror" as a U.S. ally. Having failed to convince the

Taliban to hand over bin Laden and other members of Al Qaeda, Pakistan provided the U.S. a number of

military airports and bases for its attack on Afghanistan, along with other logistical support.[citationneeded] Since 2001, Pakistan has arrested over five hundred Al-Qaeda members and handed them over

to the United States; senior U.S. officers have been lavish in their praise of Pakistani efforts in public

while expressing their concern that not enough was being done in private. However, General Musharraf

was strongly supported by the Bush administration.[citation needed]

In return for their support, Pakistan had sanctions lifted and has received about $10 billion in U.S. aid

since 2001, primarily military. In June 2004, President George W. Bush designated Pakistan as a major

non-NATO ally,[38] making it eligible, among other things, to purchase advanced American military

technology.

Pakistan has lost thousands of lives since joining the U.S. war on terror in the form of both soldiers and

civilians, and was going through a critical period, however many areas of Pakistan are becoming terror

free.[neutrality is disputed] Suicide bombs were commonplace in Pakistan, whereas they were unheard

of prior to 9/11.[citation needed] The Taliban have been resurgent in recent years in both Afghanistan

and Pakistan. Hundreds of thousands of refugees have been created internally in Pakistan, as they have

been forced to flee their homes as a result of fighting between Pakistani forces and the Taliban in the

regions bordering Afghanistan and further in Swat.[citation needed] In addition, the economy is in anextremely fragile position.[citation needed][weasel words]

A key campaign argument of US President Barack Obama was that the US had made the mistake of

"putting all our eggs in one basket" in the form of General Musharraf.[citation needed] Musharraf was

eventually forced out of office under the threat of impeachment, after years of political protests by

lawyers, civilians and other political parties in Pakistan. With Obama coming into office, the U.S. is

expected to triple non-military aid to Pakistan to $1.5 billion per year over 10 years, and to tie military

aid to progress in the fight against militants. The purpose of the aid is to help strengthen the relatively

new democratic government led by President Zardari and to help strengthen civil institutions and thegeneral economy in Pakistan, and to put in place an aid program that is broader in scope than just

supporting Pakistan's military.

Aid from the United States since 9/11

See also: Foreign aid to Pakistan


18/23

Pakistan is a major non-NATO ally as part of the War on Terrorism, and a leading recipient of U.S.

aid.[39]

Trust deficits issues

In 2008, NSA Director Mike McConnell confronted ISI Director Ahmad Shuja Pasha, claiming that the ISI

was tipping off jihadists so that they could escape in advance of American attacks against them.[27]

On 11 June 2008, the Gora Prai airstrike, on the Afghan-Pakistani border, killed 10 members of the

paramilitary Frontier Corps. The Pakistani military condemned the airstrike as an act of aggression,

souring the relations between the two countries.[40] However after the drone attacks in June, President

Bush had said 'Pakistan is strong ally '.[41] Western officials have claimed nearly 70%( roughly $3.4

billion) of the aid given to the Pakistani military has been misspent in 20022007. However U.S-Pakistani

relationship has been a transactional based and US military aid to Pakistan has been shrouded in secrecy

for several years until recently.[42][43][44][45][46] Furthermore a significant proportion of US economic

aid for Pakistan has ended up back in the US as funds are channeled through large US contractors. US

Representative Gary Ackerman also said a large sum of US economic aid has not left the US as it spent

on consulting fees and overhead cost.[47][48]

In the November 2008 Mumbai Attacks, the United States informed Pakistan that it expected full

cooperation in the hunt for the plotters of the attacks.

Border skirmishes

See also: Pakistan-United States skirmishes, Pakistan and state terrorism, and Drone attacks in Pakistan

The United States and Pakistan have experienced several military confrontations on the Durand Line.

These skirmishes took place between American forces deployed in Afghanistan, and Pakistani troops

guarding the border. On November 26, 2011, 24 Pakistani soldiers were killed in an aerial attack on

Pakistani positions near the border. The attack further damaged US-Pakistani relations with many in

Pakistan calling for a more hardline stance against the United States.[49]

Current issues


19/23

Present US-Pakistan relations are a case study on the difficulties of diplomacy and policy making in a

multipolar world. Pakistan has important geopolitical significance for both India and China, making

unilateral action almost impossible for the U.S. At the same time, Pakistan remains a key player in

American efforts in Afghanistan. The two countries are trying to build a strategic partnership, but there

remains a significant trust deficit, which continues to hinder successful cooperation in combating

common threats.

Despite recent setbacks, both Pakistan and the United States continue to seek a productive relationship

to defeat terrorist organizations.[50] It has been alleged that the ISI pays journalists to write articles

hostile to the United States.[27]

Secretary State Hillary Clinton attending meeting with Pakistan Prime Minister Jousaph Raza Gillanie

during an October 2009 visit to Islamabad.

In January 2011, the Raymond Allen Davis incident occurred in which Raymond Davis, an alleged private

security contractor, shot dead two Pakistani locals after they attempted to rob him. The action sparked

protests in Pakistan and threatened relations between the United States and Pakistan, including aid

flows.[51] Pakistan prosecuted him despite US demands for him to be freed because he enjoys

diplomatic immunity.[51] Ultimately he was freed after the United States made payments to the families

of the slain Pakistanis, but the incident was emblematic of the volatile nature of American-Pakistani

relations. In spite of this rocky relationship, the United States remains committed to assisting Pakistan's

new democratic government in the areas of development, stability, and security.[52]

Pakistan Prime minister Shaukat Aziz shakes hands with President George Walker Bush.

The CIA had long suspected Osama Bin Laden of hiding in Pakistan.[53][54] India and US have also

accused Pakistan of giving safe-haven to the Taliban.[55] However, Pakistan has repeatedly denied these

accusations.

On 14 September 2009, former President of Pakistan, Pervez Musharraf, admitted that American foreign

aid to Pakistan had been diverted from its original purposeof fighting the Taliban to preparing for waragainst neighboring India.[56] The United States government has responded by stating that it will take

these allegations seriously.[57] However Pervez Musharraf also said, '"Wherever there is a threat to

Pakistan, we will use it [the equipment] there. If the threat comes from al-Qaeda or Taliban, it will be

used there. If the threat comes from India, we will most surely use it there."[56]


20/23

In late 2009, Hillary Clinton made a speech in Pakistan about the war against the militants and said

"...we commend the Pakistani military for their courageous fight, and we commit to stand shoulder to

shoulder with the Pakistani people in your fight for peace and security."[58]

On December 1, 2009, President Barack Obama in a speech on a policy about Pakistan said "In the past,

we too often defined our relationship with Pakistan narrowly. Those days are over.... The Pakistani

people must know America will remain a strong supporter of Pakistans security and prosperity long

after the guns have fallen silent, so that the great potential of its people can be unleashed."[59]

President Obama also said, "In the past, we too often defined our relationship with Pakistan narrowly,

those days are over. Moving forward, we are committed to a partnership with Pakistan that is built on a

foundation of mutual interests, mutual respect and mutual trust" and that the two countries "share a

common enemy' in combating Islamic extremism."[60]

In the aftermath of a thwarted bombing attempt on a 2009 Northwest Airlines flight, the U.S.

Transportation Security Administration (TSA) issued a new set of screening guidelines that includes pat-

downs for passengers from countries of interest, which includes Pakistan.[61] In a sign of widening

fissures between the two allies, on January 21, Pakistan declined a request by the United States to

launch new offensives on militants in 2010.[62] Pakistan say it "can't launch any new offensives against

militants for six months to a year because it wants to 'stabilize' previous gains made. However, the US

praises Pakistan's military effort against the militants.[63] Furthermore Pakistan president, in meeting

with the U.S. delegation, had said Pakistan "had suffered a... loss of over 35 billion dollars during the last

eight years as a result of the fight against militancy." But the President also called for "greater Pak-U.S.

cooperation".

In October 2009, the US Congress approved $7.5 billion of non-military aid to Pakistan over the next five

years via the Kerry-Lugar Bill. In February 2010, US President Barack Obama sought to increase funds to

Pakistan to "promote economic and political stability in strategically important regions where the United

States has special security interests".[39] Obama also sought $3.1 billion aid for Pakistan to defeat Al

Qaeda for 2010.[64]

In February 2010, Anne W. Patterson (U.S. Ambassador to Pakistan) said that the United States is

committed to partnership with Pakistan and further said Making this commitment to Pakistan while the

U.S. is still recovering from the effects of the global recession reflects the strength of our vision. Yet we

have made this commitment, because we see the success of Pakistan, its economy, its civil society and

its democratic institutions as important for ourselves, for this region and for the world.*59+


21/23

Between 20022010, Pakistan received approximately 18 billion[65] in military and economic aid from

the United States. In February 2010, the Obama administration requested an additional 3 billion in aid,

for a total of 20.7 billion.[66]

In mid-February, after the capture of the second most powerful Taliban, Abdul Ghani Baradar in

Pakistan, the White House hailed the operation. Furthermore, White House Press Secretary Robert

Gibbs said that this is a "big success for our mutual efforts(Pakistan and United States)in the region" and

praised Pakistan for the capture, saying it was a sign of increased cooperation with the US in the terror

fight.[67]

In March, Richard Holbrooke, then US special envoy to Pakistan, said that US-Pakistani relations have

seen "significant improvement" under Obama. He also said, "No government on earth has received

more high-level attention" than Pakistan[68][69]

The attack on the US embassy and the NATO headquarters in Kabul was blamed on the Haqqani

Network, which US Admiral Mike Mullen called "a veritable arm of Pakistan's Inter-Services Intelligence

Agency."[70][71] Pakistan reacted by recalling its finance minister who was on a visit to the U.N.[72]

Pakistan also tried to strengthen the relationship with China and Saudi Arabia to counter the U.S.[73]

The Chinese government advised Pakistan against any commitments that could jeopardize China's

relationships with US and India.[74] The United States reissued a call urging Pakistan to act against the

Haqqani network or else the U.S would be forced to take on the threat unilaterally.[75] Islamic groups in

Pakistan, issued a fatwa proclaiming Jihad against the U.S. and claimed that US should not be called a

superpower since the title belonged to Allah.[76] This was followed by Pakistan threatening the US with

retaliation, if the US went ahead with unilateral action against the Haqqani network.[77]

In May 2011. Pakistani journalist Saleem Shahzad was killed and in September, The New Yorker reported

that the order to kill Shahzad came from an officer on General Kayani's staff. In July Admiral Mullen

alleged that Shahzad's killing had been "sanctioned by the government" of Pakistan,[78] but the ISI

denied any involvement in the Shahzad murder.

Death of Osama bin Laden

See also: Death of Osama bin Laden

Diagram of Osama bin Laden's hideout, showing the high concrete walls that surround the compound


22/23

Osama bin Laden, then head of the militant group al-Qaeda, was killed in Pakistan on May 2, 2011,

shortly after 1 a.m. local time[79][80] by a United States special forces military unit. The operation,

codenamed Operation Neptune Spear, was ordered by United States President Barack Obama and

carried out in a US Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) operation by a team of United States Navy SEALs

from the United States Naval Special Warfare Development Group (also known as DEVGRU or informally

by its former name, SEAL Team Six) of the Joint Special Operations Command, with support from CIA

operatives on the ground.[81][82]

The raid on bin Laden's compound in Abbottabad, Pakistan was launched from Afghanistan.[83] After

the raid, U.S. forces took bin Laden's body to Afghanistan for identification, then buried it at sea within

24 hours of his death.[84]

Al-Qaeda confirmed the death on May 6 with posts made on militant websites, vowing to avenge thekilling.[85] Bin Laden's killing was generally favorably received by U.S. public opinion;[86][87] was

welcomed by the United Nations, NATO, the European Union, and a large number of governments;[88]

but was condemned by some, including Fidel Castro of Cuba[89] and Ismail Haniyeh, the head of the

Hamas administration of the Gaza Strip.[90] Legal and ethical aspects of the killing, such as his not being

taken alive despite being unarmed, were questioned by others, including Amnesty International.[91]

According to Obama administration officials, US officials did not share information about the raid with

the government of Pakistan until it was over.[84][92] Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff Michael

Mullen called Pakistan's army chief Ashfaq Parvez Kayani at about 3 a.m. local time to inform him of the

Abbottabad Operation.[93]

According to the Pakistani foreign ministry, the operation was conducted entirely by the US forces.[94]

Pakistan Inter-Services Intelligence (ISI) officials said they were also present at what they called a joint

operation;[95] President Asif Ali Zardari flatly denied this.[96] Pakistan's foreign secretary Salman Bashir

later confirmed that Pakistani military had scrambled F-16s after they became aware of the attack but

that they reached the compound after American helicopters had left.[97]

Allegations against Pakistan

See also: Allegations of support system in Pakistan for Osama bin Laden

Numerous allegations were made that the government of Pakistan had shielded bin Laden.[95][98][99]

Critics cited the very close proximity of bin Laden's heavily fortified compound to the Pakistan Military


23/23

Academy, that the US chose not to notify Pakistani authorities before the operation and the double

standards of Pakistan regarding the perpetrators of the 2008 Mumbai attacks.[99][100][101] US

government files, leaked by Wikileaks, disclosed that American diplomats had been told that Pakistani

security services were tipping off bin Laden every time US forces approached. Pakistan's Inter-Services

Intelligence (ISI), also helped smuggle al-Qaeda militants into Afghanistan to fight NATO troops.

According to the leaked files, in December 2009, the government of Tajikistan had also told US officials

that many in Pakistan were aware of bin Laden's whereabouts. [102]

CIA chief Leon Panetta said the CIA had ruled out involving Pakistan in the operation, because it feared

that "any effort to work with the Pakistanis could jeopardize the mission. They might alert the

targets."[103] However, Secretary of State Hillary Rodham Clinton stated that "cooperation with

Pakistan helped lead us to bin Laden and the compound in which he was hiding."[104] Obama echoedher sentiments.[105] John O. Brennan, Obama's chief counterterrorism advisor, said that it was

inconceivable that bin Laden did not have support from within Pakistan. He further stated, "People have

been referring to this as hiding in plain sight. We are looking at how he was able to hide out there for so

long." [106]

Military aid from the United States

See also: Foreign aid to Pakistan

Pakistan is a major non-NATO ally as part of the War on Terrorism and provides key intelligence and

logistical support for the United States. A leading recipient of US military assistance, Pakistan expects to

receive approximately $20 billion since 2001 a combination of reimbursement to Pakistan and training

programs for the Pakistan counter terrorism units. However, in the aftermath of the Osama Bin Laden

raid, Pakistan Army cancelled a $500 million training program and sent all 135 trainers home. The United

States showed displeasure at this act and withheld a further $300 million dollars in assistance.[107]

Some politicians in Pakistan argue the war on terror has cost the Pakistani economy $70 billion dollars

and U.S. aid costs the country more in the long term, leading to accusations that the US is makingPakistan a client state.[

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