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PROJECT

Saham FatimaPak studies

CORRUPTION

Introduction Type of corruption. Forms of corruption. Causes of corruption. Effects of corruption. How to stop corruption. Conclusion.

Agenda/Topics To Be Covered

INTRODUCTIONThe simplest definition is:

Corruption is the misuse of public power (by elected politician Or appointed civil servant) for private gain.

orCorruption is an improbity or decay in the decision-making process in which a decision-maker consents to deviate or demands deviation from the criterion which should rule his or her decision-making, in exchange for a reward or for the promise or expectation of a reward, while these motives influencing his or her decision-making cannot be part of the justification of the decision.

TYPE OF CORRUPTION There are four type of corruption.

Petty Corruption

Grandcorruption

Systematiccorruption

Political corruption

1. Petty CorruptionPetty corruption occurs at a smaller scale and within established

social frameworks and governing norms. Examples include the exchange of small improper gifts or use of personal connections to obtain favours. This form of corruption is particularly common in developing countries and where public servants are significantly

underpaid.

2.Grand CorruptionGrand corruption is defined as corruption occurring at the highest levels

of government in a way that requires significant subversion of the political, legal and economic systems. Such corruption is commonly found

in countries with authoritarian or dictatorial governments but also in those without adequate policing of corruption.

3.SYSTEMATIC CORRUPTIONSystemic corruption (or endemic corruption) is corruption which is primarily due to the weaknesses of an organization or process. It can be contrasted with individual officials or agents who act corruptly within the system.Factors which encourage systemic corruption include  CONFLICTING INCENTIVES,  DISCRETIONARY POWERS, MONOPOLISTIC POWERS, LACK OF TRANSPRACY, LOW PAY, CULTURE OF IMPUNITY.

4.POLITICAL CORRUPTIONPolitical corruption is the abuse of public

power, office, or resources by elected government officials for personal gain, e.g. by extortion, soliciting or offering

bribes . It can also take the form of office holders maintaining themselves in office

by purchasing votes by enacting laws which use taxpayers' money. Evidence

suggests that corruption can have political consequences- with citizens being asked for bribes becoming less likely to identify with their country or

region.

FORMS OF CORRUPTION

Bribery

Institutional corruption,

Extortion and blackmail

Theft and fraud

BriberyBribery is the improper use of gifts and favors in exchange for personal gain. This is also known as kickbacks or, in the Middle East, baksheesh . It is the most common form of corruption. The types of favors given are diverse and include money, gifts, sexual favors, company shares, entertainment, employment and political benefits. The personal gain that is given can be anything from actively giving preferential treatment to having an indiscretion or crime overlooked.[Bribery can sometimes be part of the systemic use of corruption for other ends, for example to perpetrate further corruption. Bribery can make officials more susceptible to blackmail or extortion.

THEFT AND FRAUDTHEFT involve someone with access to funds or assets illegally taking control of them.

FRAUD involves using deception to convince the owner of funds or assets to give them up to an unauthorized party.

Some officials steal state assets under their jurisdiction or made accessible to them as a function of their positions in government. Acquiring publicly owned assets through illegal transactions and fraud constitutes the most extensive form of such corruption.

EXTORTION AND BLACKMAILWhile bribery is the use of positive inducements for corrupt aims, extortion and blackmail centre around the use of threats. This can be the threat of violence or false imprisonment as well as exposure of an individual's secrets or prior crimes.This includes such behavior as an influential person threatening to go to the media if they do not receive speedy medical treatment (at the expense of other patients), threatening a public official with exposure of their secrets if they do not vote in a particular manner, or demanding money in exchange for continued secrecy.

There are many effects of corruption on our society.

CAUSES OF CORRUPTION

 Lack of effective Internal accountability mechanism

 Discretionary powers and their flagrant abuse by the public office holder’s

Absence of and weakness of the watch-dog agencies

Elected government's perpetual failure to develop proper ethical and businessstandards for the public and private sector.

Political leaders' incompetence and betrayal of public trust with penchant for self-enrichment

Lack of transparency in the government's decision-making process Lengthy and cumbersome procedures in the executive system Weaknesses in the judicial system Illiterate, apathetic or ignorant populace with inadequate

discernment of political choices. Power of influential people Inadequate wage envelope

EFFECTS OF CORRUPTIONThere are many effects of corruption and the most effected sectors of our society are; Judiciary and legal

profession

Health and education

Power sectors

JUDICIARY AND LEGAL PROFESSION

lack of public confidence Poor controls of Pakistan

bodies

Police and law enforcement

Pervasive corruption

Appointment of police

Who benefits

Health and Education

Non functional schools Low attendance of both Feudal areas schools turn to

cow farm machinery places Quack health providers

playing with lives Publically employed doctors

practicing private……illegal Doctors making customers in

public hospitals

TAX AND CUSTOM

Collusion between tax collector and customer

50%reduction.Tax to GDP ratio increases to 2 to 4%

Power sectors

Most corrupted account system

Inadequate payment to companies.

Land Administration

Most corrupted sector

Land mafia is very active

Pattwari and tehsildars feudal holds

HOW TO STOP CORRUPTION

WE CAN STOP CORRUPTION BY SEVERAL STEPS .A. FIXING LAW ACCOUNTABILITYB. ENCOURGING TRANSPERACY COMBINED WITH THE JUDICIARYC. FREE PRESS PROVIDANCE WITH IDEAL ATMOSPHERE TO TACKLE THE

MENACE OF CORRUPTIOPNM

CONCLUSION Corruption is an illegal thing which a person do especially with a

negative connotation for self benefit. To eliminate corruption one thing is also important and that is

education because in educated countries there is no corruption. There should be media and religious scholars. Awareness is also important factor. We should aware people by

distributing pamphlets etc. Encouraging people to take an initiative to finish corruption. Without finishing corruption we cant have an good generation and

our country cant progress.