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SP (SM/CGW) T25422/4
UCLES 2007 [Turn over
UNIVERSITY OF CAMBRIDGE INTERNATIONAL EXAMINATIONSInternational General Certificate of Secondary Education
READ THESE INSTRUCTIONS FIRST
Write your Centre number, candidate number and name on all the work you hand in.Write in dark blue or black pen.You may use a soft pencil for any diagrams, graphs or rough working.Do not use staples, paper clips, highlighters, glue or correction fluid.DO NOT WRITE IN ANY BARCODES.
Answer both questions.
At the end of the examination, fasten all your work securely together.The number of marks is given in brackets [ ] at the end of each question or part question.
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7
6
6
3
1
5
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5
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ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 0680/02
Paper 2 October/November 2007
1 hour 45 minutes
Candidates answer on the Question Paper.Additional Materials: Ruler
For Examiners Use
1
2
Total
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1 Look at the world map which shows total population in 2004 and expected population in 2050 forfive continents.
Population change 20042050
AFRICA
EUROPE
ASIANORTH
AMERICA
SOUTHAMERICA
02004 2050
2004 2050
NORTH AMERICA
ASIA
AFRICA
1000
2000
02004 2050
SOUTH AMERICA
1000
2000
0
1000
2000
3000
4000
5000
6000
2004 20500
1000
2000
millionsofpeople
millionsofpeople
millionsofpeople
millionsofpeople
millionsofpeople
EUROPE
2004 20500
1000
2000
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0680/02/O/N/07 [Turn over
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(a) (i) By how much is the population of Asia expected to increase between 2004 and2050?
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(ii) Compared with the other continents, what is expected to be different about
population change in Europe from 2004 to 2050?
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(iii) In which continent is the fastest rate of population growth expected between 2004and 2050?
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(b) The two countries in the world with most people are China and India. The table showspopulation data for them.
Total populations in China and India
2004
Population (millions)
2050
Population (millions)
China 1300 1400
India 1100 1530
(i) Draw bar graphs to show the population data in the table.
[3]
(ii) What significant change is shown between 2004 and 2050?
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(iii) Give reasons why population growth is higher in some countries than in others.
1. Reasons why population growth remains high in some countries.
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2. Reasons why population growth is much lower in other countries.
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(c) World population is expected to grow from 6.5 billion people today to 9 billion by 2050.Population growth causes economic, social and environmental problems.
Economic problems in countries in sub-Saharan Africa
Location
Sub-Saharan
Africa
3000
2000
1000
1970 1980 1990 2000
0
USd
ollars
4000
Income per head in Sub-SaharanAfrica and Asia
Sub-Saharan Africa South Asia East Asia
502000
1990%
40
30
20
Sub-SaharanAfrica
10
0
50
2000
1990
%
40
30
20
East Asia
Changes in % of people living onUS$1 per day
10
0
50
2000
1990%
40
30
20
South Asia
10
0
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Describe what the graphs show about income in sub-Saharan countries compared withother developing countries in Asia. Use values from both graphs to support your answer.
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(d) (i) Percentages in sub-Saharan Africa
Total world population % living in sub-Saharan Africa 15
World population suffering from hunger % living in sub-Saharan Africa 25
World total of health workers % working in sub-Saharan Africa 1
Complete the two pie graphs by showing the percentages in sub-Saharan Africa forhunger and for health workers. Fill in the key. [3]
(ii) What are the likely effects of these percentages on levels of disease in countries insub-Saharan Africa? Explain your answer.
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For
Examiners
Use
Total world population World populationsuffering from hunger
World total of healthworkers
Key:
sub-Saharan Africa
sub-Saharan Africa
rest of the world
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(e) The diagram below shows one example of a poverty cycle in poor countries such asthose in sub-Saharan Africa.
Poor farmingfamily
Poverty cycle
No access to cleandrinking water
Less foodgrown
Water related
diseases common
Too ill to work
during wetseason
Poverty cycles are often called poverty traps. Why is it difficult for poor people to breakout of a poverty cycle like the one shown here?
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(f) Aid might be one way of helping people to break out of this poverty cycle. Three types ofaid are listed below.
A Food aid basic foods supplied free B Development aid money and equipment given for sinking a well C Farm aid high yielding seeds and new machines provided
(i) Which type of aid do you consider to be the best for people in this poverty trap?Give reasons for your choice.
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(ii) Which type of aid might be the least useful? Why?
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(g) One environmental problem is soil erosion. Look at the photograph.
Colca Valley in the Andes mountains of Peru
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(i) Describe the natural features which show that there is a high risk of soil erosion inthis area.
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(ii) Using the photograph, describe what has already been done in the area on thephotograph to reduce the likelihood of soil erosion occurring.
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(iii) What else might farmers in this area do to prevent soil erosion? Describe two soilconservation strategies which could be used by farmers in this area.
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[Total: 40 marks]
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2 (a) Look at the diagram of an oil trap.
Oil trap
OILLIMEST
ONE
CLAY
CLAY
SANDST
ONE
(i) Which type of rocks are shown in the diagram? Circle one answer.
igneous sedimentary metamorphic [1]
(ii) What was oil formed from?
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(iii) Why is oil trapped here?
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(iv) Explain the methods used by oil companies to extract oil from underground trapslike the one shown.
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(v) State one danger for people working in oilfields.
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(b) The graph below shows world oil supply and demand in developed and developingregions.
World oil supply and demand (2004)
Supply
Demand
Supply
Demand
North America
Developed World
Europe
SupplyDemand
Japan
Supply
Demand
Supply
Demand
Middle East
Developing World
Central & South America
Supply
Demand
10.3
22.7
6.4
16.3
05.4
24.5
5.3
10.5
6.6
9.2
2.7
Africa
Calculate the difference between supply and demand in
(i) North America
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(ii) The Middle East
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(iii) How important is the Middle East as a supplier of oil to other regions of the world?Explain your answer.
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(iv) Describe the types of environmental damage that result from transporting oil bypipelines and tankers. Refer to an example in your answer.
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(v) Explain why some oil spills can be cleaned up more quickly and effectively thanothers.
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(c) In 2005 the US government gave the go ahead for oil exploration and extraction to start in theArctic National Wildlife Refuge.
Arctic National Wildlife Refuge
ALASKA
ArcticCircle
100 km
Trans-Ala
sk
ap
ipelin
e
Prudhoe Bayoil field
N
Kaktovik Beaufort Sea
CANADA
Area 1002rea 1002
Arctic NationalWildlife Refuge
Area 1002
Fact FileArctic National Wildlife Refuge
Established
1960
Size7.7 m hectares
Climate and vegetationTundra
InhabitantsLess than 300 people, mainly Inuit
Way of lifeHunting, fishing and whaling
WildlifePolar bears, caribou, musk ox,grizzly bears, wolves, arctic foxes,snow geese and many migratorybirds and whales
Mineral resourcesOil in Area 1002 (0.7 m hectares ofland)
Estimated oil reserves 6 bn to 16 bnbarrels
UCLES 2007
CANADA
ALASKA
Fairbanks
Anchorage
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(d) People have widely different opinions about the decision to allow oil exploration in the ArcticNational Wildlife Refuge.
We will get some extra oilreserves. It will make America lessdependent on oil from overseas.
President of the USA
Is it worth losing a naturaltreasure for ever, one of our lastgreat wild places, for a few monthssupply of oil? A 10 bn barrel oil fieldis only about six months supply ofoil for the energy-hungry USA.
Politician from the opposition party
Modern methods of drillingare far less damaging to theenvironment and that is a fact.It will replace our oil importsfrom the Middle East for manyyears. Only a tiny part ofAlaska will be affected.
Politician from Alaska
There are certain places in theworld where oil drilling and industrialdevelopment should never be allowed.The Arctic Refuge is one of them.Americans should unite to protectour countrys most beautiful places.
President of a Wildlife Society
Im all for it. I have a young daughter andhunting and fishing are not enough to keep herhoused, clothed and educated. I need a job nowand oil is all that weve got. I would prefer toget a job as a tourist guide, but when they triedeco-tourism, very few tourists came. It is tooremote and the climate is too harsh for them.
Inuit living in the village of Kaktovik
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(i) Describe the economic and environmental arguments made by those people whosupport the decision to allow oil extraction in Area 1002.
Economic
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Environmental
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(ii) Explain your opinion about whether new oil extraction in Alaska should be allowed.
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[Total: 40 marks]
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BLANK PAGE
Copyright Acknowledgements:
Question 1(g) J. Pallister UCLES.
Question 2(b) BP Statistical Review for 2005.
Permission to reproduce items where third-party owned material protected by copyright is included has been sought and cleared where possible. Everyreasonable effort has been made by the publisher (UCLES) to trace copyright holders, but if any items requiring clearance have unwittingly been included, the
publisher will be pleased to make amends at the earliest possible opportunity.
University of Cambridge International Examinations is part of the Cambridge Assessment Group. Cambridge Assessment is the brand name of University of
Cambridge Local Examinations Syndicate (UCLES), which is itself a department of the University of Cambridge.