pampanga soil series - Philippine Rice Research · PDF fileAnd that is why we have this ... 8....

Pampanga iii

Table of ContentsForeword………..………………………….1

The Simplifi ed Key to Soil Series............ 2

Guide to Soil Series Identifi cation.......... 3

Color Groups......................................... 6

Dark Gray/Yellowish Gray......... 7

Grayish Brown/Dark Brown...... 8

Dark Yellowish Brown/

Strong Brown............................ 11

Soil Profi le Pictures................................ 12

Soil Properties that affect crop growth.... 17

Soil Productivity...................................... 20

Crop Suitability Analysis……................. 22

Soil Management Recommendations.... 27

Soil Taxonomic Classifi cation………… 36

Appendices…………………………….. 43

Steps to Identify Soil Series...... 44

Soil Sampling........................... 44

Color Determination....................45

Texture Determination.............. 46

pH Determination..................... 47

The PalayCheck® System…….. 48

References…………………………….... 50

No.1 Released Rice Varieties (1968-1994)2 Pagpaparami at Pagpupuro ng Binhi sa Sariling Bukid3 Paggawa ng Maligaya Rice Hull Stove4 PhilRice Micromill5 PhilRice Flourmill6 PhilRice Drumseeder7 PhilRice Rototiller8 Rice Food Products9 PhilRice-UAF Batch Dryer10 Integrated Management of the Malayan Black Bug11 SG800 Rice Stripper-Harvester 12 Dry-Seeded Rice-Based Cropping Technologies13 Maligaya Rice Hull Stove14 10 Steps in Compost Production15 Rice Tungro Virus Disease16 The Philippine Rice Seed Industry and The National Rice Seed Production Network17 10 Hakbang sa Paggawa ng Kompost18 10 nga Addang ti Panagaramid iti Kompost19 Characteristics of Popular Philippine Rice Varieties20 Rice Stem Borers in the Philippines21 Rice Food Products (revised edition)22 Leaf Color Chart (English)23 Leaf Color Chart (Ilocano)24 Leaf Color Chart (Filipino)25 Equipment for Rice Production and Processing26 Use of 40kg Certifi ed Seeds per Hectare27 Rice Wine28 Management of Field Rats29 Controlled Irrigation: Saving water while having good yield30 Minus-one Element Technique: Soil Nutrition Defi ciency Test Made Easy31 Management of the Rice Black Bug32 Management of Zinc-defi cient Soils33 Management Options for Golden Apple Snail

34 Use of Evaporation Suppressant 35 Pagpaparami ng Purong Binhi ng Palay36 Management of Sulfur- Defi cient Lowland Rice Soils37 Management of Planthoppers and Leafhoppers38 Management Options for Ricefi eld Weeds39 Use of Indigo as Green Manure40 Management of Salt-affected Soils for Rice Production41 Wet-Seeded Rice Production42 Matatag Lines43 Hybrid Rice Seed Production44 Metarhizium anisopliae: Microbial Control Agent for Rice Black Bug45 Integrated Nutrient Management for Rice Production46 Management of Armyworms/Cutworms47 Carbonized Rice Hull48 Rice-based Microbial Inoculant49 Integrated Farm and Household Waste Management50 Rice Postproduction Practices51 Ecological Rice Farming52 Modifi ed Dry Direct Seeding Technology 53 Palayamanan: Making the Most out of Rice Farms 54 Practical Guidelines in Predicting Soil Fertility Status of Lowland Rice Soils55 Bakanae: The Foolish Disease of Rice56 Management of Rice Blast Disease57 Root-knot Management in Rice-Onion Cropping System58 Management of Yellow and White Stemborers59 The PhilRice Dapog Technology60 Rice Straw-Based Nutrient Management in Irrigated Lowland Rice 61 Biofertilizer Production: Vesicular Arbuscular Mycorrhizae (VAM)62 Trichoderma: Biofungicide for vegetables63 Barayti ng Palay handog ng PhilRice64 Management of Zinc-defi cient soils (revised edition)

Rice Technology Bulletin Series

iv Simplified to Key Soil Series Pampanga 1

ForewordThis guidebook on “Simplifi ed Key to Soil Series Identifi cation” was developed to make the fi eld identifi cation of soils easier.

Soil identifi cation is an important component in rice farming. When the soil is properly analyzed and identifi ed, the risks of incompatible management recommendations will be lessened and selection of knowledge and technologies to apply will be effi cient. And that is why we have this Simplifi ed Keys to Soil Series for Pampanga.

This is a good guide for effective nutrient management, which is one of the components of the PalayCheck System, a dynamic rice crop management system that presents easy-to-follow practices to achieve respective Key Checks and improve crop yield and input-use effi ciency.

It features the different color, texture, pH, coarse fragments, and mottles of the most common soils of Pampanga and contains four simple steps in identifying the soil series right in the fi eld. It also includes the soil productivity index, soil properties that affect crop growth, soil taxonomic classifi cation, crop suitability analysis, and soil management recommendations.

The concept of simplifi ed keys to soil series was fi rst used in Thailand. In the Philippines, the project “Simplifi cation of the Philippine Soil Series for Rice and Corn” started in 2005 under the Nutrient Management Support System (NuMASS) to provide management recommendations for soils identifi ed in the fi eld.

We thank the farmers, agricultural technologists, and municipal and provincial agricultural offi cers for helping us validate the soil series. We also acknowledge the Bureau of Soils and Water Management (BSWM) for providing the secondary data of the soils used in this guidebook.

We hope that this publication can help you identify suitable crops in your area, learn the limitations of your soils for crop production, and subsequently identify the corresponding management recommendations.

RONILO A. BERONIO Executive Director

This project was funded by the Knowledge Management and Promotion Program (KMP) of PhilRice®.

Philippine Rice Research InstituteCopyright © 2010

2 Simplified to Key Soil Series Pampanga 3

The Simplified Key The Simplified Key to Soil Seriesto Soil Series

The “Simplifi ed Key to Soil Series” is a tool to identify soil series in the fi eld following simple steps for the use of farmers, extension workers, agricultural technicians, researchers and other stakeholders. Using this guidebook, identifi cation of soil will be more accurate reducing the risk of incompatible management and technology recommendations. Selection of knowledge and technologies could also be easy and effi cient with the identifi cation of soil series. For instance, because some soil series behave similarly, the management practices and technology suitable for known soil name are expected to be adaptable for the same soil series of different region.

This guidebook is simple to use, using only fi ve basic soil properties (color, texture, pH, coarse fragments and mottles) at 30-50cm soil depth and following the simple steps provided in the guidebook, the soil series in the fi eld could be identifi ed. Once the soil is known, a compilation of thematic information related to the use of soils especially in crop production such as selection of suitable crops, crop productivity ratings, soil properties that limit production, and soil management recommendations can be determined.

Ten soil series found in the province of Pampanga were included in this guidebook. These are Angeles, Arayat, Bantog, Bigaa, Buenavista, Candaba, La Paz, Quingua, Prensa, and San Fernando series.

Guide to Soil Series Guide to Soil Series IdentificationIdentification

1. Choose a vacant area in your fi eld and dig up to 50 cm depth from the surface (see page 44).

2. Get bulk soil sample (500 g) between 30 cm and 50 cm depth.

3. Compare the soil sample with the color chart in the guidebook (see page 45).


4. Take half a handful of the same soil and check its texture by moistening the soil sample (neither too wet, nor too dry) (see page 46).

5. Take a spoonful of the same soil sample and put it in a test tube. Add 7 drops of reagent; shake gently, and compare with the pH chart (see page 47).

Lateritic nodules Manganeseconcretions

Quartz

6. Take note of the presence, or absence of coarse fragments such as limestone, rock fragments, lateritic nodules, manganese/Mn (black) and iron/Fe (red) concretions, sand materials, and other observable properties of the soil taken from the surface up to 50 cm depth.

7. Take note of other observable soil properties such as polished surface (cutans/slickensides), softness, hardness, stickiness, etc.

8. Use the Simplifi ed Keys to Soil Series book and compare all soil properties starting from the color until the soil name is identifi ed.

slickensides / polished soil surfaces


SoilColor GroupsColor GroupsDark Gray/Yellowish Gray

Grayish Brown/Dark Brown

Dark Yellowish Brown/Strong Brown

Arayat (Ayt)

Coarse Fragments Gravel

pH 6.5-7.0

Others Fe (brown) and Mn (black)

Prensa (Pr)

Coarse none

pH 6.5-7.2

OthersFe (yellowish brown) and Mn (black) mottles

Texture: Sandy clay loam

go to page 13

go to page 13

Dark Gray/Yellowish Gray

Texture: Clay loam


Angeles (Ang)

Coarse Fragments None

pH 6.0-6.5

OthersStructureless

La Paz (Lp)

Coarse none

pH 6.5-7.0

Others nodules; structureless

Texture: Sand

go to page 13

go to page 14

Grayish Brown/ Dark Brown

Texture: Loam sand

Bantog (Btg)


pH 6.5-7.6

Others Fe (brownish gray) and Mn

Bigaa (Bga)

Coarse none

pH 5.7-6.1

Othersstructureless

Texture: Clay

go to page 14

go to page 14

Grayish Brown/ Dark Brown

Texture: Clay


San Fernando (Sfo)


pH 7.0-7.5

Others Fe (yellowish brown) mottles

Candaba (Cd)

Coarse none

pH 6.5-7.0

Others Fe (yellowish brown) mottles

Texture: Clay loam

go to page 16

go to page 16


Texture: Clay

Quingua (Qga)


pH 6.8-7.6

Others Fe (yellowish brown) and Mn

Buenavista (Bta)

Coarse none

pH 6.9-7.2

Others Mn (black) mottles

Texture: Loamy sand/ Silt loam

go to page 15

go to page 15


Texture: Sandy clay loam


SoilProfile PicturesProfile Pictures

Arayat (Ayt)

page 19

00 cm00 cm

2222

4343

6464

90+90+

00 cm00 cm

2626

5252

9595

105105

Prensa (Pr)

page 19

Angeles (Ang)

page 18

00 cm00 cm

1616

2828

5050

104104


La Paz (Lp)

page 18

Bantog (Btg)

page 18

Bigaa (Bga)

page 18

Quingua (Qga)

page 19

Buenavista (Bta)

page 19

00 cm00 cm

1616

3232

107107

126+126+

00 cm00 cm

88

2424

3939

52+52+

00 cm00 cm

1818

3939

8484

8787

112+112+

00 cm00 cm

1313

3030

4141

102+102+

00 cm00 cm

1313

2424

4242

6969

117117


Properties of Different Soil Seriesthat affectthe growthof crops

San Fernando (Sto)

page 19

Candaba (Cd)

page 18

00 cm00 cm

1515

4040

9090

120+120+

00 cm00 cm

1515

2727

4343

7373

105105


Table 1. Properties of Different Soil Series that Affect the Growth of Crops.

Soil

Qualities

in Relation to Crop Pro-duction

Lowland SoilsAngeles Bantog Bigaa Candaba LaPaz

Soil pH 6.0-6.5 6.5-7.6 5.7-6.1 6.5-7.0 6.5-7.0 N Level low medium low-me-

diummedium low

P Level low high low medium low K Level low low low medium lowSoil Texture sand clay, clay

loamfi ne tex-tured clay

fi ne clay loamy sand

Drainage well drained

moderately well to well

poor very poor poor

Permeabi-lity rapid very slow slow to very slow

slow to very slow

rapid

Coarse Frag-ments

gravels none none none none

Effective Soil Depth

shallow deep deep to very deep

very deep modera-tely deep

Flooding Hazard

seasonal seasonal occa-sional overfl ow

seasonal seasonal

Topography level level to nearly level

level to nearly level

level level

Inherent Fer-tility

low high moderate high low

Soil

Qualities

in Relation to Crop Pro-duction

Lowland Soils Upland SoilsQuingua San

FernandoArayat Buena-

vistaPrensa

Soil pH 6.8-7.6 7.0-7.5 6.5-7.0 6.9-7.2 6.5-7.2 N Level low low medium low low

P Level medium low high low medium K Level medium medium medium medium lowSoil Texture loamy

sand, silt loam

clay loam to clay

sandy clay loam

silty clay loam

clay loam

Drainage well drained

poor poor poor modera-tely well drained

Permeabi-lity modera-tely slow

slow slow slow slow to very slow

Coarse Frag-ments

none none rock frag-ments

none none

Effective Soil Depth

deep deep deep deep deep

Flooding Hazard

seasonal seasonal none none none

Topography level to nearly level

level sloping to rolling to moun-tainous

rolling to steep

sloping

Inherent Fer-tility

moderate moderate high moderate mode-rate


SoilProductivityProductivityTable 2. The soil productivity index for rice.

Soil Series Inherent Potential Angeles 0.11 0.36 Arayat 0.47 0.65 Bantog 0.81 0.91 Bigaa 0.56 0.71 Buenavista 0.57 0.72 Candaba 0.66 0.76 La Paz 0.20 0.40

Prensa 0.60 0.78 Quingua 0.68 0.78

San Fernando 0.73 0.83

Soil productivity is that quality of soil that summarizes its potential in producing plants or sequences of plants under defi ned sets of management practices; it is also a synthesis of condition of soil fertility, water control, plant species, soil tilth, pest control and physical environment (Bainroth, 1978: Badayos, 1990). In economic terms, it is a measure of amount of inputs of production factors required to correct soil limitation(s) in order to attain a certain level of production. It is expressed as average crop yield under defi ned sets of management classes (Badayos, 1990).

For making comparisons among soils, a productivity index is used. The inherent productivity index is defi ned as the natural capacity of the soil to produce a given yield while potential productivity index refers to the capability of the soil to produce yield after correctible soil constraints had been remedied. The predicted inherent yield can be calculated by multiplying the inherent index to the maximum potential yield of rice. The predicted maximum possible yield will be computed by multiplying the potential index to the maximum potential yield of rice. For instance, the maximum potential yield in the dry season is 8 tons/hectare. The predicted inherent yield and predicted potential yield of rice in Candaba soils are 5.3 and 6.1 tons/ha, respectively.


CropSuitability AnalysisSuitability Analysis

Soil suitability classifi cation refers to the use of a piece of land on a sustainable basis, based on physical and chemical properties and environmental factors. It is the ultimate aim of soil survey and this may come up through good judgment and thorough evaluation of soil properties and qualities like soil depth, soil texture, slope, soil drainage, erosion, fl ooding and fertility. Based from these properties, the suitability of a certain tract of land for crop production can be determined.

Suitability ratings denote qualitative analysis of the potential of the soil to different crops. It implies what crop(s) would give the highest benefi t in terms of productivity and profi tability from a given soil type, indicated by S1 as the most suitable down to S3 as marginally suitable. The symbol N implies that the crop is either currently not suitable (N1) where the effect of limitation is so severe as greatly to reduce the yield or to require costly inputs or permanently not suitable (N2) where the limitations cannot be corrected permanently. Crop suitability analysis also provides information on soil properties that limits the production of specifi ed crop(s).

When using a parametric system, the soil index can be equated into percentage shown below. It means that you can attain 75% of the potential yield of the crop when the soil index is highly suitable while less than 25% of the potential yield when the soil index is not suitable.

S1: soil index >75 S3: soil index 25-50

S2: soil index 50-75 U: soil index <25

Crop Suitability Analysis


Guide to abbreviations

Suitability Ratings:

S1 – Highly suitable

S2 – Moderately suitable

S3 – Marginally suitable

N1 – Currently not suitable

N2 – Permanently not suitable

Limitations due to:

t – topographic; slope

w – drainage; fl ooding

s – texture; coarse fragments; soil depth

f – soil fertility

c – climateTa

ble

3.

The

crop

sui

tabi

lity

anal

ysis

of t

he s

oils

of P

ampa

nga

for

diff

eren

t cr

ops.

Soil

Serie

sSl

ope

Ric

e Irr

igat

ed

Low

land

Ric

e R

ainf

ed

Upl

and

Ric

e R

ainf

ed

Low

land

Mai

zeSo

rghu

mO

nion

Ang

eles

0-2%

S3f

S3f

S3f

S3f

S3f

S3f

Ara

yat

2-5%

S3w

sS

3wS

3wS

3wS

3wS

3w B

anto

g0-

2%S

1S

2cw

S2c

S1

S1

S1

Big

aa0-

2%S

3wf

S3w

fS

3wf

S3w

fS

3wS

3wf

Bue

navi

sta

8-16

%S

3wsf

S3w

fS

3wf

S3w

fS

3wS

3wf

Can

daba

0-2%

S3w

S3w

S3w

S3w

S3w

S3w

La

Paz

0-2%

S3w

sfS

3wf

S3w

sfS

3wf

S3w

fS

3wf

Pre

nsa

2-5%

S2s

fS

2cf

S2c

sfS

2fS

1S

3f Q

uing

ua0-

2%S

2fS

2cf

S2c

fS

2fS

1S

2f S

an F

erna

ndo

0-2%

S3w

S3w

S3w

S3w

S3w

S3w


Soil

Serie

sSl

ope

Toba

cco

Swee

t Po

tato

Suga

rcan

ePe

anut

Wat

er

Mel

onM

ango

Ang

eles

0-2%

S3f

S3f

S3f

S3f

S3f

S3f

Ara

yat

2-5%

S3w

S3w

S3w

S3w

S3w

S3w

Ban

tog

0-2%

S3w

sS

1S

1S

1S

2ws

S1

Big

aa0-

2%S

3wsf

S3w

fS

3wf

S3w

fS

3wsf

S3w

f B

uena

vist

a8-

16%

S3w

fS

3wf

S3w

fS

3wf

S3w

fS

3wf

Can

daba

0-2%

S3w

sS

3wS

3wS

3ws

S3w

sS

3w L

a P

az0-

2%S

3wf

S3w

fS

3wf

S3w

fS

3wf

S3w

f P

rens

a2-

5%S

2fS

3fS

3fS

2fS

2fS

2f Q

uing

ua0-

2%S

2fS

2fS

2fS

2fS

2fS

2f S

an F

erna

ndo

0-2%

S3w

sS

3wf

S3w

fS

3wS

3wf

S3w

Soil ManagementManagementRecommendationsRecommendations


Soil Management Recommendations

The goal of soil management is to the protect and enhance its performance to increase farm profi tably and preserve environmental quality. It is the combination of soil factors to maximize crop production at the lowest possible cost while leaving the soil in a productive state. It involves: maintaining soil in good physical condition, maintaining the soil fertility status, and infl uencing the biological aspect of the soil so that maximum benefi ts result (Harpstead, et al., 1997).

Soil management recommendations suitable for each soil identifi ed were enumerated in the succeeding pages (table 4). In making soil management recommendations, soil properties such as texture, mineralogy, moisture and temperature regimes, and climate were considered since these factors affect the crop growth. However, these properties cannot be changed but control tillage, crop rotations, soil amendments, and other management choices can be done. Through these choices, the structure, biological activity, chemical content of soil can be altered and later on infl uence erosion rates, pest population, and nutrient availability and crop production.Ta

ble

4.

The

soil

seri

es o

f Pam

pang

a w

ith

thei

r lim

itat

ions

for

crop

pro

duct

ion

and

corr

espo

ndin

g m

anag

emen

t re

com

men

dati

ons

for

diff

eren

t cr

ops.

Soil

Serie

s Li

mita

tion

for c

rop

prod

uctio

n

Soil

Man

agem

ent R

ecom

men

datio

n

Ric

eD

iver

sifi e

d cr

ops

Roo

t cro

psTr

ee/F

ores

t/ Pl

anta

tion

crop

s

Ang

eles

Stru

ctur

eles

s,

poor

wat

er

hold

ing

capa

city

, low

fe

rtilit

y; s

ubje

ct

to s

easo

nal

fl ood

ing;

gra

vels

ar

e pr

esen

t th

roug

hout

the

profi

le

Sui

tabl

e fo

r ric

e du

ring

wet

se

ason

but

ne

eds

ampl

e am

ount

of

ferti

lizer

s to

ad

dres

s th

e fe

rtilit

y pr

oble

m;

phos

phor

us

appl

icat

ion

App

licat

ion

of

orga

nic

mat

ter;

prac

tice

timin

g of

pla

ntin

g;

deep

plo

win

g;

phos

phor

us

appl

icat

ion

Sui

tabl

e fo

r ro

ot c

rops

du

e to

san

dy

text

ure

Pla

nt lo

cally

ada

pted

tre

e sp

ecie

s; s

uita

ble

for c

itrus

Cro

ppin

g Pa

ttern

: ric

e- s

ugar

cane

/root

cro

ps/v

eget

able

s

rice-

fallo

w

fruit

trees

like

citr

us


Soil

Serie

s Li

mita

tion

for c

rop

prod

uctio

n

Soil

Man

agem

ent R

ecom

men

datio

n

Ric

eD

iver

sifi e

d cr

ops

Roo

t cro

psTr

ee/F

ores

t/ Pl

anta

tion

crop

s

Ara

yat

Har

d w

hen

dry

and

stic

ky

whe

n w

et

Sui

tabl

e fo

r ric

e; a

pply

fe

rtiliz

er

Plo

win

g sh

ould

be

don

e w

hen

moi

stur

e co

nditi

on

is ju

st ri

ght;

use

of b

road

beds

, rid

ges

or fu

rrow

s an

d m

ulch

ing;

ap

plic

atio

n of

or

gani

c m

atte

r and

fa

rm m

anur

e

Not

sui

tabl

e fo

r roo

tcro

ps

due

to te

xtur

e co

nstra

ints

Sui

tabl

e fo

r for

est,

fruit

trees

to

prev

ent e

rosi

on

at th

e ar

ea; p

lant

lo

cally

ada

pted

tree

sp

ecie

s

Cro

ppin

g Pa

ttern

: ric

e-di

vers

ifi ed

cro

ps/v

eget

able

s

ri

ce-r

ice

div

ersi

fi ed

crop

s/ve

geta

bles

-div

ersi

fi ed

crop

s/ve

geta

bles

Ban

tog

Poo

r dra

inag

e;

high

shr

ink

and

swel

l cap

acity

up

on w

ettin

g an

d dr

ying

pr

oduc

ing

wid

e cr

acks

in th

e so

il, h

ard

whe

n dr

y; s

easo

nal

fl ood

ing

in lo

w

area

s; s

low

pe

rmea

bilit

y

Pra

ctic

e sh

allo

w

culti

vatio

n w

hen

soil

moi

stur

e is

op

timum

; su

ited

for i

rrig

ated

and

ra

infe

d pa

ddy

rice;

mai

ntai

n pr

oper

ly th

e pa

ddy

dike

s

Con

stru

ctio

n of

ade

quat

e dr

aina

ge ir

rigat

ion

and

fl ood

con

trol

syst

em d

ue to

se

ason

al fl

oodi

ng

haza

rd in

low

ar

eas;

use

of

broa

dbed

s,

ridge

s or

furr

ows

and

mul

chin

g;

appl

icat

ion

of

orga

nic

mat

ter

and

farm

man

ure

Est

ablis

hmen

t of

ade

quat

e dr

aina

ge

and

irrig

atio

n sy

stem

; ap

plic

atio

n of

or

gani

c m

atte

r an

d fa

rm

man

ure

Uns

uita

ble

unde

r pr

esen

t con

ditio

n bu

t bec

omes

su

itabl

e if

prop

er

man

agem

ent

prac

tices

like

es

tabl

ishm

ent o

f ad

equa

te d

rain

age

and

fl ood

con

trol

syst

ems;

use

of

sui

tabl

e tre

e sp

ecie

s an

d pr

oper

fe

rtiliz

atio

n

Cro

ppin

g P

atte

rn:

rice

-ric

e

r

ice-

dive

rsifi

ed c

rops

/veg

etab

les/

root

cro

ps


Soil

Serie

s Li

mita

tion

for c

rop

prod

uctio

n

Soil

Man

agem

ent R

ecom

men

datio

n

Ric

eD

iver

sifi e

d cr

ops

Roo

t cro

psTr

ee/F

ores

t/ Pl

anta

tion

crop

s

Big

aa

Sur

face

ha

rden

ing

and

crac

king

du

ring

dry

seas

on m

akin

g til

lage

diffi

cul

t; se

ason

al

fl ood

ing

in

low

are

as;

seas

onal

hig

h w

ater

tabl

e;

very

fi rm

co

nsis

tenc

y

Sui

tabl

e fo

r ric

e pr

oduc

tion

due

to

its c

laye

y te

xtur

e;

appl

y fe

rtiliz

er

to m

aint

ain

the

ferti

lity

of th

e so

il; c

onst

ruct

ion

of a

dequ

ate

drai

nage

irr

igat

ion

and

fl ood

con

trol

syst

em

Use

of

broa

dbed

s,

ridge

s or

furr

ows

and

mul

chin

g;

timin

g of

pl

antin

g

Not

sui

tabl

e fo

r roo

tcro

ps

due

to

text

ure

cons

train

ts

Est

ablis

hmen

t of

ade

quat

e dr

aina

ge a

nd

fl ood

con

trol

syst

ems;

use

of

sui

tabl

e tre

e sp

ecie

s an

d pr

oper

fe

rtiliz

atio

n

Cro

ppin

g Pa

ttern

: ric

e-ric

e

Bue

navi

sta

Impe

rvio

us c

lay

subs

oil w

ith

conc

retio

ns,

low

ferti

lity;

po

or d

rain

age

Sui

ted

for r

ice

but n

eed

to

appl

y fe

rtiliz

er,

prac

tice

cont

our

culti

vatio

n

Pro

per l

and

culti

vatio

n;

appl

icat

ion

of o

rgan

ic

mat

ter

and

anim

al m

anur

e to

impr

ove

stru

ctur

e;

cons

truct

ion

of

drai

nage

Dee

p pl

owin

g;

appl

icat

ion

of

ferti

lizer

Est

ablis

hmen

t of

ade

quat

e dr

aina

ge

and

irrig

atio

n sy

stem

; pro

per

ferti

lizat

ion;

use

of

ade

quat

e cr

ops

Cro

ppin

g Pa

ttern

: ric

e-ric

e

r

ice-

dive

rsifi

ed c

rops

Can

daba

Dee

p an

nual

se

ason

al

fl ood

ing,

sh

rinki

ng

swel

ling

clay

, low

ph

ysio

grap

hy;

lack

of d

rain

age

outle

ts in

wet

se

ason

Sui

tabl

e fo

r low

land

rice

; tim

ing

of p

lant

ing

Sui

tabl

e fo

r di

vers

ifi ed

cro

ps

durin

g dr

y se

ason

Not

sui

tabl

e fo

r roo

tcro

ps

due

to te

xtur

e co

nstra

ints

Not

sui

tabl

e du

e to

exc

ess

seas

onal

fl o

odin

g an

d hi

gh

wat

erta

ble

Cro

ppin

g Pa

ttern

: ric

e-fa

llow

ric

e-ric

e

d

iver

sifi e

d cr

ops/

vege

tabl

es-fa

llow

div

ersi

fi ed

crop

s/ve

geta

bles

- div

ersi

fi ed

crop

s/ve

geta

bles

La P

az

Hig

h w

ater

ta

ble

and

loca

l fl o

odin

g in

w

et s

easo

ns

prec

lude

s dr

y la

nd

crop

s, ra

pid

perm

eabi

lity

prec

lude

s gr

avity

irrig

atio

n ex

cept

whe

n w

ater

tabl

e is

sea

sona

lly

high

, low

ferti

lity

Sui

tabl

e fo

r ric

e du

ring

wet

sea

son

but n

eeds

am

ple

amou

nt o

f fe

rtiliz

ers

to a

ddre

ss

the

ferti

lity

prob

lem

; ph

osph

orus

app

licat

ion

App

licat

ion

of

orga

nic

mat

ter;

prac

tice

timin

g of

pla

ntin

g;

deep

plo

win

g;

phos

phor

us

appl

icat

ion

Sui

tabl

e fo

r ro

ot c

rops

du

e to

san

dy

text

ure

Pla

nt lo

cally

ad

apte

d tre

e sp

ecie

s;

suita

ble

for

citru

s

Cro

ppin

g Pa

ttern

: ric

e- s

ugar

cane

/root

cro

ps/v

eget

able

s

r

ice-

fallo

w

f

ruit

trees

like

citr

us


Soil

Serie

s Li

mita

tion

for c

rop

prod

uctio

n

Soil

Man

agem

ent R

ecom

men

datio

n

Ric

eD

iver

sifi e

d cr

ops

Roo

t cro

psTr

ee/F

ores

t/ Pl

anta

tion

crop

s

Pre

nsa

Dis

sect

ed

phys

iogr

aphy

lim

its p

addy

fi el

d si

ze a

nd e

xces

s el

evat

ions

in

crea

se c

ost o

f ex

tens

ive

grav

ity

irrig

atio

n in

puts

; ex

cess

2:1

cla

y ca

uses

phy

sica

l lim

itatio

ns fo

r di

vers

ifi ed

cr

ops;

slo

ping

to

pogr

aphy

re

quire

s co

ntou

r cu

ltiva

tion

Est

ablis

hmen

t of

ade

quat

e dr

aina

ge

and

irrig

atio

n sy

stem

; pr

oper

le

velin

g,

cons

truct

ion

and

mai

nten

ance

of

pad

dy d

ikes

App

licat

ion

of

ferti

lizer

s an

d or

gani

c m

atte

r; re

quire

s co

ntou

r cu

ltiva

tion;

use

gr

een

man

ures

an

d m

ulch

es;

prop

er ti

min

g of

cu

ltiva

tion

and

plan

ting

Est

ablis

hmen

t of

ade

quat

e dr

aina

ge a

nd

irrig

atio

n sy

stem

; re

gula

r add

ition

of

org

anic

m

atte

r and

an

imal

man

ure;

pr

oper

tim

ing

of

culti

vatio

n an

d pl

antin

g

Pra

ctic

e pr

oper

tim

ing

of

culti

vatio

n an

d pl

antin

g du

e to

cl

ayey

text

ure

Cro

ppin

g Pa

ttern

: ric

e-ric

e

ric

e-di

vers

ifi ed

cro

ps/v

eget

able

s/ro

ot c

rops

Qui

ngua

Clim

ate,

se

ason

al

fl ood

ing

Sui

ted

for

padd

y ric

e;

appl

icat

ion

of in

orga

nic

ferti

lizer

s to

m

aint

ain

the

ferti

lity

of th

e so

il

Sui

ted

for

dive

rsifi

ed c

rops

; co

nstru

ctio

n of

ade

quat

e dr

aina

ge ir

rigat

ion

and

fl ood

co

ntro

l sys

tem

; pr

oper

tim

ing

of

culti

vatio

n an

d pl

antin

g

Sui

ted

for

root

cro

ps;

cons

truct

ion

of a

dequ

ate

drai

nage

irr

igat

ion

and

fl ood

con

trol

syst

em; p

rope

r tim

ing

of

culti

vatio

n an

d pl

antin

g

Sui

ted

for

tree

crop

s;

cons

truct

ion

of a

dequ

ate

drai

nage

irr

igat

ion

and

fl ood

con

trol

syst

em

Cro

ppin

g Pa

ttern

: ric

e-ric

e

rice-

dive

rsifi

ed c

rops

/veg

etab

les/

root

cro

ps

San

Fe

rnan

do

Low

ph

ysio

grap

hy

subj

ecte

d to

sea

sona

l fl o

odin

g;

wat

erlo

gged

du

ring

rain

y se

ason

Sui

ted

for

padd

y ric

e

Plo

w w

hen

moi

stur

e co

nditi

ons

are

idea

l; ap

ply

gree

n m

anur

e; ti

min

g of

pla

ntin

g; s

ome

slig

htly

ele

vate

d ar

eas

are

suita

ble

for s

ugar

cane

and

co

rn

Not

sui

tabl

e fo

r roo

tcro

ps

beca

use

of

wat

erlo

ggin

g du

ring

rain

y se

ason

Con

stru

ctio

n of

ade

quat

e dr

aina

ge

irrig

atio

n an

d fl o

od c

ontro

l sy

stem

; slig

htly

el

evat

ed a

reas

ar

e su

itabl

e fo

r fru

it tre

es

Cro

ppin

g Pa

ttern

: ric

e/co

rn/s

ugar

cane

-fallo

w


Soil Taxonomic Classification

Soil TaxonomicClassificationClassification Soil Taxonomy is a system of naming, describing, and categorizing soils. It helps us understand the types of soils we have, how they were formed, how they may be changing, and the effect of soil on crops and natural resource management. It employs a specifi c nomenclature that both classifi es the soil and gives a distinctive name to the individual soil. Names are constructed from the formative elements (generally originating from Greek and Latin) which are used in specifi c combinations to provide a highly descriptive name to a specifi c soil type.

Scientist have developed different system of soil classifi cation to group soil of similar properties in one class, allowing them to exchange information on soil found in different areas. In the classifi cation scheme, soil characteristics and information about the soil become more specifi c as one continuous from order to series level. For this purpose, the USDA Soil Taxonomic Classifi cation system was applied for technical uses. Soil Taxonomic Classifi cation that implies the general features of a given soil indicating its texture, climate, moisture regime, soil temperature, diagnostic horizons, and soil order were presented in the next page with interpretation.


Table 5. Soil taxonomic classifi cation of each soil series in Pampanga with interpretation.

Soil Series Taxonomic Classifi cation

Interpretation

Angeles Coarse loamy, isohyperthermic, TYPIC UNTIPSAMMENT

Coarse loamy-textured soil with isohyperthermic temperature regime (>22°C). It is an Entisol (-ent), meaning it is a young soil with only slight development which the properties are determined largely by the parent material. It is a typical (typic) representative of the great group Ustipsamments. This entisol has sandy texture (psamm-) occurring in areas with pronounced wet and dry seasons (usti-).

Arayat Fine loamy, smectitic (ca.), isohyperthermic, VERTIC EQUIAQUENT

Fine loamy-textured soil with moderate amount of clay (35-60%) with isohyperthermic temperature regime (>22°C). It is an Inceptisol (-ept), i.e. it is in the incipient development towards mature soils but have not yet fully developed their diagnostic horizons. It is saturated with water for repeated periods of time (aqu-) manifested by its grayish color with or without mottles. This is a representative of the great group Epiaquepts vertic properties, i.e. it is dominated by clays that shrink and swell producing wide cracks and slickensides due to repeated wetting and drying

Soil Series

Taxonomic Classifi cation

Interpretation

Bantog Very fi ne, mixed, isohyperthermic,AERIC CALCIAQUERT

This is a very fi ne-textured soil with high clay content of >60% and has isohyperthermic temperature regime (>22°C). It is a Vertisol(-ert), dominated by shrink-swell clays that cause deep wide cracks, slickensides, and is very sticky and compact when dry. It is saturated with water repeatedly (aqu-) but not as wet as the typical, i.e. it is better aerated, usually because either groundwater is deep or the period of saturation is shorter (aeric). This soil also has high calcium saturation (calci-) in its subsoil horizons.

Bigaa Very fi ne, smectitic (ca.), isohyperthermic, TYPIC CALCIAQUERT

This is a fi ne loamy-textured soil with high clay content of 35-60% and has isohyperthermic temperature regime (>22°C). It is a Vertisol (-ert). It is dominated by shrink-swell clays that cause deep wide cracks and slickensides when dry and is very sticky and compact when dry. It is a typical (typic) representative of the great group Calciaquerts. It is saturated with water for repeated periods of time (aqu-) manifested by its grayish color with or without mottles. This soil also has high calcium (calci-) saturation in its subsoil horizons.



Interpretation

Buenavista Fine loamy, smectitic (ca.), isohyperthermic, KANHAPLIC HAPLUSTALFS

This is a fi ne loamy-textured soil with large amount of clay (18-35%) and isohyperthermic temperature regime (>22°C). It is an Alfi sol (alf), i.e. there is illuvial accumulation on clay in the subsoil horizons from the underlying horizons. This soil has minimum complexity in its soil horizonation (hapl-) found in areas with pronounced wet and dry seasons (-ust). This is a member of the great group Haplustalfs which is dominated by low activity clays making this soil low in CEC.

Candaba Very fi ne, smectitic (ca.), isohyperthermic, TYPIC CALCIAQUERT

This is a fi ne loamy-textured soil with high clay content of 35-60% and has isohyperthermic temperature regime (>22°C). It is a Vertisol (-ert). It is dominated by shrink-swell clays that cause deep wide cracks and slickensides when dry and very sticky and compact when dry. It is a typical (typic) representative of the great group Calciaquerts. It is saturated with water for repeated periods of time (aqu-) manifested by its grayish color with or without mottles. This soil also has high calcium (calci-) saturation in its subsoil horizons.

Soil Series

Taxonomic Classifi cation

Interpretation

La Paz Sandy, mixed (ca.), isohyperthermic,TYPIC PSAMMAQUENT

This is a sandy-textured soil (psamm-) with isohyperthermic temperature regime (>22°C). It is an Entisol (-ent), meaning it is a young soil with only slight development which the properties are determined largely by the parent material. It is a typical (typic) representative of the great group Psammaquent. This soil is saturated with water for repeated periods of time (aqu-) manifested by its grayish color with or without mottles.

Prensa Fine, mixed, isohyperthermic, VERTIC EPIAQUALF

This is a fi ne-textured soil containing large amount of clay (35-60%) and has isohyperthermic temperature regime (>22°C). It is an Alfi sol (-alf), i.e. there is illuvial accumulation on clay in the subsoil horizons from the underlying horizons. It is saturated with water for repeated periods of time (aqu-) manifested by its grayish color with or without mottles. It is a representative of the great group Epiaqualfs that has vertic properties, i.e. it is dominated by clays that shrink and swell producing wide cracks and slickensides due to repeated wetting and drying.


Appendices


Interpretation

Quingua Fine silty, isohyperthermic, FLUVAQUENTIC EPIAQUOLL

Fine loamy-textured soil with moderate amount of clay (18-35%) and isohyperthermic temperature regime (>22°C). It is Mollisol (-oll) or dark-colored, fertile soils with high base saturation and natural to medium acid pH. It is saturated with water for repeated periods of time (aqu-) due to river fl ooding (fl uvaquentic) manifested by its grayish color with or without mottles.

San Fernando

Fine, smectitic (ca.), isohyperthermic, TYPIC EPIAQUEPT

It is a fi ne-textured soil (35-60% clay content) and has isohyperthermic temperature regime (>22°C). It is an Inceptisol (-ept), i.e. it is in the incipient development towards mature soils but have not yet fully developed their diagnostic horizons. It is a typical (typic) representative of the great group Epiaquepts. It is saturated with water for repeated periods of time (aqu-) manifested by its grayish color with or without mottles.


Choose a vacant area in your fi eld. Using a spade/auger, dig up to 50cm from the soil surface.

Depth of soil is important. The sur-face/top soil is not a good basis since it is always cultivated.

Get bulk soil sam-ple (½ kilo) from 30-50cm depth; place it in a con-tainer (plastic/pail). This sample will be used for soil series identifi cation.

11 Soil sampling

APPENDIX 1. STEPS TO IDENTIFY SOIL SERIES APPENDIX 1. STEPS TO IDENTIFY SOIL SERIES

22 Soil color determination

Soil color is an indirect measure of other charac-teristics such as drainage, aeration, and organic mat-ter content. Black-colored soils may indicate high fertility and productivity.

Get an ample amount of soil from the sample. The soil should be moist (neither too wet, nor too dry).

Gray indicates a fairly con-stant water-saturated condi-tion. Bright brown and red colors are indicative of good aeration and drainage.

Compare the color of the soil sample with the color chart in the guidebook. Take note of the classifi cation of the soil color.


33 Texture determination

Get soil sample from a 30-50cm depth. Fill the test tube with soil sample up to the scratch mark.

Add 7 drops of CPR (chlorphenol red). Mix by gently swirling the test tube.

If soil pH is 6 or greater, repeat the steps using BTB (brom thymol blue).

If the soil pH is 5 or less, repeat the steps using BCG (brom cresol green).

Match the color of the solution on top of the soil with the corresponding color chart of the pH indicator dye used.

pH Determination (UPLB procedure)44


APPENDIX 2. THE PALAYCHECK SYSTEMAPPENDIX 2. THE PALAYCHECK SYSTEM

The Palaycheck System is a rice integrated crop management that combines the technologies and learning processes to identify strengths and weaknesses of current crop management practices, make improvements in the next season to increase grain yield, input use effi ciency, and profi t with environmental concerns.

The PalayCheck System describes the crop management practices (input) to achieve the following Key Checks (output):

1) Used certifi ed seeds of a recommended variety.

2) No high and low soil spots after fi nal leveling.

3) Practiced synchronous planting after a fallow period.

4) Suffi cient number of healthy seedlings.

5) Suffi cient nutrients at tillering to early panicle initiation, and fl owering.

6) Avoided excessive water or drought stress that could affect the growth and the yield of the crop.

7) No signifi cant yield loss due to pests.

8) Cut and threshed the crop at the right time.


References

Badayos, R. B. 1990. Lowland rice soils in the Philippines, their characteristics and classifi cation in relation to productivity. Inaugural Professiorial Lecture. SEARCA, UPLB.

Beinroth, F. H. 1978. Some fundamentals of soil classifi cation. In: Soil-resource data for agricultural development. Ed. Leslie D. Swindale. Hawaii Ag. Expt. Sra., College of Trop. Agric., University of Hawaii. p. 12-19.

MI Hampstead, TJ Sauer, and WF Bennet. 1997. Soil Science Simplifi ed. 3rd Edition. Iowa State University Press, Ames Iowa 500014.

“Simplifi ed Keys to Soil Series (29 Soil Series for Maize Production), Lop Buri Province” The International Training Workshop on “Applying Information Technology for Site-Specifi c Agriculture in Small Farms of Tropics.” August 4-10, 2003. Bangkok, Thailand.

Soil Survey of Pampanga Province. Department of Agriculture and Natural Resources, Bureau of Soils, Manila, Philippines. Bureau of Printing Manila.

Soil Survey Manual. US Department of Agricultural Handbook No. 18. August 1951. Soil Survey Staff, Bureau of Plant and Industry, Soils, and Agricultural Engineering. Agricultural Research Administration, US Department of Agriculture.

Acknowledgment

We thank the Bureau of Soils and Water Management (BSWM) for the secondary data of the soils used in this guidebook.

Subject Matter Specialists

PhilRice Wilfredo B. Collado

Mary Rose O. Obico Rona T. Dollentas Jeny V. Ravis Jesiree Elena Ann P. Dela Torre Jovino L. De Dios Leo C. Javier Eduardo Jimmy P. Quilang, Jr., PhD

UP Los Baños Rodrigo B. Badayos, PhD Armando E. Soliman

Managing Editor/Layout Artist Marc Elvin T. Lozano Judith P. dela Torre Editorial Advisers Atty. Ronilo A. Beronio Andrei B. Lanuza

For more information,text the Farmers’ Text Center (0920) 911-1398);write, visit, or call: Agronomy, Soils, and Plant Physiology Division Philippine Rice Research Institute Maligaya, Science City of Muñoz, Nueva Ecija 3119 Tel. No. (044) 456-0285; -0113; -0651 local 217, 215, or 212

Readers are encouraged to reproduce the content of this bulletin with acknowledgment. Suggested citation:

PhilRice. “Soil Series:Improving Agricultural Productivity in Pampanga.” Rice Technology Bulletin No. 65: 56p., February, 2010.

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