Historical Tripos - Part I: Paper 20 and Part II: Paper 4

THE HISTORY OF POLITICAL THOUGHT FROM c.1700 TO c.1890

Section A

A1 Vico A2 Montesquieu A3 Hume A4 Rousseau A5 Smith A6 Burke A7 Wollstonecraft A8 Kant A9 Bentham A10 Constant A11 Hegel A12 Tocqueville A13 John Stuart Mill A14 Marx

Section B

B15 Human Nature and History in the Enlightenment B16 Commercial Society and the Ambiguities of Civilisation B17 Reform and Politics in Enlightened Europe B18 The Political Thought of the American Revolution B19 The Political Thought of the French Revolution B20 Dissent and the Politics of Rights in Late18th-century Britain B21 German Political Thought 1780-1810 B22 19th-century British Social Criticism B23 Classical Political Economy and its Critics B24 Socialism before 1848 B25 Left-Hegelianism and the Development of Marxist Thought B26 Social Science and Political Thought B27 Individualism, Democracy and Representative Government B28 British Historians on Liberty and the State B29 Gender and Political Thought in the 18th and 19th centuries B30 Peace, Empire and the Principle of Nationality

There is a convention that at least one question will be set on each of the above topics. At the examination, candidates will be asked to answer three questions; two from Section A and one from Section B. Overlap between answers must be avoided.

The aim of Section B is to allow students to consider the general context in political thought within which the ideas of major political thinkers developed. The primary texts suggested in Section B therefore have a different status from the set texts in Section A. Candidates need not master every one of the Section B primary texts, but need to show evidence of engagement with texts relating to each topic.

Note: Forthcoming publication

Those studying the paper from 2011-12 onwards should be aware of the publication, scheduled for the summer of 2011, of the The Cambridge History of Nineteenth-Century Political Thought, edited by Gareth Stedman Jones and Gregory Claeys, (Cambridge, 2011)

Contents: http://www.cambridge.org/gb/knowledge/isbn/item5758754/?site_locale=en_GB

A1. VICO

Set Text: The New Science, translated by T.G. Bergin & M. H. Fisch (Ithava & London, 1984); also (but less satisfactory), ed by A. Grafton (Harmondsworth, 1999)

Suggested secondary reading: J. Robertson, The Case for the Enlightenment: Scotland and Naples 1680-1760 (Cambridge, 2005), chapter 5, Vico after Bayle, pp. 201-255. P. Burke, Vico (Oxford, 1985) L. Pompa, Vico: A Study of the New Science, (2nd ed., Cambridge, 1990) M. Lilla, G. B. Vico: The Making of an Anti-Modern, (Cambridge, MA, 1993) A. Momigliano, Vicos Scienza Nuova: Roman Bestioni and Roman Eroi in A. Momigliano, Essays in Ancient and Modern Historiography, (Oxford, 1977), pp. 259- 76 P. Rossi, The Dark Abyss of Time. The History of the earth and the History of Nations from Hooke to Vico (Chicago & London, 1984) D. R. Kelley, Vicos Road: From Philology to Jurisprudence and Back, in G. Tagliacozzo and D. O. Verene eds., Giambattista Vicos Science of Humanity, Baltimore, 1976), 15-29 D. Faucci, Vico and Grotius: Jurisconsults of Mankind, in G. Tagliacozzo and H. V. White eds., Giambattista Vico: An International Symposium, (Baltimore MD, 1969), pp. 61-76 C. t Hart, Hugo de Groot and Giambattista Vico, Netherlands International Law Review, 30 (1983), 5-41 G. Ricuperati, The Veteres against the Moderni: Paolo Mattia Doria (1662-1746) and Giambattista Vico (1668-1744) in D. Carpanetto and G. Ricuperati eds., Italy in the Age of Reason 1685-1789, (London, 1987), 96-105 K. Stapelbroek, Love, Self-Deceit and Money: Commerce and Morality in the Early Neapolitan Enlightenment (Toronto, 2008), chapter 3: Doria and Vico: True Utility against Pleasure, pp. 88-126 B. Croce, Machiavelli and Vico in Croce, Philosophy, Poetry, History: An Anthology of Essays, trans. C. Sprigge, (London, 1966), pp. 655-70 J. C. Morrison, Vico and Machiavelli, in G. Tagliacozzo ed., Vico Past and Present, (Atlantic Highlands NJ, 1981), Vol. 2, pp. 1-14 J. C. Morrison, Vicos Doctrine of the Natural Law of the Gentes, Journal of the History of Philosophy, 16 (1978), 47-60 J. C. Morrison, How to Interpret the Idea of Divine Providence in Vicos New Science, Philosophy and Rhetoric 12 (1979), 256-261 J. I. Israel, Enlightenment Contested: Philosophy, Modernity, and the Emancipation of Man 1670-1752 (Oxford, 2006), chapters 3, 6, 11, and especially chapter 20, Italy, the Two Enlightenments, and Vicos New Science, pp. 513-542 M. P. Mooney, Vico in the Tradition of Rhetoric (Princeton, 1985) C. Labio, Origins and the Enlightenment: Aesthetic Epistemology from Descartes to Kant (Ithaca NY, 2004), chapter 2: Vicos Genetic Principle J. Mali, The Poetics of Politics: Vicos Philosophy of Authority, History of Political Thought, 10 (1989), 41-69 G. L. Lucente, Vicos Notion of Divine Providence and the Limits of Human Knowledge, Freedom, and Will Modern Language Notes, 97 (1982), 183-191 A. Pons, Prudence and Providence in the Practica della Scienza Nuova and the Problem of Theory and Practice in Vico in Vicos Science of Humanity, pp. 431-48 J. E. Sergio, The Leviathan in Naples: Vicos Response to Hobbes's Life and Works, Journal for Eighteenth-Century Studies, 33 (2010), 227-244 B. Haddock, Vicos Political Thought, (Swansea, 1986)

A2. MONTESQUIEU

Set Text: The Spirit of the Laws, eds. A. Cohler, B. Miller and H. Stone (Cambridge, 1989)

Suggested secondary reading: R. Shackleton, Montesquieu: A Critical Biography, (London, 1961) M. Sonenscher, Before the Deluge: Public Debt, Inequality, and the Intellectual Origins of the French Revolution (Princeton, 2007), chapters 2-3. N.O. Keohane, Philosophy and the State in France: The Renaissance to the Enlightenment, (Princeton NJ, 1980), Chapters 10-14 Duncan Kelly, The Propriety of Liberty: Persons, Passions, and Judgement in Modern Political Thought (Princeton, 2010), Ch 2 P. A. Rahe, Montesquieu and the Logic of Liberty (New Haven CT, 2009) D.W. Carrithers, M.A. Mosher and P.A. Rahe (eds), Montesquieus Science of Politics: Essays on the Spirit of the Laws, (Lanham MD, 2001) R. Kingston, Montesquieu and His Legacy (Albany NY, 2008) I. Hont, Jealousy of Trade (Cambridge MA, 2005) Introduction, pp. 1-156. A. O. Hirschman, The Passions and the Interests: Political Arguments for Capitalism before its Triumph (Princeton NJ, 1977) J.N. Shklar, Montesquieu, (Oxford, 1987) S. Krause, Liberalism with Honor (Cambridge MA, 2002) S. Tomaselli, The Spirit of Nations, in M. Goldie and R. Wokler (eds), The Cambridge History of Eighteenth-Century Political Thought (Cambridge, 2006), pp. 9-39 P. A. Rahe, The Book That Never Was: Montesquieu's Considerations on the Romans in Historical Context, History of Political Thought, 26 (2005), 43-89. S. Mason, Montesquieus Vision of Europe and its European Context, Studies on Voltaire and the Eighteenth Century, 341 (1996), 61-87. R. Shackleton, Montesquieu, Bolingbroke and the separation of powers, in Shackleton, Essays on Montesquieu and the Enlightenment, D. Gilson and M. Smith (eds), (Oxford, 1988), pp. 3-16. E. Dziembowski, The English Political Model in 18th-Century France, Historical Research, 74 (2001), 151-71. S. Mason, Montesquieu on English Constitutionalism Revisited: A Government of Potentiality and Paradoxes, Studies on Voltaire and the Eighteenth Century, 278 (1990), 105-46. D. Desserud, Commerce and Political Participation in Montesquieus Letter to Domville History of European Ideas, 25 (1999), 135-151. S. Krause, The Uncertain Inevitability of Decline in Montesquieu, Political Theory 30 (2002), 702-27. I. Hont, The Luxury Debate in the Early Enlightenment, in M. Goldie and R. Wokler (eds), The Cambridge History of Eighteenth-Century Political Thought (Cambridge, 2006), 379-418. H.E. Ellis, Montesquieus Modern Politics: The Spirit of the Laws and the problem of modern monarchy in Old Regime France, History of Political Thought, 10 (1989), 665-700. M. Richter, Despotism, in P. Wiener (ed), Dictionary of the History of Ideas: Studies of Selected Pivotal Ideas, (New York, 1973), Volume II, pp. 1-18. C.P. Courtney, Montesquieu and the Problem of la diversit, in G. Barber and C. P. Courtney (eds), Enlightenment Essays in Memory of Robert Shackleton, (Oxford, 1988), pp. 61-81.

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P. Cheney, Montesquieus Science of Commerce, in Cheney, Revolutionary Commerce: Globalization and the French Monarchy (Cambridge MA, 2010), chapter 2, pp. 52-86. K. M. Baker, Public Opinion as Political Invention, in Baker, Inventing the French Revolution: Essays on French Political Culture in the Eighteenth Century, (Cambridge, 1990), pp. 167-99.

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A3. HUME

Set Texts: A Treatise of Human Nature, eds. D. F. Norton and M. J. Norton, (Oxford, 2000), Bk. III An Enquiry Concerning the Principles of Morals, ed. T. L. Beauchamp, (Oxford, 1998) Essays Moral, Political and Literary, ed. E.F. Miller (Indianapolis, 1985), especially essays Part I 2-8, 12, 14, 21; Part II 1-9, 11-13, 16.

Suggested secondary reading: N. Phillipson, Hume, (London, 1989, repr. Penguin, London, 2011) D. Forbes, Humes Philosophical Politics, (Cambridge, 1975) J.G.A. Pocock, The Machiavellian Moment: Florentine Political Thought and the Atlantic Republican Tradition, (Princeton NJ, 1975), chapters 12-14 I. Hont, Jealousy of Trade (Cambridge, Mass, 2005), Introduction, pp. 1-156. J. Robertson, The Case for the Enlightenment: Scotland and Naples 1680-1760 (Cambridge, 2005), chapter 6, Hpp. 256-324. J. P. Wright, Humes Treatise of Human Nature: An Introduction (Cambridge, 2009) A. C. Baier, A Progress of Sentiments: Reflection on Humes Treatise (Cambridge MA, 1991) chapters 7-12. S. Blackburn, How to Read Hume (London, 2008) J. L. Mackie, Humes Moral Theory, (London, 1980) J. Rawls, Lectures on the History of Political Philosophy, Samuel Freeman (ed), (Cambridge MA, 2007), Lectures on Hume, pp. 159-187. R. Hardin, David Hume: Moral and Political Theorist (Oxford, 2007) D.F. Norton and M. Kuehn, The Foundations of Morality, in K. Haakonssen (ed), Cambridge History of Eighteenth-Century Philosophy (Cambridge, 2006), vol. 2, pp. 241-986 D. F. Norton, Hume, Human Nature and the Foundations of Morality in Norton (ed), Cambridge Companion to Hume, (2nd edn, Cambridge, 2009), pp. 270-310. D. F. Norton, Hume and Hutcheson: The Question of Influence in D. Garber and S. Nadler (eds), Oxford Studies in Early Modern Philosophy, vol. 2 (Oxford, 2005), pp. 211-256. J. Moore, Hume and Hutcheson, in M. A. Stewart and J. P. Wright (eds), Hume and Humes Connexions, (Edinburgh, 1994), pp. 25-37 J. Moore, The Eclectic Stoic, the Mitigated Sceptic in E. Mazza and E. Ronchetti (eds), New Essays on David Hume (Milan, 2007), pp. 133-170. L. Turco, Hutcheson and Hume in a Recent Polemic in Mazza and Ronchetti (eds), New Essays on David Hume, 171-198. J. Harris, Answering Bayles Question: Religious Belief in the Moral Philosophy of the Scottish Enlightenment, D. Garber and S. Nadler eds., Oxford Studies in Early Modern Philosophy, vol. 1 (Oxford, 2003), 229-53. J. Harris, The Epicurean in Hume, in N. Leddy and A. Lifchitz eds., Epicurus in the Enlightenment, (Oxford, 2009), 161-81. M. A. Stewart, Humes Intellectual Development, 1711-1752, in M. Frasca-Spada and P. J. E. Kail (eds), Impressions of Hume (Oxford, 2005), 11-58. R. L. Emerson, Humes Intellectual Development: Part II, in Emerson, Essays on David Hume, Medical Men and the Scottish Enlightenment (Farnham, 2009), 103-126. S. Darwall, Motive and Obligation in Humes Ethics Nous 27 (1993), 415-448. R. Cohon, Artificial and Natural Virtues, in S. Traiger (ed), The Blackwell Guide to Humes Treatise (Oxford, 2006), 256-275. J. Moore, Humes Theory of Justice and Property, Political Studies, 24 (1976), 103-19.

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Dees, Richard H. One of the Finest and Most Subtile Inventions: Hume on Government, in E. Schmidt Radcliffe (ed), A Companion to Hume (Oxford, 2008), pp. 388405. C. Wennerlind, The Link Between David Humes Treatise of Human Nature and His Fiduciary Theory of Money, History of Political Economy 33 (2001), 139-160. I. Hont, The Rich Country-Poor Country Debate in the Scottish Enlightenment, in Jealousy of Trade, pp. 267-322. I. Hont, The Rich Country-Poor Country Debate Revisited: The Irish Origins and French Reception of the Hume Paradox, in M. Schabas and C. Wennerlind (eds), David Humes Political Economy, (London, 2008), pp. 243-323. J.G.A. Pocock, Hume and the American Revolution: The Dying Thoughts of a North Briton, in Pocock, Virtue, Commerce and History: Essays on Political Thought and History (Cambridge, 1985), pp. 125-141. I. Hont, The Rhapsody of Public Debt: David Hume and Voluntary Bankruptcy, in Jealousy of Trade, pp. 325-353. I. Hont, The Luxury Debate in the Early Enlightenment, in M. Goldie and R. Wokler (eds), The Cambridge History of Eighteenth-Century Political Thought (Cambridge, 2006), pp. 379-418. A. S. Cunningham, David Humes Account of Luxury, Journal of the History of Economic Thought 27 (2005), 231-250. P. Cheney, Constitution and Economy in David Humes Enlightenment, in Schabas and Wennerlind (eds), David Humes Political Economy, pp. 223-242. J. Robertson, Universal Monarchy and the Liberties of Europe: David Humes Critique of an English Whig Doctrine, in N. Phillipson and Q. Skinner (eds), Political Discourse in Early Modern Britain, (Cambridge, 1993), pp. 349-73. D. Wootton, David Hume the Historian, in Cambridge Companion to Hume, 2nd edn, pp. 447-480. M. Barfoot, Hume and the Culture of Science in the Early Eighteenth Century, in M. A. Stewart (ed), Studies in the Philosophy of the Scottish Enlightenment, (Oxford, 1991), pp. 151-90.

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A4. ROUSSEAU

Set Texts: Discourse on Inequality, including Rousseau's notes, in The Discourses and Other Early Political Writings, ed. V. Gourevitch, (Cambridge, 1997), pp. 111-246 Of the Social Contract, with the Geneva Manuscript, The State of War and Letter to Mirabeau, in The Social Contract and Other Later Political Writings, ed. V. Gourevitch, (Cambridge, 1997), pp. 3-176, pp. 268-71.

Suggested secondary reading: L. Damrosch, Jean-Jacques Rousseau: Restless Genius (Boston MA, 2005) C. Kelly and E. Grace eds., Rousseau on Women, Love and Family (Hanover NH, 2009) N. J. H. Dent, Rousseau: an Introduction to his Psychological, Social and Political Theory (Oxford, 1988) N. J. H. Dent, A Rousseau Dictionary (Oxford, 1992) T. OHagan, Rousseau (London, 2003) J. Hope Mason, The Indispensable Rousseau, (London, 1979) R. Wokler, Rousseau: A Very Short Introduction (Oxford, 2001) A. M. Melzer, The Natural Goodness of Man: on the System of Rousseaus Thought, (Chicago IL, 1990) M. Sonenscher, Sans-Culottes: An Eighteenth-Century Emblem in the French Revolution (Princeton NJ, 2008) chapters 3, 6. M. Sonenscher, Before the Deluge: Public Debt, Inequality, and the Intellectual Origins of the French Revolution (Princeton NJ, 2007), chapter 3. J. Rawls, Lectures on the History of Political Philosophy, Samuel Freeman ed., (Cambridge MA, 2007), Lectures on Rousseau, pp. 191-248. F. Neuhouser, Rousseaus Theodicy of Self-Love: Evil Rationality, and the Drive for Recognition (Oxford, 2008) D. Gauthier, Rousseau: The Sentiment of Existence (Cambridge, 2006) C. Bertram, Rousseau and the Social Contract (London, 2004) J. Cohen, Rousseau: A Free Community of Equals (Oxford, 2010) R. D. Masters, The Political Philosophy of Rousseau, (Princeton NJ, 1968) H. Rosenblatt, Rousseau and Geneva: From the First Discourse to the Social Contract, 17491762 (Cambridge, 1997) J. Starobinski, Rousseau: Transparency and Obstruction, trans. A. Goldhammer (Chicago IL, 1988) N. O. Keohane, Philosophy and the State in France: The Renaissance and the Enlightenment, (Princeton NJ, 1980), chapter 15. R. Tuck, The Rights of War and Peace (Oxford, 1999), chapter 7. B. Kapossy, Iselin contra Rousseau (Basle, 2006), chapter 3, pp. 173-245. J. N. Shklar, Rousseaus Images of Authority, in M. Cranston and R.S. Peters (eds), Hobbes and Rousseau (New York, 1972), pp. 333-365. P. Riley, Rousseaus General Will, in Riley (ed), The Cambridge Companion to Rousseau, (Cambridge, 2001), 124-53. N. O. Keohane, The Masterpiece of Politics in Our Century: Rousseau on the Morality of Enlightenment, Political Theory, 6 (1978), 457-84. F. Neuhouser, Freedom, Dependence and the General Will, Philosophical Review, 102 (1993), 363-395. J. Hope Mason, Individuals in Society: Rousseaus Republican Vision, History of Political Thought, 10 (1989), 89-112. J. Hope Mason, Forced to be Free, in R. Wokler (ed), Rousseau and Liberty (Manchester, 1995), 121-38.

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S. Affeldt, The Force of Freedom: Rousseau on Forcing to be Free, Political Theory 27 (1999), 299-333. C. Kelly and R.D. Masters, Human Nature, Liberty and Progress: Rousseaus Dialogue with the Critics of the Discours sur l'ingalit, in R. Wokler, Rousseau and Liberty, pp. 53-69. S. H. Campbell and J.T. Scott, Rousseaus Politic Argument in the Discouse on the Sciences and Arts, American Journal of Political Science 49 (2005), 818-828. R. Wokler, Perfectible Apes in Decadent Cultures: Rousseaus Anthropology Revisited, Daedalus, 107 (1978), 107-34. C. Brooke, Rousseaus Second Discourse between Epicureanism and Stoicism", in S. Hoffmann and C. MacDonald, (eds), Rousseau and Freedom, (Cambridge, 2010), pp. 44-57. L. Kirk, Genevan Republicanism, in D. Wootton (ed), Republicanism, Liberty and Commercial Society 1649-1776, (Stanford, CA, 1994), pp. 270-309. H. Rosenblatt, Rousseau, the Anticosmopolitan? Daedalus 137 (2008), 59-67. S. T. Engel, Rousseau and Imagined Communities, Review of Politics 67 (2005), 515-537. C. Kelly, To Persuade without Convincing: The Language of Rousseaus Legislator, American Journal of Political Science 31 (1987), 321-335. A. Abizadeh, Banishing the Particular: Rousseau on Rhetoric, Patrie, and the Passions, Political Theory 29 (), 556-582. J. P. McCormick, Rousseaus Rome and the Repudiation of Populist Republicanism, Critical Review of International Social and Political Philosophy 10 (2007), 3-27. M. Schwartzberg, Rousseau on Fundamental Law, Political Studies 51 (2003), 387-403. J. T. Scott, Rousseau and the Melodious Language of Freedom Journal of Politics 59 (1997), 803-829. V. Gourevitch, Rousseau on Providence, Review of Metaphysics 53 (2000), 565-611. R. Whatmore, Rousseau and the Representants: The Politics of the Lettres Ecrites de la Montagne, Modern Intellectual History, 3 (2006), 385-413. B. Kapossy, Neo-Roman Republicanism and Commercial Society: The Example of Eighteenth-Century Berne, in M. van Gelderen and Q. Skinner (eds), Republicanism: A Shared European Heritage 2 vols, (Cambridge, 2002), vol. 2, pp. 226-247. H. Rosenblatt, On the Misogyny of Jean-Jacques Rousseau: The Letter to d'Alembert in Historical Context, French Historical Studies 25 (2002), 91-114.

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A5. SMITH

Set Texts: The Theory of Moral Sentiments, eds. D.D. Raphael and A.L.Macfie, 2 vols (Indianapolis IN, 1982) An Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations, eds. T. Campbell, A. S. Skinner and W. Todd, 2 vols (Indianapolis IN, 1981)

Suggested secondary reading: D. Stewart, An Account of the Life and Writings of Adam Smith L.L.D, in Smith, Essays on Philosophical Subjects, ed. W. P. D. Wightman and J. C. Bryce, (Indianapolis IN, 1982) N. Phillipson, Adam Smith: An Enlightened Life (London, 2010) D. Winch, Adam Smiths Politics, (Cambridge, 1978) I. Hont, Jealousy of Trade (Cambridge, MA., 2005), Introduction, pp. 1-156, and Needs and Justice in the Wealth of Nations, pp. 389-443. I. Hont, Adam Smiths History of Law and Government as Political Theory, in R, Bourke and R. Geuss (eds), Political Judgement: Essays for John Dunn (Cambridge, 2009), pp. 131-171. Duncan Kelly, The Propriety of Liberty: Persons, Passions, and Judgement in Modern Political Thought (Princeton, 2010), Ch 3 A.S. Skinner, A System of Social Science Papers: Papers Relating to Adam Smith, (2nd edn., Oxford, 1995), chapters 4,8 A. O. Hirschman, The Passions and the Interests: Political Arguments for Capitalism before its Triumph (Princeton NJ, 1977) P. Force, Self-Interest before Adam Smith: A Genealogy of Economic Science (Cambridge, 2003) C. Griswold, Adam Smith and the Virtues of Enlightenment, (Cambridge, 1999) D. D. Raphael, The Impartial Spectator: Adam Smiths Moral Philosophy (Oxford, 2007) E. Rothschild, Economic Sentiments: Adam Smith, Condorcet and the Enlightenment, (Cambridge, Mass, 2001), Chs. 4, 8 S. Fleischacker, On Adam Smiths Wealth of Nations: A Philosophical Companion (Princeton NJ, 2004) R. Hanley, Adam Smith and the Character of Virtue (Cambridge, 2009) F. Forman-Barzilai, Adam Smith and the Circles of Sympathy: Cosmopolitanism and Moral Theory (Cambridge, 2010) J.G.A. Pocock, Barbarism and Religion, Vol. 3: The First Decline and Fall (Cambridge, 2003), chapter 16. D. Forbes, Sceptical Whiggism, Commerce and Liberty, in A. S. Skinner and T. Wilson (eds), Essays on Adam Smith, (Oxford, 1975), 179-201 A. Sen, Introduction, in Smith, The Theory of Moral Sentiments, ed. R. P. Hanley (London, 2010), pp. vii-xxvi. J. Robertson, The Legacy of Adam Smith: Government and Economic Development in The Wealth of Nations, in R. Bellamy (ed), Victorian Liberalism: Nineteenth-Century Political Thought and Practice, (London, 1990), 15-41 D. Lieberman, Adam Smith on Justice, Right and Law, in K. Haakonnsen (ed), Cambridge Companion to Adam Smith (Cambridge, 2006), pp. 214-245 S. J. Pack and E. Schliesser, Smiths Humean Criticism of Humes Account of the Origin of Justice, Journal of the History of Philosophy, 44 (2006), 47-63. G.J. Stigler, Smiths Travels on the Ship of State, in A. S. Skinner and T. Wilson (eds), Essays on Adam Smith, (Oxford, 1975), 237-46. J. Viner, Adam Smith and Laissez Faire, in D. A. Irwin (ed), Essays on the Intellectual History of Economics, (Princeton NJ, 1991), 85-113.

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K. Tribe, Natural Liberty and Laissez Faire: How Adam Smith became a Free Trade Ideologue, in S. Copley and K. Sutherland (eds), Adam Smiths Wealth of Nations: New Interdisciplinary Essays, (Manchester, 1995), 23-44. D. Winch, Science and the Legislator: Adam Smith and After, Economic Journal, I. Hont, Adam Smith and the Political Economy of the Unnatural and Retrograde Order, in Hont, Jealousy of Trade, pp. 354-388.93 (1983), 501-29. P. Bowles, Adam Smith and the Natural Progress of Opulence, Economica, n.s. 53 (1986), 109.118. S. Muthu, Adam Smiths Critique of International Trading Companies, Political Theory 36 (2008), 185-212. A. Oncken, The Consistency of Adam Smith, Economic Journal 7 (1897), 443-450. K. Tribe, Das Adam Smith Problem and the Origins of Modern Smith Scholarship, History of European Ideas 344 (2008), 514-525. J.-L. Peaucelle, Adam Smiths Use of Multiple References for His Pin Making Example, European Journal of the History of Economic Thought 13 (2006), 489-512.

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A6. BURKE

Set Text: Pre-Revolutionary Writings, ed. I. Harris, (Cambridge, 1993) Reflections on the Revolution in France, A Critical Edition, ed. J. C. D. Clark (Stanford CA, 2001) Further Reflections on the Revolution in France, ed. D. E. Ritchie, (Indianapolis, 1992)

Suggested secondary reading: F. P. Lock, Edmund Burke, Volume I: 1730-1784, Volume II: 1784-1797 (Oxford, 1999-2006) C.C. OBrien, The Great Melody: A Thematic Biography and Commented Anthology of Edmund Burke, (London, 1992) F. OGorman, Edmund Burke: His Political Philosophy, (London, 1973) B.T. Wilkins, The Problem of Burkes Political Philosophy, (Oxford, 1967) M. Freeman, Edmund Burke and his Critique of Political Radicalism, (Oxford, 1980) B. W. Young, Religion and Enlightenment in Eighteenth-Century England: Theological Debate from Locke to Burke (Oxford, 1998) I. Hampsher-Monk, Edmund Burke, in Hampsher-Monk, A History of Modern Political Thought (Oxford, 1992), pp. 261-304. J.G.A. Pocock, Burke and the Ancient Constitution: A Problem in the History of Ideas, in Pocock, Politics, Language and Time: Essays on Political Thought and History, (London, 1972), pp. 202-32. J.G.A. Pocock, The Political Economy of Burkes Analysis of the Revolution, in Pocock, Virtue, Commerce and History: Essays on Political Thought and History, chiefly in the Eighteenth Century, (Cambridge, 1985), pp. 192-212. J.G.A. Pocock, Introduction, to Pocock (ed), [Burke], Reflections on the Revolution in France, (Indianapolis IN, 1987), pp. vii-lvi. J.G.A. Pocock, Edmund Burke and the Redefinition of Enthusiasm: The Context as Counter-Revolution, in F. Furet and M.Ozouf, (eds), The French Revolution and the Creation of Modern Political Culture: The Transformation of Political Culture, 17891848 (Oxford, 1989), pp. 1943 I. Hampshire-Monk, Burke and the Religious Sources of Skeptical Conservatism, in J. van der Zande and R. H. Popkin, (eds), The Skeptical Tradition Around 1800 (Dordrecht, 1988), pp. 23559. J. Conniff, Edmund Burkes Reflections on the Coming Revolution in Ireland, Journal of the History of Ideas, 47 (1986), 37-59. J. R. Dinwiddy, Utility and Natural Law in Burkes Thought: A Reconsideration, Studies in Burke and his Time, 16 (1974), 105-28 P. Lucas, On Edmund Burkes Doctrine of Prescription: or, an Appeal from the New to the Old Lawyers, Historical Journal, 11 (1968), 35-63. H. Mitchell, Edmund Burkes Language of Politics and his Audience, Studies on Voltaire and the Eighteenth Century, 287 (1991), 335-60 H. Pitkin, Representing Unattached Interests: Edmund Burke, in Pitkin, The Concept of Representation, (Berkeley, CA, 1967), pp. 168-89 G. Claeys, The Reflections Refracted: the Critical Reception of Burke's Reflections on the Revolution in France During the Early 1790s, in J. Whale ed., Edmund Burke's Reflections on the Revolution in France. New Interdisciplinary Essays (Manchester, 2000), pp. 40-59. T. Schofield, Conservative Political Thought in Britain in Response to the French Revolution, Historical Journal, 29 (1986), 601-22 D. S. Kluge, Edmund Burke, Economical Reform, and the Board of Trade, 1777-1780, Journal of Modern History, 51 (1979), 185-200.

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D. Armitage, Edmund Burke and Reason of State Journal of the History of Ideas, 61 (2000), 617-634 I. Hampsher-Monk, Edmund Burkes Changing Justification for Intervention, Historical Journal (2005), 65-100. R. Bourke, Edmund Burke and the Politics of Conquest, Modern Intellectual History 4 (2007), 403-432. R. Bourke, Liberty, Authority and Trust in Burkes Idea of Empire, Journal of the History of Ideas 61 (2000), 45371.

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A7. WOLLSTONECRAFT

Set Text: A Vindication of the Rights of Man and A Vindication of the Rights of Woman, ed. S. Tomaselli, (Cambridge, 1995)

Suggested secondary reading: B. Taylor, Mary Wollstonecraft, in the Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (2004) J. Todd, Mary Wollstonecraft: A Revolutionary Life, (London, 2000) K. OBrien, Women and Enlightenment in Eighteenth-Century Britain (Cambridge, 2009) V. Sapiro, A Vindication of Political Virtue: The Political Theory of Mary Wollstonecraft, (Chicago, 1992) B. Taylor, Mary Wollstonecraft and the Feminist Imagination (Cambridge, 2003) H.N. Brailsford, Shelley, Godwin and their Circle, (2nd edn., London, 1951) M. J. Falco ed., Feminist Interpretations of Mary Wollstonecraft, (Pennsylvania, 1996) A. Browne, The Eighteenth Century Feminist Mind, (Brighton, 1987) H. Guest, Small Change: Women, Learning, Patriotism, 1750-1810, (Chicago, 2000), Introduction and Part IV J.B. Landes, Women in the Public Sphere in the Age of the French Revolution, (Ithaca, NY, 1988) S. Tomaselli, The Enlightenment Debate on Women, History Workshop, 20 (1985), 101-24. S. Tomaselli, The Most Public Sphere of all: the Family, in E. Eger, C. Grant, C. Gallchoir and P. Warburton (eds), Women, Writing and the Public Sphere 1700-1830, (Cambridge, 2001), pp. 239-56. D. Engster, Mary Wollstonecrafts Nurturing Liberalism: Between an Ethic of Justice and Care, American Political Science Review 95 (2001), 577-588. G J. Barker-Benfield, Mary Wollstonecraft: Eighteenth-Century Commonwealthswoman, Journal of the History of Ideas, 50 (1989), 95-115. M. Brody, Mary Wollstonecraft: Sexuality and Womens Rights, in D. Spender (ed), Feminist Theorists: Three Centuries of Womens Intellectual Traditions, (London, 1983), 40-59 D. Bromwich, Wollstonecraft as a Critic of Burke, Political Theory, 23 (1995), 617- 632. J. Conniff, Edmund Burke and His Critics: The Case of Mary Wollstonecraft, Journal of the History of Ideas, 60 (1999), 299-318. D. Guralnick, Radical Politics in Wollstonecrafts Vindication of the Rights of Women, Studies in Burke and his Time, 18 (1977), 155-66. R. M. Janes, On the Reception of Mary Wollstonecrafts A Vindication of the Rights of Women, Journal of the History of Ideas, 39 (1978), 293-302. T. OHagan, Rousseau and Wollstonecraft on Sexual Equality, in R. Bellamy and A. Ross (eds), A Textual Introduction to Social and Political Theory, (Manchester, 1996), pp. 123-54. M. Philp, Mary Wollstonecraft and Political Justice, in Philp, Godwins Political Justice, (London, 1986), pp. 175-92. K. OBrien, Catharine Macaulays Histories of England: A Female Perspective on the History of Liberty in B. Taylor and S. Knott (eds), Women, Gender and Enlightenment, (Basingstoke, 2005), pp. 523-37.

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A8. KANT

Set Texts: Groundwork of the Metaphysics of Morals, ed. M. Gregor (Cambridge, 1998) Political Writings, ed. H. Reiss, (2nd edn., Cambridge, 1991) Suggested secondary reading: M. Kuehn, Kant: A Biography (Cambridge, 2001) P. Guyer, Kant (London, 2006) A. Wood, Kant (Oxford, 2005) A. Wood, Kants Ethical Thought (Cambridge 1999) R. J. Sullivan, An Introduction to Kants Ethics, (Cambridge, 1994) J. Rawls, Lectures on the History of Moral Philosophy, Barbara Herman (ed), (Cambridge MA, 2000),Kant, pp. 143-325. S. Sedgwick, Kants Groundwork of the Metaphysics of Morals: An Introduction (Cambridge, 2008) H. E. Allison, Kants Theory of Freedom, (Cambridge, 1990). A. Ripstein, Force and Freedom: Kants Legal and Political Philosophy (Cambridge MA, 2009) P. Riley, Kants Political Philosophy, (Totowa NJ, 1983) E. Ellis, Kants Politics (New Haven, 2005), chs. 1-3 O. Hffe, Kants Cosmopolitan Theory of Law and Peace (Cambridge, 2006) D. Henrich, The Moral Image of the World, in Heinrich (ed), Aesthetic Judgement and the Moral Image of the World, (Stanford CA, 1992), 3-28 D. Henrich, The Deduction of the Moral Law: The Reasons for the Obscurity of the Final Sections of Kants Groundwork on the Metaphysics of Morals, in P. Guyer (ed), Kants Groundwork of the Metaphysics of Morals: Critical Essays, (New York, 1998), 303-41 R. Galvin, The Universal Law Formulas in T. E. Hill Jr. (ed), The Blackwell Guide to Kants Ethics (Oxford, 2009), pp. 52-82. O. Hffe, Kants Principle of Justice as Categorical Imperative of the Law, in Y. Yovel (ed), Kants Practical Philosophy Re-evaluated, (Dordrecht, 1989), 149-67P. R. A. Wood, Kants Practical Philosophy, in K. Ameriks (ed), The Cambridge Companion to German Idealism (Cambridge, 2000), 57-75 A. Wood, Kant and the Problem of Human Nature, in B. Jacobs and P. Kain (eds), Essays on Kants Anthropology (Cambridge, 2003), pp. 38-59. P. Frierson, Kantian Moral Pessimism in S. Anderson-Cold and P. Muchnik (eds), Kants Anatomy of Evil (Cambridge, 2010), pp. 33-56. P. Guyer, The Crooked Timber of Mankind in A Oksenberg Rorty and J. Schmidt (eds), Kants Idea for a Universal History with a Cosmopolitan Aim: A Critical Guide (Cambridge, 2009), pp. 129-149. R. B. Louden, Applying Kants Ethics: The Role of Anthropology in G. Bird (ed), A Companion to Kant: Blackwell Companions to Philosophy (Oxford, 2010), pp. 350-363. C. Taylor, Kants Theory of Freedom, in Taylor, Philosophy and the Human Sciences, 2 vols. (Cambridge, 1985), vol. 2, pp. 318-37 W. Kersting, Politics, Freedom and Order: Kants Political Philosophy, in P. Guyer (ed), The Cambridge Companion to Kant, (Cambridge, 1992), pp. 342-66. D. Henrich, On the Meaning of Rational Action in the State, in R. Beiner and W. J. Booth (eds), Kant and Political Philosophy: The Contemporary Legacy, (New Haven CT, 1993), pp. 97-116 R. B. Pippin, Mine and Thine: The Kantian State in P. Guyer (ed), The Cambridge

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Companion to Kant and Modern Philosophy (Cambridge, 2006), pp. 416-446. M. Gregor, Kants Theory of Property in S. Byrd and J. Hruschka (eds), Kant and Law (Aldershot, 2006), pp. 109-139. L. W. Beck, Kant and the Right to Revolution, Journal of the History of Ideas, 32 (1971), 411-22 T. E. Hill Jr, Questions about Kants Opposition to Revolution, Journal of Value Inquiry 36 (202), 283-298. K. B. Westphal, Kant on the State, Law, and Obedience to Authority in the Alleged Anti-Revolutionary Writings, Journal of Philosophical Research 17 (1992), 383-426. C. M. Korsgaard, Taking the Law into Our Own Hands: Kant on the Right of Revolution, in, A. Reath, B. Herman and C. Korsgaard, (eds), Reclaiming the History of Ethics: Essays for John Rawls (Cambridge, 1997), pp. 297-328. K. Flikschuh, Reason, Right, and Revolution: Kant and Locke, Philosophy and Public Affairs, 36 (2008), 375-404. P. P. Nicholson, Kant, Revolutions and History, in H. Williams (ed), Essays on Kants Political Philosophy, (Cardiff, 1992), pp. 249-68. W. Kersting, The Civil Constitution in Every State Shall Be a Republican One in K. Ameriks and O. Hffe, Kants Moral and Legal Philosophy (Cambridge, 2009), pp. 246-264. J. C. Laursen, The Subversive Kant: The Vocabulary of Public and Publicity, Political Theory, 14 (1986), 584-603 J. Habermas, Kants Idea of Perpetual Peace, with the Benefit of Two Hundred Years Hindsight in J. Bohman and M. Lutz-Bachmann, Perpetual Peace: Essays on Kants Cosmopolitan Ideal (Cambridge, MA, 1997), pp. 113-154. P. Kleingeld, Kantian Patriotism, Philosophy and Public Affairs, 29 (2000), 313-341.

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A9. BENTHAM

Set Texts: A Fragment on Government, ed. R. Harrison, (Cambridge, 1988) An Introduction to the Principles of Morals and Legislation, eds. J. H. Burns and H. L. A. Hart, (Oxford, 1996)

Suggested secondary reading: R. Harrison, Bentham, (London, 1983) J. Dinwiddy, Bentham, (Oxford, 1989) J. Waldron, Nonsense upon Stilts: Bentham, Burke and Marx on the Rights of Man, (London, 1987) E. Halvy, The Growth of Philosophic Radicalism, M. Morris ed., (London, 1928) P. Schofield, Utility and Democracy: the Political Thought of Jeremy Bentham, (Oxford 2006) F. Rosen, Jeremy Bentham and Representative Democracy: A Study of the Constitutional Code, (Oxford, 1983) L. J. Hume, Bentham and Bureaucracy, (Cambridge, 1981) D. Lyons, In the Interest of the Governed: A Study in Benthams Philosophy of Law, (Oxford, 1973) P. J. Kelly, Utilitarianism and Distributive Justice: Jeremy Bentham and the Civil Law, (Oxford, 1990) J.H. Burns, Bentham and Blackstone: A Lifetimes Dialectic, Utilitas, 1 (1989), 22-40 J. H. Burns, Benthams Critique of Political Fallacies, in B. Parekh (ed), Jeremy Bentham: Ten Critical Essays, (London, 1974) S. Darwall, Hume and the Invention of Utilitarianism in M. A. Stewart and J. P. Wright (eds), Hume and Humes Connexions, (Edinburgh, 1994), pp. 58-82. F. Rosen, The Origins of Liberal Utilitarianism: Jeremy Bentham and Liberty, in R. Bellamy (ed), Victorian Liberalism: Nineteenth-Century Political Thought and Practice, (London, 1990), pp. 58-70. P. J. Kelly, Classical Utilitarianism and the Concept of Freedom: A Response to the Republican Critique, Journal of Political Ideologies 6 (2001), 13-31. J. A. W. Gunn, Jeremy Bentham and the Public Interest, in J. Lively and A. Reeve (eds), Modern Political Theory from Hobbes to Marx: Key Debates, (London, 1989), pp. 199-219. H. L. A. Hart, Natural Rights: Bentham and John Stuart Mill, in Hart, Essays on Bentham: Jurisprudence and Political Theory, (Oxford, 1982), pp. 79-104. R. Shackleton, The Greatest Happiness of the Greatest Number: The History of Benthams Phrase, in Shackleton, Essays on Montesquieu and on the Enlightenment, (eds) D. Gilson and M. Smith, (Oxford, 1988), pp. 375-90. W. Thomas, Bentham and His Circle, in Thomas, The Philosophic Radicals: Nine Studies in Theory and Practice 1817-1841, (Oxford, 1979), 15-45. R. Whatmore, Etienne Dumont, the British Constitution, and the French Revolution, Historical Journal, 50 (2007), 23-47. D. Lieberman, Economy and Polity in Benthams Science of Legislation, in S. Collini, R. Whatmore and B. Young (eds), Economy, Polity and Society: British Intellectual History 1750-1950, (Cambridge, 2000), pp. 107-134. D. Wootton, Introduction. The Republican Tradition: From Commonwealth to Common Sense, in Wootton (ed), Republicanism, Liberty and Commercial Society 1649-1776, (Stanford CA, 1994), pp. 1-41.

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A10. CONSTANT

Set Text: Political Writings, ed. B. Fontana, (Cambridge, 1988)

Suggested secondary reading: G. de Stal, Considerations on the Principal Events of the French Revolution, ed. A. Craiutu (Indianapolis IN, 2008) A. Jainchill, Reimagining Politics After the Terror: The Republican Origins of French Liberalism (Ithaca NY, 2008) S. Holmes, Benjamin Constant and the Making of Modern Liberalism, (New Haven CT, 1984) G. A. Kelly, The Humane Comedy: Constant, Tocqueville and French Liberalism, (Cambridge, 1992) G. Dodge, Benjamin Constants Philosophy of Liberalism: A Study in Politics and Religion, (Chapel Hill NC, 1980) C. B. Welch, Liberty and Utility: The French Ideologues and the Transformation of Liberalism, (New York, 1984) B Fontana, Benjamin Constant and the Post-Revolutionary Mind (New Haven CT, 1991) H. Rosenblatt, Liberal Values: Benjamin Constant and the Politics of Religion (Cambridge, 2008) F. Furet, French Historians and the Reconstruction of the Republican Tradition, 1800-1848, in B. Fontana (ed), The Invention of the Modern Republic, (Cambridge, 1994), 173-91 S. Holmes, The Liberty to Denounce: Ancient and Modern, in H. Rosenblatt (ed), The Cambridge Companion to Benjamin Constant, (Cambridge, 2009), pp. 47-68. Jeremy Jennings, Constitutional Liberalism in France: from Benjamin Constant to Alexis de Tocqueville, in G. Stedman Jones & G. Claeys (eds), The Cambridge History of Nineteenth-Century Political Thought (Cambridge: forthcoming July 2011) I. Berlin, Two Concepts of Liberty, in Berlin, Four Essays on Liberty, (London, 1969), 118-72. L. Siedentop, Two Liberal Traditions, in A. Ryan ed., The Idea of Freedom, (Oxford, 1979), 153-74. G. Cubitt, Revolution, Reaction, Restoration: The Meanings and Uses of Seventeenth-Century English History in the Political Thinking of Benjamin Constant, c.1797-1830, European Review of History; 14 (2007), 21-47. B. Garsten, Religion and the Case against Ancient Liberty: Benjamin Constants Other Lectures Political Theory 38 (2010), 4-33. B. Garsten, Constant on the Religious Spirit of Liberalism, in Rosenblatt (ed), Cambridge Companion to Benjamin Constant, 286-312. A. Pitt, The Religion of the Moderns: Freedom and Authenticity in Constants De la Religion, History of Political Thought, 21 (2000), 67-87 K. S. Vincent, Benjamin Constant, the French Revolution, and the Origins of French Romantic Liberalism French Historical Studies 23 (2000), 607-637 R. Whatmore, The Politics of Political Economy from Rousseau to Constant, in M. Bevir and F. Trentman (eds), Markets in Historical Contexts. Ideas and Politics in the Modern World (Cambridge University Press, 2004), pp. 46-69. J. Pitts, Constants Thought on Slavery and Empire, in Rosenblatt (ed), Cambridge Companion to Benjamin Constant, pp. 115-145.

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A11. HEGEL

Set Texts: Elements of the Philosophy of Right, ed. A. Wood (Cambridge, 1991) Lectures on the Philosophy of World History: Introduction, Reason in History, ed. D. Forbes (Cambridge, 1975) Hegel: Political Writings, ed. L. Dickey (Cambridge, 1999)

Suggested secondary reading: T. Pinkard, Hegel: A Biography, (Cambridge, 2000) C. Beiser, Hegel (London, 2005) R. Plant, Hegel: An Introduction, (2nd edn., Oxford, 1983) L. Dickey, Hegel: Religion, Economics and the Politics of Spirit 1770-1807, (Cambridge, 1987) A.W. Wood, Hegels Ethical Thought, (Cambridge, 1990) R. R. Williams, Hegels Ethics of Recognition (Berkeley CA, 1997), Part 2: Recognition in the Philosophy of Right, (Cambridge, MA, 2000) F. Neuhouser, Foundations of Hegels Social Theory: Actualizing Freedom (Cambridge MA, 2000) J. Rawls, Lectures on the History of Moral Philosophy, Barbara Herman ed., (Cambridge MA, 2000), Hegel, pp. 329-371. D. Knowles, Routledge Philosophy Guidebook to Hegel and the Philosophy of Right (London, 2002) C .Taylor, Hegel and Modern Society, (Cambridge, 1979) S. Avineri, Hegels Theory of the Modern State, (Cambridge, 1972) E. Weil, Hegel and the State, trans. M.A. Cohen (Baltimore MD, 1998) J. McCarney, Hegel on History, (London, 2000), Part 2: The Course of History. M. Riedel, Between Tradition and Revolution: The Hegelian Transformation of Political Philosophy (Cambridge, 1984) R. Geuss, Art and Theodicy, in Geuss, Morality, Culture and History: Essays on German Philosophy (Cambridge, 1999), pp. 78-115. R. Geuss, Outside Ethics, in Geuss, Outside Ethics (Princeton NJ, 2005), pp. 40-66. R. Pippin, Hegels Practical Philosophy: The Realization of Freedom, in K. Ameriks (ed.), The Cambridge Companion to German Idealism (Cambridge, 2000), pp. 180-99 J. Shklar, Hegels Phenomenology: An Elegy for Hellas, in Z. A. Pelczynski (ed), Hegels Political Philosophy: Problems and Perspectives, (Cambridge, 1971), pp. 73-89 K.-H. Ilting, The Structure of Hegels Philosophy of Right, in Z. A. Pelczynski (ed), Hegels Political Philosophy: Problems and Perspectives, (Cambridge, 1971), pp. 90-110 K. Westphal, The Basic Context and Structure of Hegels Philosophy of Right, in F. C. Beiser (ed),The Cambridge Companion to Hegel (Cambridge, 1993), pp. 234-69. J. Waldron, Hegels Discussion of Property, in Waldron, The Right to Private Property, (Oxford, 1988), pp. 343-89 G. Stedman Jones, Hegel and the Economics of Civil Society in S. Kaviraj and S. Khilnani (eds), Civil Society: History and Possibilities, (Cambridge, 2001) J. Habermas, Hegels Critique of the French Revolution and On Hegels Political Writings, in Habermas, Theory and Practice, J. Viertel trans., (London, 1974) pp. 121-41 and 170-94 L. Siep, The Aufhebung of Morality in Ethical Life, in L. S. Stepelevich and D. Lamb (eds), Hegels Philosophy of Action, (Atlantic Highlands NJ, 1983), pp. 137-56 M. J. Inwood, Hegel, Plato and Greek Sittlichkeit, in Z. A. Pelczynski (ed), The State

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and Civil Society: Studies in Hegels Political Philosophy, (Cambridge, 1984), pp. 40-54 C.J. Nederman, Hegel on the Medieval Foundations of the Modern State, in Nederman, Lineages of European Political Thought: Explorations along the Medieval/Modern Divide from John of Salisbury to Hegel ((Washington D.C., 2009), pp. 323-342. Z.A. Pelczynski, Political Community and Individual Freedom in Hegels Philosophy of State, in Pelczynski (ed), The State and Civil Society: Studies in Hegels Political Philosophy, (Cambridge, 1984), pp. 55-76 D. Henrich, Logical Form and Real Totality: The Authentic Conceptual Form of Hegels Concept of the State, in R. Pippin and O. Hffe (eds), Hegel on Ethics and Politics (Cambridge, 2004), pp. 241-267. L. Dickey, Hegel on Religion and Philosophy, in F. C. Beiser (ed), The Cambridge Companion to Hegel, (Cambridge, 1993), pp. 301-47

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A12. TOCQUEVILLE Set Text: Democracy in America, eds. H. C. Mansfield and D. Winthrop (Chicago IL, 2000); or as Democracy in America, De La Dmocracy en Amrique, Bilingual edition, Eduardo Nolla (ed.), Translated by James T. Schleifer, 4 vols., Liberty Press, 2010), with a helpful introduction by the editor.

Suggested secondary reading: L. Siedentop, Tocqueville, (Oxford, 1994) C. Welch (ed.), The Cambridge Companion to Tocqueville (Cambridge, 2006) Tocqueville, The Old Regime and the Revolution, eds. F. Furet and F. Mlonio (Chicago IL, 1998) Tocqueville on America after 1840: Letters and Other Writings, eds. A. Craiutu and J. Jennings (Cambridge, 2009) The Tocqueville Reader: A Life in Letters and Politics, eds. O. Zunz and A. S. Kahan (Oxford, 2002) H. Brogan, Alexis de Tocqueville: Prophet of Democracy in the Age of Revolution, A Biography (London, 2006) L. Damrosch, Tocquevilles Discovery of America (New York, 2010). C. B. Welch, De Tocqueville (Oxford, 2001) P. Manent, Tocqueville and the Nature of Democracy (Lanham MD, 1996). R. Swedberg, Tocquevilles Political Economy (Princeton NJ, 2009) J. Elster, Alexis de Tocqueville: The First Social Scientist (Cambridge, 2009) S. Wolin, Tocqueville Between Two Worlds (Princeton NJ, 2001) R. Boesche, The Strange Liberalism of Alexis de Tocqueville, (Ithaca NY, 1987) P. A. Rahe, Soft Despotism, Democracys Drift: Montesquieu, Rousseau, Tocqueville and the Modern Prospect (New Haven CT, 2009), Book 3 The Democratic Republic Reconsidered. G. A. Kelly, The Humane Comedy: Constant, Tocqueville and French Liberalism, (Cambridge, 1992) Jeremy Jennings, Constitutional Liberalism in France: from Benjamin Constant to Alexis de Tocqueville, in G. Stedman Jones & G. Claeys (eds), The Cambridge History of Nineteenth-Century Political Thought (Cambridge: forthcoming July 2011) J. Greenaway, Burke and Tocqueville on Conservatism, in R. Bellamy and A. Ross (eds), A Textual Introduction to Social and Political Theory, (Manchester, 1996), 179- 204 H. Mitchell, The Changing Conditions of Freedom: Tocqueville in the Light of Rousseau, History of Political Thought 9 (1988), 431-453. H. Mitchell, Alexis de Tocqueville and the Legacy of the French Revolution, in F. Fehr (ed), The French Revolution and the Birth of Modernity, (Berkeley CA, 1990), 240-63. A. Craiutu, Tocqueville and the Political Thought of the Doctrinaires, History of Political Thought 20 (1999). M. Richter, Tocqueville and Guizot on Democracy: from a Type of Society to a Political Regime History of European Ideas, 30 (2004), 61-82. R. Boesche, Why did Tocqueville think a successful revolution was impossible? in Liberty, Equality, Democracy, ed. E. Nolla. (New York, 1992), pp. 1-20. J. Elster, Consequences of Constitutional Choice: Reflections on Tocqueville, in J. Elster and R. Slagstad (eds), Constitutionalism and Democracy, (Cambridge, 1988), 81-102. S. Kessler, Tocqueville's Puritans: Christianity and the American Founding, 54(1992) Journal

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of Politics, pp. 776-792 R. Boesche, Why Did Tocqueville Fear Abundance? Or the Tension Between Commerce and Citizenship, History of European Ideas, 9 (1988), 25-45. M. Drolet, Democracy and Political Economy: Tocqueville's Thoughts on J.-B. Say and T.R. Malthus, History of European Ideas, 29 (2003), 159-181. D. Bell, John Stuart Mill on Colonies, Political Theory, 38 (2010) J. Pitts, Tocqueville and the Algeria Question, in Pitts, A Turn to Empire (Princeton NJ, 2005), ch. 7. M. J. Mancini, Too Many Tocquevilles: The Fable of Tocqueville's American Reception Journal of the History of Ideas, 69 (2008), 245-268.

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A13. J. S. MILL

Set Texts: On Liberty; with The Subjection of Women; and Chapters on Socialism, ed. S. Collini (Cambridge, 1989) Considerations on Representative Government, in Mill, Utilitarianism; On Liberty; Considerations on Representative Government &c., ed. G. Williams., (London, 1993)

Suggested secondary reading: R. Reeves, John Stuart Mill: Victorian Firebrand (London, 2007) J. Skorupski, John Stuart Mill, (London, 1991) J. J. M. Robson, The Improvement of Mankind: The Social and Political Thought of John Stuart Mill, (London, 1968) F. Rosen, Classical Utilitarianism from Hume to Mill (London, 2003) F. Rosen, From Jeremy Bentham's radical philosophy to J. S. Mill's philosophic radicalism, in G. Stedman Jones & G. Claeys (eds), The Cambridge History of Nineteenth-Century Political Thought (Cambridge, forthcoming July 2011) R. Harrison, John Stuart Mill, Mid-Victorian, in Stedman Jones & Claeys (eds), Cambridge History of Nineteenth-Century Political Thought. Duncan Kelly, The Propriety of Liberty: Persons, Passions, and Judgement in Modern Political Thought (Princeton, 2010), Ch. 4 J. Rawls, Lectures on the History of Political Philosophy, Samuel Freeman (ed), (Cambridge MA, 2007), Lectures on Mill, pp. 251-316. R. Crisp, Routledge Philosophy Guidebook to Mill on Utilitarianism, (London, 1997) J. Riley, Mill on Liberty, (London, 1998) J. Gray and G. W. Smith, J. S. Mill on Liberty: In Focus, (London, 1991) A. Pyle ed., Liberty: Contemporary Responses to John Stuart Mill, (Bristol, 1994) D.F. Thompson, John Stuart Mill and Representative Government, (Princeton NJ, 1976) N. Urbinati, Mill on Democracy: From the Athenian Polis to Representative Government (Chicago, 2002) N. Urbinati & A. Zakaras (eds.), J. S. Mills Political Thought: A Bicentennial Reassessment (Cambridge, 2007) D. Winch, Wealth and Life: Essays on the Intellectual History of Political Economy in Britain, 1848-1914 (Cambridge, 2009), Part 1 Mills Principles, pp. 27-88. F. Hayek, John Stuart Mill and Harriet Taylor: Their Correspondence and Subsequent Marriage, (London, 1951) A. P. Robson and J. M. Robson, Sexual Equality: Writings by John Stuart Mill, Harriet Taylor Mill and Helen Taylor, (Toronto, 1994) J.H. Burns, J. S. Mill and Democracy, 1829-61, in J. B. Schneewind (ed), Mill: A Collection of Critical Essays, (Notre Dame IN, 1968), pp. 280-328. J.H. Burns, The Light of Reason: Philosophical History in the Two Mills, in J. M. Robson and M. Laine (eds), James and John Stuart Mill: Papers of the Centenary Conference, (Toronto, 1976), pp. 3-20. S. Collini, The Tendencies of Things: John Stuart Mill and the Philosophic Method, in S. Collini, D. Winch and J. Burrow (eds), That Noble Science of Politics: A Study in Nineteenth-Century Intellectual History, (Cambridge, 1983), 127-60. H. L. A. Hart, Natural Rights: Bentham and John Stuart Mill, in Hart, Essays on Bentham: Jurisprudence and Political Theory, (Oxford, 1982), pp. 79-104. G.W. Smith, Freedom and Virtue in Politics: Some Aspects of Character, Circumstances and Utility from Helvetius to J. S. Mill, Utilitas, 1 (1989), 112-34. M. Mandelbaum, On Interpreting Mills Utilitariansm, Journal of the History of Philosophy, 6 (1968), 35-46

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D. Edwards, Toleration and Mills Liberty of Thought and Discussion, in S. Mendus (ed), Justifying Toleration: Conceptual and Historical Perspectives, (Cambridge, 1988), 87-114. S. Holmes, The Positive Constitutionalism of John Stuart Mill, in Holmes, Passion and Constraint: On the Theory of Liberal Democracy, (Chicago, 1995), pp. 178-201. A. Millar, Mill on Religion, in J. Skorupski (ed), The Cambridge Companion to Mill, (Cambridge, 1998), pp. 176-202. J.M. Robson, Civilisation and Culture as Moral Concepts, in Skorupski (ed), The Cambridge Companion to Mill, pp. 338-71. A. Ryan, Two Concepts of Politics and Democracy: James and John Stuart Mill, in J. Lively and A. Reeve (eds), Modern Political Theory from Hobbes to Marx: Key Debates, (London, 1989), pp. 220-37. L. Siedentop, Two Liberal Traditions, in A. Ryan (ed), The Idea of Freedom: Essays in Honour of Isaiah Berlin, (Oxford, 1979), pp. 153-74. W. Thomas, John Stuart Mill and the Crisis of Benthamism, in Thomas, The Philosophic Radicals: Nine Studies in Theory and Practice 1817-1841, (Oxford, 1979), pp. 147-205. R. Wollheim, Mill: The Ends of Life and the Preliminaries of Mortality, in T. Honderich ed., Philosophy Through its Past, (Harmondsworth, 1984), pp. 335-355 A. Valls, Self-Development and the Liberal State: The Cases of John Stuart Mill and Wilhelm von Humboldt, Review of Politics 61 (1999), 251-274. S. Collini, Introduction, to John Stuart Mill, Essays on Equality, Law and Education, J. M. Robson ed., (Toronto, 1984) J. Riley, Mills Political Economy: Ricardian Science and Liberal Utilitarian Art, in Skorupski (ed), The Cambridge Companion to Mill, pp. 293-337. J. Riley, J. S. Mills Liberal Utilitarian Assessment of Capitalism versus Socialism, Utilitas, 8 (1996), 39-71. O. Kurer, J.S. Mill and Utopian Socialism, Economic Record 68 (1992), 222-232. D. E. Miller, Mills Socialism, Politics, Philosophy & Economics 2 (2003), 213-238. J. Medearis, Labor, Democracy, Utility and Mills Critique of Private Property, American Journal of Political Science 49 (2005), 135-149. J. Annas, Mill and the Subjection of Women, Philosophy, 52 (1977), 179-94. M.L. Shanley, The Subjection of Women, in Skorupski (ed), Cambridge Companion to Mill, pp. 396-422. M. L. Shanley, Marital Slavery and Friendship: John Stuart Mills The Subjection of Women, Political Theory, 9 (1981), 229-47

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A14. MARX

Set Texts: The Communist Manifesto, ed. G. Stedman Jones, (London, 2002) Marx: Early Political Writings, J. OMalley and R. A. Davis eds (Cambridge, 1994) Marx: Later Political Writings, ed. T. Carver (Cambridge, 1996) Capital; A Critique of Political Economy, Vol. I, ed. B. Fowkes (Harmondsworth, 1976) Part 8: So-Called Primitive Accumulation Marx-Zasulich correspondence in T. Shanin ed., Late Marx and the Russian Road: Marx and the Peripheries of Capitalism (London, 1983)

Suggested secondary reading:

F. Wheen, Karl Marx: A Life (London, 1999) T. Hunt, The Frock-Coated Communist: The Revolutionary Life of Friedrich Engels (London, 2009) L. Kolakowski, Main Currents of Marxism, Vol. 1 The Founders (Oxford, 1978) J. Rawls, Lectures on the History of Political Philosophy, Samuel Freeman (ed), (Cambridge MA, 2007), Lectures on Marx, pp. 319-372. S. S. Wolin, Politics and Vision: Continuity and Innovation in Western Political Thought, expanded edn., (Princeton NJ, 2004), chapter 12 Marx: Theorist of the Political Economy of the Proletariat or of Uncollapsed Capitalism?, pp. 406-453. D. Leopold, The Young Karl Marx: German Philosophy, Modern Politics, and Human Flourishing (Cambridge, 2007) J. Elster, An Introduction to Karl Marx, (Cambridge, 1986) G.A. Cohen, Karl Marxs Theory of History: A Defence, (London, 1979) A. Heller, The Theory of Need in Marx, (London, 1976) P. J. Kain, Marx and Ethics, (Oxford, 1988) J. Maguire, Marxs Theory of Politics, (Cambridge, 1978) R. Miller, Analyzing Marx: Morality, Power and History, (Princeton NJ, 1984) M. Musto ed, Karl Marx's Grundrisse : Foundations of the Critique of Political Economy 150 Years Later (London; 2008) R. Bellofiore and R. Fineschi eds, Re-reading Marx : New Perspectives After the Critical Edition (Basingstoke, 2009) G. Stedman Jones, Introduction to The Communist Manifesto, ed. G. Stedman Jones, (London, 2002) D.R. Kelley, The Metaphysics of Law: An Essay on the Very Young Marx, American Historical Review, 83 (1978), 350-67. D.R. Kelley, The Science of Anthropology: An Essay on the Very Old Marx, Journal of the History of Ideas, 45 (1984), 245-62. S. Lukes, Marxism and Morality, (Oxford, 1987) G.A. Cohen, Forces and Relations of Production and Marxism and Functional Explanation in J. Roemer (ed), Analytical Marxism, (Cambridge, 1986), pp. 11-22 and 221-234. G.A. Cohen, A Reply to Elster, in A. Callinicos (ed), Marxist Theory, (Oxford, 1989), pp. 88-104. J. Elster, Further Thoughts on Marxism, Functionalism and Game Theory, in Roemer (ed), Analytical Marxism, (Cambridge, 1986), pp. 202-220. J. Elster, Marxism, Functionalism and Game Theory: The Case for Methodological Individualism, in A. Callinicos (ed), Marxist Theory, (Oxford, 1989), pp. 48-87 W. J. Booth, Gone Fishing: Making Sense of Marxs Concept of Communism, Political Theory, 17 (1989), 205-222.

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T. Carver, Communism for Critical Critics? The German Ideology and the Problem of Technology, History of Political Thought, 9 (1988), 129-136. D. Gregory, Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels Knowledge of French Socialism in 1842-3, Historical Reflections, 10 (1983), 143-193. N. Levine, The German Historical School of Law and the Origins of Historical Materialism, Journal of the History of Ideas, 48 (1987), 431-451. J. Fracchia, Marx's Aufhebung of Philosophy and the Foundations of a Materialist Science of History History and Theory, 30 (1991), 153-179. Z. A. Pelczynski, Nation, Civil Society, State: Hegelian Sources of the Marxian Non-Theory of Nationality, in Pelczynski (ed), The State and Civil Society: Studies in Hegels Political Philosophy, (Cambridge, 1984), 262-278. G. Wada, Marx and Revolutionary Russia, in T. Shanin (ed), Late Marx and the Russian Road: Marx and the Peripheries of Capitalism, (London, 1983), 40-75. G. Stedman Jones, Radicalism and the Extra-European World: the Case of Marx in D. Bell ed., Victorian Visions of Global Order: Empire and International Relations in Nineteenth Century Political Thought (Cambridge, 2008), pp. 186-214 G. Reuten, Karl Marx: His Work and the Major Changes of Interpretation, inW. J. Samuels, J. E. Biddle and J.B. Davis (eds), A Companion to the History of Economic Thought (Oxford, 2007), pp. 148-166. A. Roncaglia, Karl Marx, in Roncaglia, The Wealth of Ideas: A History of Economic Thought (Cambridge, 2005), pp. 244-277.

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B15. HUMAN NATURE AND HISTORY IN THE ENLIGHTENMENT

Suggested primary reading: I. Kant, Political Writings, ed. H. Reiss, trans. H. B. Nisbet, 2nd edn. (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1991), esp. pp. 41-60, 192-234. J. G. Herder, Another Philosophy of History and Selected Political Writings, Ioannis D. Evrigenis and Daniel Pellerin eds. (Indianapolis IN, 2004) J. G. Herder, Ideas for a Philosophy of the History of Mankind (1784-91), in J. G. Herder on Social and Political Culture, ed. F. M. Barnard (London, 1969), esp. pp. 253-271, 311-326. J. Schmidt, ed., What is Enlightenment? Eighteenth-century answers and twentieth-century questions (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1996), esp. essays by Jacobi (1782), Mendelssohn, Kant, Reinhold, Hamann (all 1784)

Suggested secondary reading: J. H. Zammito, Kant, Herder and the Birth of Anthropology. (Chicago IL, 2002) J. Passmore, The Perfectibility of Man, (London, 1970) F. M. Barnard, Self-Direction and Political Legitimacy: Rousseau and Herder, (Oxford, 1988) H. Brunschwig, Enlightenment and Romanticism in Eighteenth-Century Prussia, (Chicago, 1974) F. C. Beiser, The Fate of Reason: German Philosophy from Kant to Fichte, (Cambridge MA, 1987) F. C. Beiser, Enlightenment, Revolution and Romanticism: The Genesis of Modern German Political Thought 1790-1800, (Cambridge MA, 1992) C. W. J. Withers, Placing the Enlightenment: Thinking Geographically about the Age of Reason (Chicago IL, 2007) J. Robertson, The Case for the Enlightenment: Scotland and Naples 1680-1760 (Cambridge, 2005), chapter 1 and Conclusion, pp. 1-51 and 377-405. K. Epstein, The Genesis of German Conservatism, (Princeton NJ, 1966) J. K. Wright, Historical Writing in the Enlightenment World, in M. Fitzpatrick, P. Jones, C. Knellwolf and I. McCalman (eds.), The Enlightenment World, (London, 2004), pp. 207-216. D. F. Norton and M. Kuehn, The Foundations of Morality, in K. Haakonssen (ed.) The Cambridge History of Eighteenth-Century Philosophy (Cambridge, 2006), vol. 2, pp. 241-986. A. Meyer, The Experience of Human Diversity and the Search for Unity: Concepts of Mankind in the Late Enlightenment Studi Settecenteschi 21 (2001), 244-64. J. B. Schneewind, Toward Enlightenment: Kant and the Sources of Darkness, in D. Rutherford (ed.), Cambridge Companion to Early Modern Philosophy (Cambridge, 2006), pp. 328-351. I. Berlin, The Counter-Enlightenment, in Berlin, Against the Current: Essays in the History of Ideas, H. Hardy ed., (Oxford, 1981), pp. 1-24. R. E. Norton, The Myth of the Counter-Enlightenment, Journal of the History of Ideas 68 (2007), 635-658. W. Pross, Naturalism, Anthropology and Culture, in M. Goldie and R. Wokler (eds.), The Cambridge History of Eighteenth-Century Political Thought (Cambridge, 2006), pp. 218-247. H. Rosenblatt, The Christian Enlightenment, in S. J. Brown and T. Tackett eds., The Cambridge History of Christianity, 16001815 (Cambridge, 2006), pp. 283301. J. G. A. Pocock, The Re-Description of Enlightenment, Proceedings of the British Academy 125 (2005), 101-117. J. G. A. Pocock, Enlightenment and Counter-Enlightenment, Revolution and Counter-

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Revolution: A Eurosceptical Inquiry, History of Political Thought, 20 (1999), 12539. J.G.A. Pocock, Historiography and Enlightenment: A View of Their History, Modern Intellectual History 5(2008), 83-96. Robertson, John The Enlightenments of J. G. A. Pocock, Storia della storiografia History of Historiography, 39 (2001), 140-51. The case for the Enlightenment: a Comparative Approach, in J. Mali and R. Wokler eds., Isaiah Berlins Counter-Enlightenment Transactions of the American Philosophical Society, 93 (2003), part 5, 73-90. J. Israel, Enlightenment! Which Enlightenment?, Journal of the History of Ideas, 67 (2006), 52345. J. Schmidt, Inventing the Enlightenment: British Hegelians, Anti-Jacobins, and the Oxford English Dictionary, Journal of the History of Ideas, 64 (2003), 42143. J. Schmidt, What Enlightenment Project?, Political Theory, 734-757. F. Meinecke, Herder, in Meinecke, Historism: The Rise of a New Historical Outlook, J. E. Anderson ed., (London, 1972), pp. 295-372. C. Taylor, The Importance of Herder, in Taylor, Philosophical Arguments, (Cambridge MA, 1995), pp. 79-99. S. Wiborg, Political and Cultural Nationalism in Education: The Ideas of Rousseau and Herder concerning National Education, Comparative Education 36 (2000), 235-243. T. P. Saine, Whos Afraid of Christian Wolff?, in A.C. Kors and P.J. Korshin (eds), Anticipations of the Enlightenment in England, France and Germany, (Philadelphia, 1987), pp. 102-33. D. Denby, Herder: Culture, Anthropology and the Enlightenment, History of the Human Sciences, 18 (2005), 55-76. D. Linker, The Reluctant Pluralism of J. G. Herder, Review of Politics 62 (2000), 267- S. Sikka, Enlightened Relativism: The Case of Herder, Philosophy and Social Criticism 31 (2005), 309-341. S. Meld Shell, Kants Idea of History, in Meld Shell, The Embodiment of Reason: Kant on Spirit, Generation and Community, (Chicago, 1996), pp. 161-89. R. Velkley, The Tension in the Beautiful: On Culture and Civilisation in Rousseau and German Philosophy, in C. Orwin and N. Tarcov (eds), The Legacy of Rousseau, (Chicago, 1997), pp. 65-86.

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B16. COMMERCIAL SOCIETY AND THE AMBIGUITIES OF CIVILISATION

Suggested primary reading: B. Mandeville, The Fable of the Bees, 2 vols., F. B. Kaye ed., (Indianapolis, 1988) A. Ferguson, An Essay on the History of Civil Society, ed. F. Oz-Salzberger (Cambridge, 1995)

Suggested secondary reading: J. G. A. Pocock, The Machiavellian Moment: Florentine Political Thought and the Atlantic Republican Tradition, (Princeton NJ, 1975), Chapters 12-14 A. O. Hirschman, The Passions and the Interests: Political Arguments for Capitalism before its Triumph, (Princeton NJ, 1977) I. Hont, Jealousy of Trade (Cambridge, Mass, 2005), Introduction pp. 1-156, and chapters 1, 2, 5 and 6. R. L. Meek, Social Science and the Ignoble Savage, (Cambridge, 1976) D. Winch, Riches and Poverty: An Intellectual History of Political Economy in Britain 1750-1834, (Cambridge, 1996), Part I, 57-89 T. A. Horne, The Social Thought of Bernard Mandeville: Virtue and Commerce in Early Eighteenth Century England, (London, 1978), Chapter 3. E, J, Hundert, The Enlightenment's Fable (Cambridge, 1994) N. O. Keohane, Philosophy and the State in France: The Renaissance to the Enlightenment, (Princeton NJ, 1980), Parts III and IV H. C. Clark, Compass of Society: Commerce and Absolutism in Old Regime France (Lanham MD, 2007), chapters 2-8. J. Shovlin, The Political Economy of Virtue: Luxury, Patriotism, and the Origins of the French Revolution (Ithaca NY, 2006) J.G.A. Pocock, Barbarism and Religion, Vol. 3: The First Decline and Fall (Cambridge, 2003), chapter 16, pp. 372-416. J. Robertson, The Scottish Enlightenment and the Militia Issue (Edinburgh, 1985) J. Robertson, The Case for the Enlightenment: Scotland and Naples 1680-1760 (Cambridge, 2005), chapter 7, The Advent of Enlightenment: Political Economy in Naples and Scotland 1730-1760, pp. 325-376. I. Hont, The Early Enlightenment Debate on Commerce and Luxury, in M. Goldie and R. Wokler (eds.), The Cambridge History of Eighteenth-Century Political Thought (Cambridge, 2006), pp. 379-418. I. Hont, Commercial Society and Political Theory in the Eighteenth Century: the Problem of Authority in David Hume and Adam Smith, in W. Melching and W. Velema (eds), Main Trends in Cultural History: Ten Essays, (Amsterdam, 1994), pp. 54- 94. M. Sonenscher, Property, Community and Citizenship, in M. Goldie and R. Wokler (eds), The Cambridge History of Eighteenth-Century Political Thought (Cambridge, 2006), pp. 465-496. J. G. A. Pocock, Virtues, Rights and Manners: A Model for Historians of Political Thought, in Pocock, Virtue, Commerce and History: Essays on Political Thought and History chiefly in the Eighteenth Century, (Cambridge, 1985), 37-50 J. G. A. Pocock, Perceptions of Modernity in Early Modern Historical Thinking, Intellectual History Review 17 (2007), 79-92. A. O. Hirschman, Rival Views of Market Society, in Hirschman, Rival Views of Market Society and other Recent Essays, (New York, 1986), 105-41 D. van Kley, Pierre Nicole, Jansenism, and the Morality of Enlightened Self Interest in A. C.

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Kors and P. J. Korshin, (eds), Anticipations of the Enlightenment in England, France, and Germany, (Philadelphia PA, 1987), pp. 69-85. E. J. Hundert, Bernard Mandeville and the Enlightenments Maxims of Modernity, Journal of the History of Ideas, 56 (1994), 57793. J. Viner, The Intellectual History of Laissez Faire, in Viner, Essays on the Intellectual History of Economics, D. A. Irwin ed., (Princeton NJ, 1991), pp. 200-25 J. Robertson, The Scottish Enlightenment at the Limits of the Civic Tradition in I. Hont and M. Ignatieff (eds), Wealth and Virtue: The Shaping of Political Economy in the Scottish Enlightenment, (Cambridge, 1983), pp. 137-78. M. Sonenscher, Property, Community and Citizenship, in M. Goldie and R. Wokler (eds), The Cambridge History of Eighteenth-Century Political Thought (Cambridge, 2006), pp. 465-496. F.A Hayek, The Results of Human Actions But Not of Human Design, in Hayek, Studies in Philosophy, Politics and Economics, (London, 1967). E. Heath, Ferguson on the Unintended Emergence of Social Order, in E. Heath and V. Merolle (eds), Adam Ferguson: Philosophy, Politics and Society (London, 2009), pp. 155-168. C. Finlay, Rhetoric and Citizenship in Adam Fergusons Essay on the History of Civil Society, History of Political Thought, 27:1 (2006), 27-49 R. B. Sher, From Troglodytes to Americans: Montesquieu and the Scottish Enlightenment on Liberty, Virtue, and Commerce, in David Wootton (ed), Republicanism, Liberty and Commercial Society 1649-1776, (Stanford CA, 1994), 368-402. G .L. McDowell, Commerce, Virtue and Politics: Adam Fergusons Constitutionalism, Review of Politics, 45 (1983), 36-52. I. McDaniel, Ferguson, Roman History and the Threat of Military Government in Modern Europe, in E. Heath and V. Merolle (eds), Adam Ferguson: History, Progress and Human Nature (London, 2007), pp. 115-130. R. B. Sher, Adam Ferguson, Adam Smith, and the Problem of National Defense Journal of Modern History 61 (1989), 240-68. D. Kettler, History and Theory in Fergusons Essay on the History of Civil Society, Political Theory, 5 (1977), 437-60 D. Raynor, Ferguson's Reflections Previous to the Establishment of a Militia', in E. Heath and V. Merolle (eds.) Adam Ferguson: History, Progress and Human Nature, pp. 65-72. J. D. Brewer, Adam Ferguson and the Theme of Exploitation, British Journal of Sociology, 37 (1986), 461-78. R. Hamowy, Adam Smith, Adam Ferguson and the Division of Labour, Economica, n.s. 35 (1968), 244-259. R. Hamowy, Scottish Thought and the American Revolution: Adam Fergusons Response to Richard Price, in D. Womersley (ed), Liberty and the American Experience in the Eighteenth Century (Indianapolis IN, 2006), pp. 348-387.

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B17. ENLIGHTENED REFORM AND POLITICS IN EUROPE

Suggested Primary Reading: Voltaire, Political Writings, ed. D. Williams (Cambridge, 1994) Frederick of Prussia, Anti-Machiavel, ed. P. Sonnino, (Athens, OH, 1981) D. Diderot, Political Writings, eds. J. Hope Mason and R. Wokler (Cambridge, 1992) A. Lentin ed., Enlightened Absolutism (1760-1790): A Documentary Sourcebook, (Newcastle-upon-Tyne, 1985)

Suggested Secondary Reading: F. Venturi, Utopia and Reform in the Enlightenment, (Cambridge, 1971) F. Venturi, The End of the Old Regime in Europe 1776-1789, 3 vols., (Princeton NJ, 1989-1991) R. Koselleck, Critique and Crisis: Enlightenment and the Pathogenesis of Modern Society, (Oxford, 1988) J. I. Israel, Enlightenment Contested: Philosophy, Modernity, and the Emancipation of Man 1670-1752 (Oxford, 2006), chapters 9-12. M.A. Goldie and R. Wokler (eds), The Cambridge History of Eighteenth-Century Political Thought (Cambridge 2006), especially Parts 1, 2 and 5. E. H. Balzs, Hungary and the Hapsburgs 1765-1800: An Experiment in Enlightened Absolutism, (Budapest, 1997) D. Beales, Enlightenment and Reform in Eighteenth-Century Europe (London, 2005), especially chapters 1-3, 11-12. D. Beales, Joseph II, Volume I: In the Shadow of Maria Theresa 1714-1780, (Cambridge, 1987) D. Beales, Joseph II, Volume I: Against the World, 1780-1790 (Cambridge, 2009) U. Adam, The Political Economy of J.H.G. Justi (Berne, 2006), chapters 3-5. T. Blanning, The Pursuit of Glory: Europe 1648-1815 (London, 2007), Parts 2 and 4. H.M. Scott (ed), Enlightened Absolutism: Reform and Reformers in Later Eighteenth-Century Europe, (Basingstoke, 1990) J. Gagliardo, Enlightened Despotism, (London, 1968) W. Oppenheim, Europe and the Enlightened Despots, (London, 1990) R. Wines ed., Enlightened Despotism: Reform or Reaction?, (Boston, 1967) M. Cranston, Philosophers and Pamphleteers: Political Theorists of the Enlightenment, (Oxford, 1986) D H.C. Payne, The Philosophers and the People, (New Haven CT, 1976) P. Gay, The Party of Humanity: Essays in the French Enlightenment, (2nd edn., New York, 1971) N.O. Keohane, Philosophy and the State in France: The Renaissance and the Enlightenment, (Princeton NJ, 1980) P. Gay, Voltaires Politics: The Poet as Realist, (2nd edn., New Haven CT, 1988) H. Mason, Voltaire, (London, 1975) A. Strugnell, Diderots Politics: A Study of the Evolution of Diderots Political Thought after the Encyclopedie, (The Hague, 1973) I.O. Wade, The Intellectual Origins of the French Enlightenment, (Princeton NJ, 1971) F. Venturi, The European Enlightenment, in Venturi, Italy and the Enlightenment: Studies in a Cosmopolitan Century, S. Corsi trans., (London, 1972), pp. 1-32. D. Wootton, Introduction. The Republican Tradition: From Commonwealth to Common Sense, toWootton (ed), Republicanism, Liberty and Commercial Society 1649-1776,

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(Stanford CA, 1994), pp. 1-41 R. Shackleton, Allies and Enemies: Voltaire and Montesquieu and When did the French Philosophes become a Party? in Shackleton, Essays on Montesquieu and on the Enlightenment, D. Gilson and M. Smith eds., (Oxford, 1988), pp. 53-70 and 447-60. D. Beales, Philosophical Kingship and Enlightened Despotism, M. Goldie and R. Wokler (eds), The Cambridge History of Eighteenth-Century Political Thought (Cambridge, 2006), pp 497-524. Steiner, Philippe Wealth and Power: Quesnays Political Economy of the Agricultural Kingdom, European Journal of the History of Economic Thought, 24 (2002), 91-110. P. Cheney, Physiocracy and the Politics of History, in Cheney, Revolutionary Commerce: Globalization and the French Monarchy (Cambridge MA, 2010), chapter 5, pp. 141-167. G. Parry, Enlightened Government and its Critics in Eighteenth-Century Germany, Historical Journal, 6, (1963), pp. 178-92 C. Ingrao, The Problem of "Enlightened Absolutism and the German States, Journal of Modern History, 58 (1986), 16180. Zurbuchen, Simone. Theorizing Enlightened Absolutism: The Swiss Republican Origins of Prussian Monarchism in H. Blom, J. C. Laursen and L. Simonutti, (eds), Monarchisms in the Age of Enlightenment, (Toronto, 2007), pp. 240-66.

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B18. POLITICAL THOUGHT OF THE AMERICAN REVOLUTION

Suggested primary reading: J. Madison, A. Hamilton and J. Jay, The Federalist, ed. J.R. Pole (Indianapolis, 2004) H. J. Storing, The Complete Anti-Federalist, (Chicago, 1981) T. Paine, Common Sense, ed. I. Kramnick (Harmondsworth, 1976) T. Jefferson, Political Writings, J. Appleby and T. Ball eds., (Cambridge, 1999)

Suggested secondary reading: P. B. Kurland and R. Lerner eds., The Founders Constitution, Vol. 1 Major Themes, (5 vols., Chicago IL, 1987) The Debate on the Constitution: Federalist and Antifederalist Speeches, Articles, and Letters During the Struggle over Ratification, The Library of America, vols. 62-63, (2 vols., New York, 1992) C. Hyneman and D. Lutz eds., American Political Writing during the Founding Era 1760-1805, (2 vols., Indianapolis IN, 1983) B. Bailyn, The Ideological Origins of the American Revolution, (Cambridge MA, 1967) J. G. A. Pocock, The Machiavellian Moment: Florentine Political Thought and the Atlantic Republican Tradition, (Princeton NJ, 1975), Chapter 15. P. A. Rahe, Republics, Ancient and Modern. Volume III. Inventions of Prudence: Constituting the American Regime, (3 vols., Chapel Hill NC, 1994) B. Manin, The Principles of Representative Government, (Cambridge, 1997) P. N. Miller, Defining the Common Good: Empire, Religion and Philosophy in Eighteenth Century Britain, (Cambridge, 1994) G. S. Wood, The Creation of the American Republic 1776-1787, (Williamsburg VA, 1969) G.S. Wood, Empire of Liberty: A History of the Early Republic, 1789-1815, (Oxford, 2010) S. Beer, To Make a Nation: The Rediscovery of American Federalism, (Cambridge MA, 1993) D. F. Epstein, The Political Theory of The Federalist, (Chicago, 1984) J. Storing, What the Anti-Federalists Were For (Chicago IL, 1981) M. J. C. Vile, Constitutionalism and the Separation of Powers, 2nd edn., (Indianapolis IN, 1998), chapter 6 The Doctrine of America, pp. 131-192. L. Banning, The Sacred Fire of Liberty: James Madison and the Founding of the Federal Republic, (Ithaca NY, 1995) C. A. Sheehan, James Madison and the Spirit of Republican Self-Government (Cambridge, 2009) E. Nelson, The Greek Tradition in Republican Thought (Cambridge, 2004), chapter 6 The Greek Tradition and the American Founding, pp. 195-233. L. Banning, The Jeffersonian Persuasion: Evolution of a Party Ideology, (Ithaca NY, 1974) P. S. Onuf, Jeffersons Empire: The Language of American Nationhood, (Charlottesville VA, 2000) D. N. Mayer, The Constitutional Thought of Thomas Jefferson, (Charlottesville VA, 1994) T. S. Engeman ed., Thomas Jefferson and the Politics of Nature, (Notre Dame IN, 2000) G. L. McDowell and S. L. Noble, Reason and Republicanism: Thomas Jeffersons Legacy of Liberty, (Lanham MD, 1997) G. S. Wood, The American Enlightenment, in G. McDowell and J. ONeill (eds), America and Enlightenment Constitutionalism, (Basinstoke, 2006), pp. 15975. G. S. Wood, The American Revolution, in Mark Goldie and Robert Wokler (eds), The Cambridge History of Eighteenth-Century Political Thought (Cambridge 2006), ch.21.

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J. G. A. Pocock, 1776: The Revolution against Parliament, in Pocock (ed), Three British Revolutions: 1641, 1688 and 1776, (Princeton NJ, 1980), pp. 265-88. J. G. A. Pocock, Empire, State and Confederation: the War of American Independence as a Crisis in Multiple Monarchy, in J. Robertson (ed), A Union for Empire: Political Thought and the Union of 1707, (Cambridge, 1995), pp. 318-48. J. G. A. Pocock, Political Thought in the English-Speaking Atlantic 1760-1790, in J. G. A. Pocock, G. Schochet and L. Schwoerer (eds), The Varieties of British Political Thought 1500-1800, (Cambridge, 1993), pp. 246-317. J. P. Greene, Negotiated Authorities: The Problem of Governance in the Extended Polities of the Early Modern Atlantic World in Greene, Negotiated Authorities: Essays in Colonial Political and Constitutional History, (Charlottesville VA, 1994), pp. 1-24. J. P. Greene, The Concept of Virtue in Late Colonial British America, in R. K. Matthews (ed), Virtue, Corruption and Self-Interest: Political Values in the Eighteenth Century, (London, 1994), pp. 27-54. D. Armitage, The Declaration of Independence and International Law, William and Mary Quarterly, 59 (2002), 3964. D. Adair, That Politics May Be Reduced to a Science: David Hume, James Madison, and the Tenth Federalist, in T. Colbourn (ed), Fame and the Founding Fathers Essays of Douglass Adair, with a Personal Memoir by Caroline Robbins and a Bibliographical Essay by Robert Shalhope (Indiananapolis IN, 1998), pp. 132-51 P. S. Onuf, State Sovereignty and the Making of the Constitution, in T. Ball and J. G. A. Pocock (eds), Conceptual Change and the Constitution, (Kansas, 1988), pp. 8-98 M. Forsyth, Alexander Hamilton, James Jay and James Madison: The Federalist, in M. Forsyth, M. Keens-Soper and J. Hoffman (eds), The Political Classics: Hamilton to Mill, (Oxford, 1993), pp. 9-43. G. S. Wood, Is There a James Madison Problem?, in D. Womersley (ed), Liberty and the American Experience in the Eighteenth Century (Indianapolis IN, 2006), pp. 425-447. B. Manin, Checks, Balances and Boundaries: the Separation of Powers in the Constitutional Debate of 1787, in B. Fontana (ed), The Invention of the Modern Republic, (Cambridge, 1994), pp. 27-62. D. Wootton, Liberty, Metaphor, and Mechanism: Checks and Balances and the Origins of Modem Constitutionalism, in Womersley (ed), Liberty and the American Experience in the Eighteenth Century, pp. 209-274. L. Banning, Jeffersonian Ideology Revisited: Liberal and Classical Ideas in the New American Republic, William and Mary Quarterly, 43 (1986), 2-19. J. Appleby, What is Still American in the Political Philosophy of Thomas Jefferson?, William and Mary Quarterly, 39 (1982), 287309. L. Banning, Some Second Thoughts on Virtue and the Course of Revolutionary Thinking, in T. Ball and J. G. A. Pocock (eds), Conceptual Change and the Constitution, pp. 194-212. S. Fleischacker, Adam Smiths Reception Among the American Founders, 1776-1790 William and Mary Quarterly 59 (2002),

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B19. POLITICAL THOUGHT OF THE FRENCH REVOLUTION

Suggested primary reading: Sieys, Political Writings, ed. M. Sonenscher (Indianapolis IN, 2003) Condorcet, Selected Writings, ed. K. M. Baker (Indianapolis IN, 1976) K. M. Baker ed., The Old Regime and the French Revolution: Readings in Western Civilisation, (Chicago, 1987) G. Rud, Robespierre: Great Lives Observed, (n.p., 1976) R. T. Bienvenu ed., The Ninth of Thermidor: The Fall of Robespierre, (New York, 1968), pp. 32-49 M. Walzer ed., Regicide and Revolution: Speeches at the trial of Louis XIV, (New York, 1992), especially Speech of Saint-Just.

Suggested secondary reading: G. de Stal, Considerations on the Principal Events of the French Revolution, ed. A. Craiutu (Indianapolis IN, 2008) M. Sonenscher, Before the Deluge: Public Debt, Inequality, and the Intellectual Origins of the French Revolution (Princeton, 2007), chapters 3-4. M. Sonenscher, Sans-Culottes: An Eighteenth-Century Emblem in the French Revolution (Princeton NJ, 2008) chapters 4-6. F. Furet, Interpreting the French Revolution, (Cambridge, 1981) F. Furet, The French Revolution 1770-1814, A. Nevill trans., (Oxford, 1996), chapters 1-3. B. Manin, The Principles of Representative Government, (Cambridge, 1997) P. Cheney, Revolutionary Commerce: Globalization and the French Monarchy (Cambridge MA, 2010), chapters 6-7. J. Shovlin, The Political Economy of Virtue: Luxury, Patriotism, and the Origins of the French Revolution (Ithaca NY, 2006), chapters 5-6. H. C. Clark, Compass of Society: Commerce and Absolutism in Old Regime France (Lanham MD, 2007), chapters 8-10. Dale van Kley, The Religious Origins of the French Revolution (Yale University Press, 1999) A. Jainchill, Reimagining Politics after the Terror: The Republican Origins of French Liberalism (Ithaca NY, 2008) T. C. M. Blanning, The Origins of the French Revolutionary Wars, (London, 1986) F. Furet, The French Revolution or Pure Democracy, in C. Lucas (ed), Rewriting the French Revolution, (Oxford, 1991), pp. 33-45. F. Furet, Rousseau and the French Revolution, in C. Orwin and N. Tarcov (eds), The Legacy of Rousseau, (Chicago, 1997), pp. 168-82. K. M. Baker, Fixing the French Constitution, in K. M. Baker, Inventing the French Revolution: Essays on French Political Culture in the Eighteenth Century, (Cambridge, 1990), pp. 252-305 K. M. Baker, The Idea of a Declaration of Rights, in D. van Kley (ed), The French Idea of Freedom: The Old Regime and the Declaration of Rights of 1789, (Stanford CA, 1994), pp. 154-96 K. M. Baker, Political Languages of the French Revolution in Mark Goldie and Robert Wokler (eds), The Cambridge History of Eighteenth-Century Political Thought (Cambridge 2006), ch.22 L. Jaume, Citizen and State under the French Revolution, in Q. Skinner and B. Strath (eds), States and Citizens (Cambridge, 2003), pp. 13144 I. Hont, The Permanent Crisis of a Divide Mankind: Nation-State and Nationalism in

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Historical Perspective, in Hont, Jealousy of Trade (Cambridge, Mass, 2005), pp. 447-528 M. Sonenscher, The Nations Debt and the Birth of the Modern Republic: The French Fiscal Deficit and the Politics of the Revolution of 1789, History of Political Thought, 18 (1997), 64-103 M. Sonenscher, Republicanism, State Finances and the Emergence of Commercial Society in Eighteenth-Century Franceor from Royal to Ancient Republicanism, and Back in M. van Gelderen and Q. Skinner, (eds), Republicanism: A Shared European Heritage, (2 vols., Cambridge, 2002); vol. 2, pp. 275-291 M. Forsyth, Emmanuel Siyes: What is the Third Estate?, in M. Forsyth, M. Keens-Soper and J. Hoffman (eds), The Political Classics: Hamilton to Mill, (Oxford, 1993), 44-75 C. Jones, The Framework of Government, in Jones, The Longman Companion to the French Revolution, (London, 1988), pp. 60-74 T. Skocpol and M. Kestenbaum, Mars Unshackled: The French Revolution in World-Historical Perspective, in F. Fehr (ed), The French Revolution and the Birth of Modernity, (Berkeley CA, 1990), pp. 13-29.

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B20. DISSENT AND THE POLITICS OF RIGHTS IN LATE-18TH CENTURY BRITAIN

Suggested primary reading: R. Price, Political Writings, ed. D. O. Thomas (Cambridge, 1991) J. Priestley, Political Writings, ed. P. N. Miller (Cambridge, 1993) W. Godwin, An Enquiry concerning Political Justice, ed. I. Kramnick (3rd ed., Harmondsworth, 1976) T. Paine, The Rights of Man, ed. G. Claeys (Indianapolis IN, 1992) The Politics of English Jacobinism: Writings of John Thelwall, ed. G. Claeys (Penn Station PN, 1995)

Suggested secondary reading: K. Haakonssen ed., Enlightenment and Religion: Rational Dissent in Eighteenth-Century Britain, (Cambridge, 1996) A. Lincoln, Some Political and Social Ideas of English Dissent 1763-1800, (New York, 1971) G. Claeys, The French Revolution Debate in Britain: The Origins of Modern Politics (London, 2007) J. C. D. Clark, English Society 1660-1832: Religion, Ideology and Politics during the Ancien Regime, (2nd edn., Cambridge, 2000) P. N. Miller, Defining the Common Good: Empire, Religion and Philosophy in Eighteenth Century Britain, (Cambridge, 1994) I. Kramnick, Republicanism and Bourgeois Radicalism: Political Ideology in Late Eighteenth-Century England and America (Ithaca NY, 1990), Chapters 1-3, 6-7 R. Lund, The Margins of Orthodoxy: Heterodox Writing and Cultural Response, 1660-1750, (Cambridge, 1995) E. Bradley, Religion, Revolution and English Radicalism: Non-Conformity in Eighteenth-Century Politics and Society, (Cambridge, 1990) D. O. Thomas, The Honest Mind: The Thought and Work of Richard Price, (Oxford, 1977) G. Claeys, Thomas Paine: Social and Political Thought, (London, 1989) M. Philp, Godwins Political Justice, (London, 1986) J. Brewer, English Radicalism in the Age of George III, in J. G. A. Pocock (ed), Three British Revolutions: 1641, 1688, 1776, (Princeton NJ, 1980), pp. 323-67 M. Canovan, The Irony of History: Priestleys Rational Theology, Price-Priestley Newsletter, 4 (1980), 16-25 Fitzpatrick, Reflections on a Footnote: Richard Price and Love of Country, Enlightenment and Dissent, 6 (1987), 41-58 M. Fitzpatrick, Heretical Religion and Radical Political Ideas in Late-Eighteenth Century England, in E. Hellmuth (ed), The Transformation of Political Culture: England and Germany in the late Eighteenth Century, (Oxford, 1990), pp. 339-74 J. Fruchtman Jnr., The Apocalyptic Politics of Richard Price and Joseph Priestley: A Study in Late-Eighteenth Century English Republican Millennialism, Transactions of the American Philosophical Society, 73 (1983), Part 4, 1-125 I. Hampsher-Monk British Radicalism and the Anti-Jacobins in M. Goldie and R. Wokler eds., The Cambridge History of Eighteenth-Century Political Thought (Cambridge 2006), ch. 23 G. Claeys William Godwins Critique of Democracy and Republicanism and Its Sources History of European Ideas, 7 (1986), 253-269

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C. Hay, The Making of a Radical: The Case of James Burgh, Journal of British Studies, 18 (1979), 90-117 I. Kramnick, Corruption in Eighteenth-Century English and American Political Discourse, in R. K. Matthews (ed), Virtue, Corruption and Self-Interest: Political Values in the Eighteenth Century, (Bethlehem PA, 1994), pp. 55-75 J. G. A. Pocock, Josiah Tucker on Burke, Locke and Price: A Study in the Varieties of Eighteenth-Century Conservatism, in Virtue, Commerce and History: Essays on Political Thought and History, chiefly in the Eighteenth Century, (Cambridge, 1985), pp. 157-92 J. G. A. Pocock, Political Thought in the English-speaking Atlantic, 1760-1790, in J. J. G. A. Pocock, G. J. Schochet and L. G. Schwoerer (eds), The Varieties of British Political Thought 1500-1800, (Cambridge, 1993), pp. 246-317 M. Philp, Disconcerting Ideas: Explaining Popular Radicalism and Popular Loyalism in the 1790s' in G Burgess and M Festenstein (eds), English Radicalism 1550-1850 (Cambridge, 2007), pp. 157-189 M. Philp, English Republicanism in the 1790s, Journal of Political Philosophy 6 (1998), 235-262 M. Philp, Rational Religion and Political Radicalism, Enlightenment and Dissent, 4 (1985), 35-46 J. C. D. Clark, Religion and the Origins of Radicalism in Nineteenth-century Britain, G Burgess and M Festenstein (eds), English Radicalism 1550-1850 (Cambridge, 2007), pp. 241-284.

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B21. GERMAN POLITICAL THOUGHT 1780-1810

Suggested primary reading: F. Schiller, On the Aesthetic Education of Man: in a Series of Letters, eds. E. M. Wilkinson and L. A. Willoughby eds., (Oxford, 1967) W. von Humboldt, The Limits of State Action, J. W. Burrow ed., (Indianapolis IN, 1993) J. G. Fichte, Addresses to the German Nation, ed. G. Moore (Cambridge, 2009) F. C. Beiser ed., The Early Political Writings of the German Romantics, (Cambridge, 1996), especially 1-7, 59-81, 93-113, 123-41

Suggested secondary reading: H. C. Reiss (ed), The Political Thought of the German Romantics, 1793-1815, (Oxford, 1955) K. Ameriks (ed), The Cambridge Companion to German Idealism, (Cambridge, 2000) F. C. Beiser, The Fate of Reason: German Philosophy from Kant to Fichte, (Cambridge MA, 1987), Chapters 1-5 F. C. Beiser, Enlightenment, Revolution and Romanticism: The Genesis of Modern German Political Thought 1790-1800, (Cambridge MA, 1992) F. C. Beiser, Schiller as Philosopher: A Re-Examination (Oxford, 2005) F. C. Beiser, The Romantic Imperative: The Concept of Early German Romanticism (Cambridge, MA, 2003) G. N. Izenberg, Impossible Individuality: Romanticism, Revolution and the Origins of Modern Selfhood, 1787-1802, (Princeton NJ, 1992), Parts I-II G. A. Kelly, Idealism, Politics and History: Sources of Hegelian Thought, (London, 1969) B. Yack, The Longing for Total Revolution: Philosophic Sources of Social Discontent from Rousseau to Marx and Nietzche, (Princeton NJ, 1986), Chapters 3 and 4 G. Iggers, The German Conception of History: The National Tradition of Historical Thought from Herder to the Present, (2nd edn., Middletown CT, 1983) L. Krieger, The German Idea of Freedom: History of a Political Tradition, (Boston MA, 1957) J. La Vopa, Fichte, The Self and the Calling of Philosophy, 1762-1799, (Cambridge, 2001) F. Meinecke, The Age of German Liberation, 1795-1815, R. Paret ed., (Berkeley CA, 1977) P. J. Kain, Schiller, Hegel and Marx: State, Society and the Aesthetic Model in Ancient Greece, (Kingston Ont., 1982) R. D. Miller, Schiller on the Ideal of Freedom: A Study of Schillers Philosophical Works with Chapters on Kant, (Oxford, 1970) J. Reed, Schiller, (Oxford, 1991) J. Schmidt (ed), What is Enlightenment? Eighteenth-Century Answers and Twentieth-Century Questions, (Berkeley CA, 1966) I. Berlin, The Counter-Enlightenment, in Be