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Paleozoic Karst Aquifers in the Mid- Continent. Topics Overview Conceptual model Aquifer Properties...

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Paleozoic Karst Aquifers in the Mid-Continent
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Page 1: Paleozoic Karst Aquifers in the Mid- Continent. Topics Overview Conceptual model Aquifer Properties Dynamics Water quality Karst Geomorphology Modeling.

Paleozoic Karst Aquifers in the Mid-Continent

Page 2: Paleozoic Karst Aquifers in the Mid- Continent. Topics Overview Conceptual model Aquifer Properties Dynamics Water quality Karst Geomorphology Modeling.

Topics• Overview

• Conceptual model

• Aquifer Properties

• Dynamics

• Water quality

• Karst Geomorphology

• Modeling difficulties

Page 3: Paleozoic Karst Aquifers in the Mid- Continent. Topics Overview Conceptual model Aquifer Properties Dynamics Water quality Karst Geomorphology Modeling.

Paleozoic carbonates in mid-continent

Edwards

Floridan

Roswell

Page 4: Paleozoic Karst Aquifers in the Mid- Continent. Topics Overview Conceptual model Aquifer Properties Dynamics Water quality Karst Geomorphology Modeling.

Wisconsin arch

Ozark plateau

Finlay archCincinnati archLexington domeNashville dome

Illin

ois

basi

n

Mic

higa

n b

asin

Mis

siss

ippi

em

baym

ent

Page 5: Paleozoic Karst Aquifers in the Mid- Continent. Topics Overview Conceptual model Aquifer Properties Dynamics Water quality Karst Geomorphology Modeling.
Page 6: Paleozoic Karst Aquifers in the Mid- Continent. Topics Overview Conceptual model Aquifer Properties Dynamics Water quality Karst Geomorphology Modeling.

Biscayne Aquifer (Pleistocene)

Floridan Aquifer (Tertiary)

Edwards Aquifer (Cretaceous)

Permian (Roswell in NM and Blaine in TX)

Mississippian

Silurian

Cambrian-Ordovician (Nashville and Lexington, Ozarks, Arbuckle Mtns in OK)

Paleozoic Karst in the Appalachians

Page 7: Paleozoic Karst Aquifers in the Mid- Continent. Topics Overview Conceptual model Aquifer Properties Dynamics Water quality Karst Geomorphology Modeling.
Page 8: Paleozoic Karst Aquifers in the Mid- Continent. Topics Overview Conceptual model Aquifer Properties Dynamics Water quality Karst Geomorphology Modeling.

Conceptual Models

Page 9: Paleozoic Karst Aquifers in the Mid- Continent. Topics Overview Conceptual model Aquifer Properties Dynamics Water quality Karst Geomorphology Modeling.

Mechanism for cave development

Flow through small fractures,

diffuse flow, similar to

porous media

Conduit development and migration of the water table

Page 10: Paleozoic Karst Aquifers in the Mid- Continent. Topics Overview Conceptual model Aquifer Properties Dynamics Water quality Karst Geomorphology Modeling.

Conceptual model for Paleozoic Karst Aquifer, Based on Mammoth Cave Area, KY Topo

divideWatershed divide

Page 11: Paleozoic Karst Aquifers in the Mid- Continent. Topics Overview Conceptual model Aquifer Properties Dynamics Water quality Karst Geomorphology Modeling.
Page 12: Paleozoic Karst Aquifers in the Mid- Continent. Topics Overview Conceptual model Aquifer Properties Dynamics Water quality Karst Geomorphology Modeling.
Page 13: Paleozoic Karst Aquifers in the Mid- Continent. Topics Overview Conceptual model Aquifer Properties Dynamics Water quality Karst Geomorphology Modeling.

Erosion of base level stream causing multiple levels of caves. Based on Mammoth Cave area

Page 14: Paleozoic Karst Aquifers in the Mid- Continent. Topics Overview Conceptual model Aquifer Properties Dynamics Water quality Karst Geomorphology Modeling.
Page 15: Paleozoic Karst Aquifers in the Mid- Continent. Topics Overview Conceptual model Aquifer Properties Dynamics Water quality Karst Geomorphology Modeling.

Properties

• Intact Limestone: Low K and S

• Karstified LS: High K, Low S

• Epikarst (surface): Low K, High S

Hydraulic diffusivity: T/S

Page 16: Paleozoic Karst Aquifers in the Mid- Continent. Topics Overview Conceptual model Aquifer Properties Dynamics Water quality Karst Geomorphology Modeling.

Water level response to rainfallLarge Kb/S = fast response (rise and fall)

Small Sy = large magnitude

Water level in well

and local rainfall, Ozark Plateau

Well in Big Clifty Sandstone

Well in St. Louis LS

Rainfall in Mammoth Cave Area

Page 17: Paleozoic Karst Aquifers in the Mid- Continent. Topics Overview Conceptual model Aquifer Properties Dynamics Water quality Karst Geomorphology Modeling.

Water Quality

Page 18: Paleozoic Karst Aquifers in the Mid- Continent. Topics Overview Conceptual model Aquifer Properties Dynamics Water quality Karst Geomorphology Modeling.

Depth to saline ground water

Page 19: Paleozoic Karst Aquifers in the Mid- Continent. Topics Overview Conceptual model Aquifer Properties Dynamics Water quality Karst Geomorphology Modeling.
Page 20: Paleozoic Karst Aquifers in the Mid- Continent. Topics Overview Conceptual model Aquifer Properties Dynamics Water quality Karst Geomorphology Modeling.
Page 21: Paleozoic Karst Aquifers in the Mid- Continent. Topics Overview Conceptual model Aquifer Properties Dynamics Water quality Karst Geomorphology Modeling.

Vulnerability of Karst Aquifers to Contamination

1. Sinkholes funnel surface contamination into cave conduits.

2. Rapid transport in caves (km+/day) moves contaminants away from source

3. Thin soils provide minor sorption/retention

4. Turbulent flow transports clay. Increase tubidity and contaminants sorbed to clay

Page 22: Paleozoic Karst Aquifers in the Mid- Continent. Topics Overview Conceptual model Aquifer Properties Dynamics Water quality Karst Geomorphology Modeling.

Important Hydro-Geomorphic Features in Karst Aquifers

1. Sinkholes: Recharge, ground stability

2. Estevelles: Recharge and discharge

3. Vertical fractures w/dissolution: Recharge/discharge

4. Epikarst: Storage

5. Solution channels: water pathways; high velocity flow

6. Springs: Focused discharge

Page 23: Paleozoic Karst Aquifers in the Mid- Continent. Topics Overview Conceptual model Aquifer Properties Dynamics Water quality Karst Geomorphology Modeling.

Porosity

Page 24: Paleozoic Karst Aquifers in the Mid- Continent. Topics Overview Conceptual model Aquifer Properties Dynamics Water quality Karst Geomorphology Modeling.
Page 25: Paleozoic Karst Aquifers in the Mid- Continent. Topics Overview Conceptual model Aquifer Properties Dynamics Water quality Karst Geomorphology Modeling.

Sinkholes and Estevelles

Page 27: Paleozoic Karst Aquifers in the Mid- Continent. Topics Overview Conceptual model Aquifer Properties Dynamics Water quality Karst Geomorphology Modeling.

Sinkhole collapse related to hydrogeology

Page 28: Paleozoic Karst Aquifers in the Mid- Continent. Topics Overview Conceptual model Aquifer Properties Dynamics Water quality Karst Geomorphology Modeling.

Flooding caused by sinkholes

Page 29: Paleozoic Karst Aquifers in the Mid- Continent. Topics Overview Conceptual model Aquifer Properties Dynamics Water quality Karst Geomorphology Modeling.

                                                                                          

.

Sinkhole risk evaluation. Controlled largely by underlying formation. Mississippian produces most sinkholes

Page 31: Paleozoic Karst Aquifers in the Mid- Continent. Topics Overview Conceptual model Aquifer Properties Dynamics Water quality Karst Geomorphology Modeling.

Discharge from

springs

Percent of days when discharge equaled or exceeded

2 springs in Ordovician rocks

2 springs in Silurian rocks

Discharge Probability Plots

Hydrograph for karst spring

Discharge as function of time

recharge recession recharge recession recharge recession

Page 32: Paleozoic Karst Aquifers in the Mid- Continent. Topics Overview Conceptual model Aquifer Properties Dynamics Water quality Karst Geomorphology Modeling.

Vertical fractures and faults

Page 33: Paleozoic Karst Aquifers in the Mid- Continent. Topics Overview Conceptual model Aquifer Properties Dynamics Water quality Karst Geomorphology Modeling.

Karst systems and biodiversity

Page 34: Paleozoic Karst Aquifers in the Mid- Continent. Topics Overview Conceptual model Aquifer Properties Dynamics Water quality Karst Geomorphology Modeling.

Blind Cave Fish Blind Salamander

Cave Ecosystems

Page 35: Paleozoic Karst Aquifers in the Mid- Continent. Topics Overview Conceptual model Aquifer Properties Dynamics Water quality Karst Geomorphology Modeling.

Modeling Flow in Karst Conduits• Porous Aquifer, Darcy:

• Conduit, Manning:

1

;

dx

dh

n

Kv

dx

dhKq

exx

2/13/2

dx

dh

n

Hv r

x

Fundamental difference in

physics of flow

Hr: hydraulic radius=x-section area/wetted perimeter

n = wall roughness

Conduit geometry and wall roughness highly variable—how to determine in the field for an aquifer?

Page 36: Paleozoic Karst Aquifers in the Mid- Continent. Topics Overview Conceptual model Aquifer Properties Dynamics Water quality Karst Geomorphology Modeling.
Page 37: Paleozoic Karst Aquifers in the Mid- Continent. Topics Overview Conceptual model Aquifer Properties Dynamics Water quality Karst Geomorphology Modeling.

Ozark Plateau Aquifer System

Page 38: Paleozoic Karst Aquifers in the Mid- Continent. Topics Overview Conceptual model Aquifer Properties Dynamics Water quality Karst Geomorphology Modeling.

Stratigraphy of the St. Francois and Ozark

Aquifers

caves typically underlie sandstone

Pb-Zn

Page 39: Paleozoic Karst Aquifers in the Mid- Continent. Topics Overview Conceptual model Aquifer Properties Dynamics Water quality Karst Geomorphology Modeling.
Page 40: Paleozoic Karst Aquifers in the Mid- Continent. Topics Overview Conceptual model Aquifer Properties Dynamics Water quality Karst Geomorphology Modeling.

Geology

Page 41: Paleozoic Karst Aquifers in the Mid- Continent. Topics Overview Conceptual model Aquifer Properties Dynamics Water quality Karst Geomorphology Modeling.
Page 42: Paleozoic Karst Aquifers in the Mid- Continent. Topics Overview Conceptual model Aquifer Properties Dynamics Water quality Karst Geomorphology Modeling.
Page 43: Paleozoic Karst Aquifers in the Mid- Continent. Topics Overview Conceptual model Aquifer Properties Dynamics Water quality Karst Geomorphology Modeling.

Thickness of Springfield Aquifer Thickness of

Ozark Aquifer

Page 44: Paleozoic Karst Aquifers in the Mid- Continent. Topics Overview Conceptual model Aquifer Properties Dynamics Water quality Karst Geomorphology Modeling.

Regional potentiometric surface on Ozark Plateau and Western Interior Aquifer System

Page 45: Paleozoic Karst Aquifers in the Mid- Continent. Topics Overview Conceptual model Aquifer Properties Dynamics Water quality Karst Geomorphology Modeling.

Page 46: Paleozoic Karst Aquifers in the Mid- Continent. Topics Overview Conceptual model Aquifer Properties Dynamics Water quality Karst Geomorphology Modeling.

Cross-section on NW side of Ozark Plateau. Fresh water mixes with saline water in laterally equivalent units deeper in basin.

Page 47: Paleozoic Karst Aquifers in the Mid- Continent. Topics Overview Conceptual model Aquifer Properties Dynamics Water quality Karst Geomorphology Modeling.
Page 48: Paleozoic Karst Aquifers in the Mid- Continent. Topics Overview Conceptual model Aquifer Properties Dynamics Water quality Karst Geomorphology Modeling.

Potentiometric surface in Ozark Plateau in Missouri

Page 49: Paleozoic Karst Aquifers in the Mid- Continent. Topics Overview Conceptual model Aquifer Properties Dynamics Water quality Karst Geomorphology Modeling.
Page 50: Paleozoic Karst Aquifers in the Mid- Continent. Topics Overview Conceptual model Aquifer Properties Dynamics Water quality Karst Geomorphology Modeling.
Page 51: Paleozoic Karst Aquifers in the Mid- Continent. Topics Overview Conceptual model Aquifer Properties Dynamics Water quality Karst Geomorphology Modeling.

330 Mgpd

Page 52: Paleozoic Karst Aquifers in the Mid- Continent. Topics Overview Conceptual model Aquifer Properties Dynamics Water quality Karst Geomorphology Modeling.

Lead and zinc mining districts in Ozark Plateau

Biggest producer of Pb,Zn in the world in 1920s

Viburnum Trend Active

Page 53: Paleozoic Karst Aquifers in the Mid- Continent. Topics Overview Conceptual model Aquifer Properties Dynamics Water quality Karst Geomorphology Modeling.
Page 54: Paleozoic Karst Aquifers in the Mid- Continent. Topics Overview Conceptual model Aquifer Properties Dynamics Water quality Karst Geomorphology Modeling.

Site Mining area

Lead Zinc

Water(µg/L)

Bedsediment(µg/g)

Tissue(µg/g)

Water(µg/L)

Bedsediment(µg/g)

Tissue(µg/g)

Center Creek Tri-State <1 370 0.3 67-270 5,600 770Big River Old Lead Belt <1 2,300 134 8-19 670 514Meramec River Old Lead Belt -- 180 12.2 -- 140 296West Fork ofBlack River

Viburnum Trend <1-11 10-95 0.5-8.3 13-33 12-46 70-110

Strother Creek Viburnum Trend <1-3 20 0.7 33-148 120 150Background -- <1-20 15-28 <0.1-0.6 <1-44 43-140 57-230

Pb and Zn concentrations in water, sediment and tissue


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