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Panel 9: Building Food Security
Thursday, April 20th (12:45-1:45pm)
13th Symposium on
Development and Social Transformation
Agricultural Transformation: Tanzania’s Next Step
Alba Struga
Panel 9: Building Food Security
13th Symposium onDevelopment and Social Transformation
Presentation Overview
Role of agriculture in Tanzania’s economyConstraints to agricultural developmentCase studiesMaizeCashewsFlowers
Suggestions to improve agriculture
Agriculture in Tanzania
Accounts for 47% of GDPEmploys 75% of active labor forceContributes to 51% of foreign exchangeAgricultural growth ~ 3.5%Population growth ~ 2.8%
Constraints to Agricultural Growth
Low production, productivity and qualityProblems with infrastructure Lack of access to support servicesLack of irrigated agricultureGovernment constraintsLack of agro-processing industries
Some Definitions
Traditional export crops Coffee, cotton, tobacco, sisal, cashew
Non-traditional export cropsFruits, vegetables and flowers
Cash value crops Coffee, sugar cane, tea, cashew
Food crops maize
Maize Production
Principal staple food cropGrown in 44% of food crop landNational growth 1958-1998 2.4% per year, 0.3% less than population growthThe last five years show a deficit in maize
Constraints to Maize Production
Lack of credit facilitiesInsufficient and inadequate inputsLack of storage facilitiesLack of collaboration among farmersLack of government support Not enough resources to visit all small farmers High transaction costs Unfavorable trade policies for small exporters
Cashew Production
Source of income for 250,000 small farmersGrows on poor soilTolerates drought conditions28% of global raw nut exports in 1990-1998Export earnings rose from $ 4 millions in 1990 to $107 million in 1998
Constraints to Cashew Production
Deterioration of export qualityIncreasing production costsSmall number of buyers (India)Emergence of new competitors (Vietnam)Lack of domestic processingInstitutional constraints High local and national taxes The Cashew Board of Tanzania
Flower Seed Production
Flower seed production is replacing coffee production in northern Tanzania300 coffee growers switched to flowersEasy to growCould be harvested twice a yearNo artificial fertilizers
Constraints to Flower Seeds
Other major competitors (Kenya)Balancing between cash and food cropsLand scarcity
Suggestions
Improvements in access to markets Improvements in transportation infrastructure Better access to inputs & credit
Diversification toward non-traditional export products (vegetables, flowers and fruits)Vertical integration into processing industryOrganization of small farmers Trade policy and regulatory environment
Policy And Action Towards Food Security In Tanzania
James Abraham
Panel 9: Building Food Security
13th Symposium onDevelopment and Social Transformation
Cooperative Model
Cooperative Model
•“Unionizing” of farmers, develops purchasing power (econ. of scale)
•Develop relationships w/ Banks•Poor Legacy of Cooperatives•More isolated farmers are left
out
•“Unionizing” of farmers, develops purchasing power (econ. of scale)
•Develop relationships w/ Banks•Poor Legacy of Cooperatives•More isolated farmers are left
out
Integrated Producer Scheme
Integrated Producer Scheme•Farmers enter into contractual
distribution pipeline•Private companies control
some to all of processing, transport, & marketing
•Potentially harmful to farmers
•Farmers enter into contractual distribution pipeline
•Private companies control some to all of processing, transport, & marketing
•Potentially harmful to farmers
ProblemsProblems•Cash-crops vs. Staple crops
•Govt. promoting international competition
•Capital oriented agriculture, leaves poor in dark.
•Cash-crops vs. Staple crops
•Govt. promoting international competition
•Capital oriented agriculture, leaves poor in dark.
The Agricultural Sector Of Argentina
Michael Anthony Lagiglia
Panel 9: Building Food Security
13th Symposium onDevelopment and Social Transformation
Agricultural Sector overview
Argentina based its first economic success on agriculture in the late 19th century.
60 Percent of all exports One of the main grain producers With a population of 40 million, Argentina produces
enough food for 300 million Recently, Argentina’s biggest prospect for growth
has been in its agriculture sector.
Comparative Advantage
Argentina has few competitors in Southern Hemisphere
Temperate climate ideal for agriculture Sector is free of subsidies Few farmers use chemical products Livestock are mainly grass-fed Increasing market share in upscale foreign
demand – higher margins
Wine industry
In 1987, exports accounted for 1% of output. By 2003 they amounted to 12% of output Multinational investment Credit problems Infrastructure
Positive Long-run Outlook
Growth of large-scale commercial farms Establish international market channels Continued MNC investment Closed gaps in corn yields Development of internal waterways Demand from China US and EU agri-sector support programs? FTAA ?
Negative Outlook
Poor infrastructure Truck transportation subject to oil-price risk
Domestic storage capacity shortfalls Inadequate credit system Commodity prices? Climate change?
Panel 9: Building Food Security
Thursday, April 20th (12:45-1:45pm)
Alba Struga Agricultural Transformation: Tanzania’s Next Step
James Abraham Policy And Action Towards Food Security In Tanzania
Michael Anthony Lagiglia
The Agricultural Sector Of Argentina
13th Symposium onDevelopment and Social Transformation