PALM BASED ANIMAL FEEDS
By:
Wan Nooraida Wan Muhammad, Miskandar Mat Sahri and
Abidah Mohd Noh
Malaysian Palm Oil Board (MPOB)
POFP 2017, LE MERIDIEN PUTRAJAYA, 20-25 August
PRESENTATION OUTLINE
Introduction
Feed Technology
Application of oil palm and the by-products in animal feed formulations
MPOB Animal Nutrition Research Facilities
Conclusion
INTRODUCTION
Food Security
World population
6.5 Billion (2005) – 7.5 Billion (August 2017)
Keeps on increasing
Arable land for food is limited
Demands for efficient conversion of feed to food
Converting feed to food
Feed For Animals -General
Maintenance Growth Reproduction Lactation
Nutrients Functionalities
To keep the body warm
Replace old cells
Run the internal organs
For body movement
Protein and amino acids
Fats
Carbohydrates
Fibre
Mineral
Vitamins
Nutrient Requirements for Animal
Feed
10
Issues Facing Feed Industry Import dependent
• Insufficient capacity to produce raw ingredients
required for animals eg cattle, poultry and aquaculture
production;
• lack of arable land for feed crops
Price Fluctuation
• competing for sources
Unsuitable local agriculture by-products
• non-ruminants and aquaculture
Lacking of Intensive efforts in R&D
• use of alternative feedstuff and feed formulations
Competitive product
Cost effective
Good Performance
Raw materials
soybean
cottonseed
canola
Plant: seed oils
corn
Conventional sources of animal feeds -
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Oil Palm
Source of animal feeds – growing importance
Palm oil fractions and palm kernel meal
Palm Fatty Acid Distillate Palm Kernel Meal
Oil Palm Fronds
Fresh Fruit Bunch
Oil Palm Trunks
Oil Palm Trees
10% oil
90% biomass
Crude Palm Oil
Palm Press Fibre
Empty Fruit Bunches
Crude Palm Kernel Oil
POME
Palm Kernel Meal
Source of animal feeds – growing importance
Oil palm products and by-products / biomass
▪ Successfully utilised as ruminant feedstuff
▪ Freshly chopped, silage or processed into cubes and pellets
▪ 45 % of crude fibre
▪ CP content in PKC between 12-18 %
▪ Suitable to be utilized as protein source for ruminant feed, mostly in beef and dairy cattle feed
▪ Widely used as organic mulch at plantation, pulp for making paper, wood composite products and fibreboard
▪ Contain 50 % crude fibre content
▪ Primary market of PFAD in livestock feed industry is in ruminant diets, either as hydrogenated fatty acids or as a calcium soap
▪ Practical and cost effective approach to produce high energy diet
OPF PKC
EFB PFAD
Oil palm products and by-products / biomass
4 4 5 7 7 8 7 8 8
14 15 15
46
48 49
13
26
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
2010 2015 2020
PRO
DU
CTIO
N (
DRY W
EIG
HT,
MIL
L T
ON
NE)
PRODUCTION YEAR
Upper bund growth
Frond
Trunk
Fibre
EFB
Shell
Malaysia’s palm oil solid biomass production
Source: Malaysia, 2011
17
Importance of Fats In Animal Nutrition
High density energy component
2.25 x CHO,
secondary Energy for adult;
primary Energy for young animals & some farmed fish
Supply essential fatty acids
e.g. linoleic and linolenic acids
Carriers
fat soluble vitamins & cofactors
Reduce dusts
mash feed
Benefits in pelleting
lubricant & increase pellet quality
FEED TECHNOLOGY
Process flow chart for the production of animal feed pellet
Advantages of pellets against mash feed
Avoid animals from picking or choosing between ingredients
Easier to handle
Reduce feed dustiness
Enhance animal performances by improving feed intake
Improve starch gelatinization in feed ingredients
Prevent molds formation
Pellet Quality Good appearance
- Without cracks
- Uniform length
Dust free
Durable – sufficient only to withstand pressure during storage
PALM OIL / OIL PALM BY-PRODUCTS:
APPLICATIONS
Broiler Performance Fed with Palm-based Fat Products
Performance - details
PARAMETER C COM1 COM2 COM3 CPO
Weight at arrival (kg) 0.044 0.044 0.044 0.044 0.044
Average weight gain day 18
(kg)
0.63a
± 0.03
0.63a
± 0.02
0.62a
± 0.01
0.61a
± 0.02
0.63a
± 0.01
Average feed intake day 18
(kg)
0.80b
± 0.01
0.81ab
± 0.02
0.84a
± 0.00
0.82ab
± 0.02
0.82ab
± 0.01
FCR Starter Period 1.27a 1.30a 1.36a 1.36a 1.30a
Average weight gain day 35
(kg)
1.85a
± 0.10
1.83a
± 0.03
1.84a
± 0.03
1.87a
± 0.02
1.91a
± 0.10
Average feed intake day 35
(kg)
2.84b
± 0.06
2.92ab
± 0.09
3.02a
± 0.07
2.96ab
± 0.10
2.93ab
± 0.08
FCR Grower Period 1.54ab 1.59ab 1.65a 1.58ab 1.53b
Broiler Performance Index 335.83 319.32 309.86 328.36 347.49
Feed conversion ratio (FCR) = total dry feed intake (g) / wet weight gain (g) abMeans in the same column with different superscripts are significantly different (P
Carcass analysis
PARAMETER C COM1 COM2 COM3 CPO
Live weight
(kg)
1.95a
± 0.05
1.95a
± 0.14
1.95a
± 0.05
1.90a
± 0.03
2.07a
± 0.08
Dressed
weight (kg)
1.79a
± 0.05
1.78a
± 0.12
1.79a
± 0.06
1.75a
± 0.03
1.91a
± 0.08
Meat (kg) 0.87a
± 0.02
0.85a
± 0.05
0.84a
± 0.04
0.83a
± 0.06
0.92a
± 0.04
Bone (kg) 0.41a
± 0.04
0.38ab
± 0.02
0.36b
± 0.02
0.36b
± 0.01
0.38ab
± 0.01
Fat (kg) 0.10b
± 0.01
0.11ab
± 0.02
0.12ab
± 0.01
0.14a
± 0.02
0.14a
± 0.01
Organ (kg) 0.15ab
± 0.01
0.14ab
± 0.02
0.15ab
± 0.01
0.13b
± 0.01
0.15ab
± 0.01
abMeans in the same row with different superscripts are significantly different (P
Profit margin
PARAMETER C COM1 COM2 COM3 CPO
Feed Price (RM) / bird 4.70 5.14 5.28 5.16 5.01
D.O.C. Price (RM) / bird 1.80 1.80 1.80 1.80 1.80
Dressed weight (kg) / bird 1.79 1.78 1.79 1.75 1.90
Price dressed weight per kg
(RM) 6.20 6.20 6.20 6.20 6.20
Profit (RM) / bird 4.61 4.10 4.00 3.86 4.99
Note: USD 1=RM4.29 (10.8.17)
Growth Performance of Broiler Fed on Formulated Palm Kernel
Meal
Weight gain, feed intake and feed conversion ratio of male COBB broiler on day 35
Parameters Treatments
Control 10% PKM 20% PKM 30% PKM
Weight (kg) at
day 0 0.048 0.048 0.049 0.049
Average weight
gain (kg)
1.98a ± 0.04
2.01a ± 0.02 1.39c ± 0.10 0.96e ± 0.11
Average feed
intake (kg)
3.23a ± 0.07
3.12a ± 0.03 2.67b ± 0.15 2.36c ± 0.23
FCR 1.63cd ±
0.06 1.55d ± 0.02
1.92bc ± 0.09
2.54a ± 0.36
abMeans in the same column with different superscripts are significantly different (P
Feed Cost for Broiler Production
Treatment Feed cost (RM/bird)
Whole period
Live weight (kg/bird)
Feed cost (RM/kg live
weight)
Control 6.05 1.98 3.05
10% PKM 5.85 2.01 2.91 20% PKM 5.10 1.39 3.67
30% PKM 4.50 0.96 4.68
Note: USD 1=RM4.29 (10.8.17)
PKM is good for broiler
10% PKM showed the optimum growth
performance for male Cobb broiler in terms
of effective feed cost (RM/kg live weight)
Based on FCR value and feed cost during the 35 days of growing period compared to
other treatments.
PFAD-based MPOB formulated feed plus Tocotrienol Rich Fraction in Layer Chicken
PFAD based MPOB formulated feed=MPOB-HIE
Hen day production and egg quality of hens fed with different rations Parameter Std T1 T2 T3 T4 T5 T6
Egg Production (%) 80.96
± 13.41 78.63
± 12.03 79.96
± 11.77 77.15
± 11.40 78.30
± 12.77 74.80
± 10.90 76.48
± 11.12
FCR 2.36
± 0.91 2.22
± 0.27 2.21
± 0.15 2.28
± 0.15 2.24
± 0.23 2.33
± 0.24 2.28
± 0.21
Egg weight (g)
64.01 ± 5.52
61.98 ± 5.54
62.33 ± 5.94
62.46 ± 5.64
62.64 ± 5.32
62.53 ± 5.42
62.68 ± 5.57
HU Ranging
0-130 79.52 ± 9.27
79.59 ± 9.05
81.03 ± 9.65
80.46 ± 9.36
81.31 ± 8.76
80.56 ± 8.84
Shell thickness (mm)
- 0.39
± 0.02 0.39
± 0.02 0.39
± 0.02 0.38
± 0.02 0.40
± 0.02 0.40
± 0.02
Feed conversion ratio (FCR) = total dry feed (g) / wet weight gain (g) HU = Haugh Unit (measurement of albumen quality; >72 Grade AA)
Tocopherol and Tocotrienol Contents in Egg Yolk
Treatment
Tocopherol content (ppm)
Tocotrienol content (ppm)
T1 19.32 ± 10.12 0.82 ± 2.84
T2 20.31 ± 10.34 0.93 ± 3.01
T3 20.12 ± 10.37 1.07 ± 4.41
T4 20.87 ± 10.10 1.24 ± 5.00
T5 21.34 ± 10.21 1.45 ± 5.33
T6 21.09 ± 10.26 1.45 ± 5.51
Accumulation of Tocopherol and Tocotrienol
Tocotrienol analysis showed eggs from hens fed with MPOB-HIE had higher tocotrienol content compared to commercial ration
There is a correlation between addition of TRF and accumulation of tocotrienol content in eggs
Palm Oil Products in Aqua feeds
Effects of Dietary Palm Oil Source on Growth Performance and Feed Conversion Ratio (FCR) of Red
Hybrid Tilapia, Oreochromis sp.
Osan Maroof Bahurmiz, Wing Keong Ng
(2006)
Ingredients of Experimental Diets
Ingredient T1 T2 T3 T4
Fish Oil 8.0 - - -
CPO - 8.0 - -
PFAD - - 8.0 -
RBDPO - - - 8.0
Fish Meal 20.4 20.4 20.4 20.4
Soybean Meal 30.5 30.5 30.5 30.5
Others* 41.1 41.1 41.1 41.1
* Includes corn starch (21%), vitamin mix (3%), mineral mix (2%), dicalcium phosphate (1%), carboxymethyl cellulose (1.5%), α-cellulose (11.6%) and chromic oxide (1%)
Proximate Composition of Experimental Diets
Proximate Composition
T1 T2 T3 T4
Moisture 9.8 8.9 11.6 9.5
Crude protein 30.0 29.7 29.9 30.1
Crude lipid 11.4 11.4 11.4 11.4
Ash 6.6 6.4 6.5 6.5
Crude fiber 3.3 3.3 3.6 3.6
Growth Performance and FCR of Tilapia Fed Diets with Various Lipid Sources
Items T1 T2 T3 T4
Initial weight (g)
31.3a ± 0.1 31.3a ± 0.2 31.1a ± 0.1 31.3a ± 0.1
Final weight (g)
468.6a ± 7.7 436.6a ± 26.0 423.5a ± 17.6 414.3a ± 21.4
FCRb 1.31 1.45 1.35 1.44
aValues are mean ±S.E. of triplicate groups of fish. All values were not significantly different (P>0.05) bFeed conversion ratio = total dry feed (g) / wet weight gain (g)
Total substitution of fish oil to the three palm oil-based diets (CPO, PFAD, RBDPO) did not significantly influence growth performance and FCR
Confirmed the feasibility of using palm oil products in the commercial feeds of tilapia
Study on Palm Oil in Tilapia Fish indicated:
Beef Cattle Feed Pellet from Empty Fruit Bunch (EFB)
Growth performance of beef cattle fed with different feed treatments for 3 months
0 1 2 3
comm 259 264.67 275 276.33
cont 248.33 245.67 243 237.33
20% EFB 274.67 288.33 299 309.33
40% EFB 281.33 290.67 301.33 309.33
200
220
240
260
280
300
320
Avera
ge W
eig
ht
(kg)
month
Initial weight, final weight, weight gain and daily weight gain of beef cattle fed with different feed treatments
Treatment Initial weight
(kg)
Final weight
(kg)
Weight gain
(kg)
Daily weight gain
(kg)
COMM 259.00 276.33a ± 40.00 17.33b ± 10.41 0.19b ± 0.12
CONT 248.33 237.33a ± 14.57 -11.00c ± 6.56 -0.12c ± 0.07
20% EFB 274.67 309.33a ± 40.50 34.67a ± 7.23 0.38a ± 0.08
40% EFB 281.33 309.33a ± 63.81 28.00ab ± 7.55 0.31ab ± 0.08
abc Means in the same column with different superscripts are significantly different (P
EFB is a cattle feed source with high potentials
EFB is nutritionally feasible and potentially to be utilized as one of the ingredients in beef cattle feed
The utilization of EFB at 20 and 40% in beef cattle feed showed good growth performance of 34.67 and 28.00 kg of weight gain, respectively within 3 months of feeding trial
Adam L. Lock & Michael S. Allen
USE OF PALM OIL-DERIVED FATTY ACIDS IN THE DAIRY INDUSTRY
Effects of palmitic acid supplementation on feed
intake and production responses of dairy cows
with a wide range of milk production
Lipid hydrolysis Unsaturated
FFA biohydrogenation
Saturated FFA
Rumen exit
TFA formation
Fats in plants are primarily unsaturated - Ruminant fats are saturated
Secreted in milk fat
• Dietary unsaturated FA toxic to rumen bacteria
• Rumen bacteria convert unsaturated FA to saturated FA
• Saturated FA are thus rumen inert
FA Supplements
Fatty Acid C16:0
Supplement C18:0
Supplement
g/100 g FA
C16:0 97.9 1.5
C18:0 1.5 97.4
C18:1 (n-9) 0.02 0.03
C18:2 (n-6)
Composition of the Diets
CONT PALM Ingredients, % of DM Corn silage 25.8 25.8 Alfalfa silage 7.34 7.34 Alfalfa hay 6.23 6.23 Dry ground corn 32.2 32.2 Soybean meal 12.5 12.5 Cottonseed with lint 3.64 3.64 Vitamin mineral mix 3.12 3.12 Soy hulls 9.20 7.20 Palmitic acid supplement (98% C16:0) - 2.00 Nutrient composition, % of DM DM 62.0 62.1 Starch 29.3 29.2 NDF 30.4 29.1 Forage NDF 19.4 19.4 CP 15.9 15.7 Total FA 2.52 4.47
Palmitic Acid Increased Milk
Yield & Feed Efficiency
CONT PALM SEM P-value
DMI, kg 27.8 27.8 0.54 0.98
Yield, kg/d
Milk 44.9 46.0 1.71 0.04
3.5% FCM 42.9 44.6 1.33 0.002
Feed Efficiency (3.5% FCM/DMI)* 1.54 1.60 0.03
Palmitic Acid Increased Milk Fat
Concentration & Yield
CONT PALM SEM P-value Yield, kg/d Fat 1.45 1.53 0.05 0.001 Protein 1.38 1.41 0.04 0.13 Lactose 2.19 2.23 0.09 0.12
Milk composition, % Fat 3.29 3.40 0.11 0.02 Protein 3.11 3.09 0.05 0.57 Lactose 4.85 4.83 0.03 0.28
Palmitic acid increased milk fat yield (80 g/d)
MPOB Facilities Supporting The
Animal Nutrition Research
Analysis Laboratory Climatic Control House
Animal Feed Pilot Plant
Facilities
Aqua Concrete Ponds
Goat’s Pen
Facilities (con’t)
Take Home Messages
Formulated feeds supplemented with oil palm-based products had performed as good as commercial feeds
Palm oil and palm oil by-products could become promising sources of plant-based raw materials for feed ration of various livestock
Converting feed to food
Product Development & Advisory Services Division MALAYSIAN PALM OIL BOARD