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Shahzaib Khan, BBE-1190.
Paper Battery.
Karachi, Pakistan.
January 24, 2017
A Research report submitted to teacher Sir Engr, Muhammad Umar Khan (Asst. Prof) of
Institute of Business & Technology (IBT) Karachi.
About Author
Shahzaib Khan nick name (Niazi Shahni) is student of bachelor of Science in mechatronics
Engineering in Institute of Business & Technology. Email-ID [email protected]. All-
rounder in mechanical, electronics & electrical Working. Have interest in research & new
coming technologies. Social media activist, use social media for look after news what is going on
& what is the future of Pakistan. Interested in politics of Pakistan & want to create a role for
Pakistan in future.
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
First of all, thanks to Allah who give us life & able me to do this & then my parents, teachers
brother, sisters, family, friends, & my class fellow.
I would like to express my deepest appreciation to my teacher & all those who provided me the
possibility to complete this report. A special gratitude I give my research report to Sir Engr,
Muhammad Umar khan whose contribution in stimulating suggestions and encouragement,
helped me to coordinate my research especially in writing this report.
Furthermore, I would also like to acknowledge with much appreciation the crucial role of the
internet, who gave the permission to use all required equipment and the necessary materials to
complete the task “google”. Some special thanks go to my further teachers, my father who help
idea and gave suggestion about the task. Last but not least, many thanks go to me. whose have
invested his full effort in guiding himself for achieving the goal. I have to appreciate the
guidance given by others as well as the class friends especially in our research report that has
improved my skills thanks to their comment and advices.
Abstract
In this research, I discuss about paper battery. Paper ultra-thin & low voltage battery & less
storage of current, made with the combination of cellulose paper with carbon nanotube,
cellulose is a chemical compound & nanotube is a nanotechnology. This battery has a scope in
future. It is foldable & cut able. By cutting this battery effect on its output & storage. This
battery is thin like paper & minimum diameter. This battery has no larger capacity to storage
current & output voltage. This battery can function normal degree Celsius. This battery has
ability to on a small led bulb. A small working on a battery change battery storage & output by
using any other chemical compound of chemistry & increasing its size & diameter change it
working help battery to provide high output & large capacity to storage current.
Table of Contents
S.no Page
1. Title……………........................................................................................…1
2. About Author…........................................................................................…2
3. Acknowledgements……………………………………………………………….3
4. Abstract……….............................................................................................4
5. Table of Contents................................................................................….....5
6. List of Figures………...........................................................................…....6
7. Chapter 1….……………………………………………………………………….7
1.1. Introduction.….…………………………………………………………….7
1.2. Overview….………………………………….……………………...…..….7
1.3. Problem Statement….…….…………………………….………………....11
1.4. Background History….…………………………….……….……….…….11
1.5. Hypothesis of Study….………………………….…………………..…….12
1.6. Outline of Study….…………………………………………..…………….12
1.7. Definition….……………………………………………………….……….13
8. Chapter 2….………………………………………………………………..….….17
2.1 Literature Review….………………………………………………..….….17
2.2 References of Research’s….……………………………….………….….25
9. Chapter 3….……………………………………………………………………...30
Research Method….…………………………………………………………….30
3.1 Method of Data Analysis………………………………………………….30
3.2 Sampling Technique………………………………………….……….…..31
3.3 Sampling Size…………………………………………….………………...31
3.4 Instruments of Data Collection…………………………………………..32
3.5 Research Method Developed…………………………………..…….…..33
3.6 Statistical Techniques…………………………………………..…….…..33
10. Chapter 4………………………………….………………………………….….36
Result….………………………………………………………………………....36
4.1 Finding Interpretation….………………………………………..……….36
4.2 Hypothesis Assessment ….……………………………………………….36
11. Chapter 5….…………………………………………………………………….39
5.1 Discussion ….………………………………………………………..…….39
5.2 Conclusion…..………………………………………………………….….39
5.3 Policy Implementations …..………………………………………….….39
5.4 Future Research …..………………………………………………….….40
List of Figures
S.no Figures Page
1. Chapter 1……….........................................................................................7
1.1. Structure …………….......................................................................…7
1.2. Paper Battery 1…...........................................................................…7
1.3. Paper Battery 2……………………………………………………………7
1.4. Construction……………………………………………………………….9
1.5. Applications …...............................................................................…10
1.6. Paper Battery Image…...................................................................…13
1.7. Cellulose….....................................................................................…14
1.8. Carbon Nanotube …......................................................................…14
1.9. Aluminum …...................................................................................…15
1.10. Sodium….............................................................................…15
1.11. Latium……………………………………………………………...16
2. Chapter 2………........................................................................................17
2.1. Sodium Atom……………......................................................…17
2.2. Aluminum Atom……………………………………………..…….20
Chapter 1
1. Introduction:
A paper battery is electric battery & ultra-thin energy storage & flexible device formed by
combining of conventional sheet of cellulose-based paper with carbon nanotubes. This battery
act like two separate components high energy battery & supercapacitor because paper battery is
the combination of these two components. This combination allows paper battery o provide long
term production & burst of energy. This battery is very flexible & non-toxic.
Figure 1.1
This paper battery is easily fold, cut & shaped for use in different devices without any loss of
integrity & efficiency. This battery produce multiple output by cut it. Available paper battery has
output 1.5 to 3.7 volt & it current storage limit is 20 to 180 mAh. This battery can function in -75
to 150 degree Celsius. This battery has ability only use to on a small led bulb. This battery has
not capacity to storage large amount of current like mobile phone batteries & other electronics
devices batteries.
Figure 1.2 Figure 1.3
1.1 Overview:
1.1.1 What is Paper Battery:
A paper battery is an ultra-thin, flexible energy storage device that is used as a battery
and also as a good capacitor. It is created by combining two things: Nano composite
paper and nanotubes (Nano composite paper made from cellulose and nanotubes made
from carbon). Nanocomposite paper is a hybrid energy storage device made of cellulose,
which combines the features of super capacitors and batteries. It takes the high-energy
storage capacity of the battery and high-energy density of the super capacitor producing
the bursts of extreme power.
1.1.2 Paper Battery Properties:
Paper battery properties are mainly attributed to the properties of its parts such as cellulose
and carbon nanotubes.
The properties of Cellulose include high-tensile strength, biodegradability, low-shear
Strength, biocompatibility, good absorption capacity and excellent Porosity, non-toxic,
reusableness & recyclability.
The properties of Carbon Nanotubes are the ratio of width: Length (which is 1:107) high-
tensile Strength (which is Greater than Steel) high packing density and low mass density,
Lightness, Flexibility, Electrical Conductivity (which is better than Silicon) Low resistance
(~33 ohm per square inch) and thickness is typically about 0.5 to 0.7mm
1.1.2.1 Properties of Cellulose:
• Cellulose has excellent tensile strength.
• It is biodegradable as well as biocompatible.
• High porosity and excellent absorption capacity.
• Simply reusable and also non-toxic.
1.1.2.2 Properties of Carbon Nanotubes:
• It has the following ratio of width and length, width: length = 1: 10^7 and excellent
tensile power than steel.
• They also possess low mass density, less weight and very pliable, excellent packing
density.
• They are 0.5mm – 0.7mm thick and not prone to any mechanical damage.
1.1.3 Construction of a Paper Battery:
A paper battery construction involves the following components:
• Cathode: Carbon Nanotube (CNT)
• Anode: Lithium metal (Li+)
• Electrolyte: All electrolytes (including bio Electrolytes like sweat, blood and urine)
• Separator: Paper (Cellulose)
Construction of a paper battery mainly includes these steps:
• Step 1: Black carbon ink is applied on a cellulose-based paper.
• Step2: Black carbon ink is being spread on a paper spread on the paper.
• Step3: A thin lithium film is laminated over the exposed cellulose surface.
• Step4: The cellulose paper is heated at 800C for 5 minutes.
• Step5: Next, the film is peeled off from the substrate
• Step6: The film acts as electrodes of the paper battery. One film is connected to the
electrolyte LTO (Li4Ti5012) and another film is pasted to the electrolyte LCO
(LiCo02).
• Step7: Next, connect a LED on both the ends of the battery and check its
functionality.
Figure 1.4
1.1.4 Paper Battery Working
A conventional battery or Rechargeable battery contains a number of separate components
that produce electrons through a chemical reaction between the metal and the electrolyte of
the battery. The Paper battery works when the paper is dipped in the ion-based liquid
solution; next a chemical reaction occurs between the electrodes and liquid. The electrons
move from the cathode to anode to generate electricity. The paper electrode stores energy
while recharging within 10 seconds because the ions flow through the thin electrode quickly.
The best method to increase the output of the battery is to stack different paper batteries one
over the other.
1.1.5 Advantages & Disadvantages of paper Batteries:
A Paper battery’s advantages mainly include the following:
• A paper battery can work even if it is folded, cut or rolled up.
• A Paper battery consists mainly of carbon and paper; it can be used to power
pacemakers within the body.
• A paper battery can be used both as a capacitor and battery.
• It is an ultra-thin storage device.
• It is biodegradable, nontoxic, bio-compatible and economical.
• It generates close to 1.5V of energy.
• It is durable, easily recyclable and reusable.
• It is Overheating and Leakage proof.
• Flexible and Very Light Weight
• Easily Moldable Into different sizes and shapes
• It is flexible, easily moldable and can be molded into different sizes and shapes.
• It has customizable output Voltage
Disadvantages of the paper batteries mainly include the following
• Carbon nanotubes are very expensive.
• Batteries with large enough power are unlikely to be cost effective.
• Should not be inhaled as they can damage the lungs.
• Theses batteries generate e-wastage.
1.1.6 Applications:
With the developing technologies and reducing cost of CNTs, the paper batteries will find
applications in the following fields:
Figure 1.5
1.1.6.1 In Electronics:
• laptop batteries, mobile phones, handheld digital cameras: The weight of these devices
can be significantly reduced by replacing the alkaline batteries with light-weight Paper
Batteries, without compromising with the power requirement. Moreover, the electrical
hazards related to recharging will be greatly reduced.
• Calculators, wrist watch and other low drain devices.
• Wireless communication devices like speakers, mouse, keyboard, Bluetooth headsets etc.
• Enhanced Printed Circuit Board(PCB) wherein both the sides of the PCB can be used:
one for the circuit and the other side (containing the components) would contain a layer
of customized Paper Battery. This would eliminate heavy step-down transformers and the
need of separate power supply unit for most electronic circuits.
1.1.6.2 In Medical Sciences:
• Pacemakers for the heart
• Artificial tissues (using Carbon nanotubes)
• Cosmetics, Drug-delivery systems
• Biosensors, such as Glucose meters, Sugar meters, etc.
1.1.6.3 In Automobiles and Aircrafts:
• Hybrid Car batteries
• Long Air Flights reducing Refueling
• Light weight guided missiles
• Powering, electronic devices in Satellite programs
1.2 Problem statement:
Standard (Small) batteries use in home applications has all standards output (1.5 to 12 volts)
available for use any type of devices. but paper battery has minimum output (1.5 to 3.7 volts)
that is the reason paper battery are use in some devices only because of its low output volt
problem. If we modify this battery & try to increase battery volt. It helps us for using all
home appliances.
Standard batteries use in home has capacity to stored (500 to 3000 mAh) amount of current
that storage of current capability give battery long time for run any devices. In other words,
long discharge time & paper battery has less amount of storage current capacity (20 to 180
mAh) that reason paper battery has no run any device long time. In their words, short
discharge time.
These are the reasons paper battery is not take place of another Standard batteries.
1.3 Background & History:
Recent research done by a group of researchers at Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute in Troy, New
York are back to using paper with a high-tech twist. Carbon nanotubes are infused into a
material that is 90 per cent cellulose and which is virtually identical to ordinary paper. The
nanotubes, which color the paper black, act as electrodes and allow the storage devices to
conduct electricity. The results originally appeared online in RPI News on August 13, 2007.
The paper battery resulted from an accidental collaboration of three laboratories at Rensselaer
that were melding the contributions of students in the fields of chemistry and chemical
engineering; materials science; and electrical engineering. Dr. Robert Linhardt's group was
making thin cellulose membranes to help in kidney research. A student in another lab suggested
carbon nanotubes to make the membranes stronger, and a student in the third lab saw the
potential for use as a battery and super-capacitor.
The researchers have now formed a company called as the Paper Battery Company. Now their
goal is to take the process that they began in the lab and adapt it to large-scale fabrication that
would lend it to commercial applications. They now need to boost the battery's energy capacity,
and also lower the cost of making the batteries on a large scale. In addition to transportation,
they hope to adapt their design for use with windmills and with photovoltaic cells, which produce
electricity from sunlight. These batteries would be used to store energy for use when the sun is
not shining or when the wind is not blowing.
The device functions as both a lithium-ion battery and a super-capacitor, which stores charge
like a battery but has no electrolyte. The paper battery provides a long, steady power output as
against a conventional battery and also as a super-capacitor's quick burst of high energy. The
ionic liquid electrolyte that is soaked into the paper is a liquid salt and contains no water, so it
won't freeze or boil. The paper battery also uses no toxic chemicals. Not only does it help power
electronic devices, but in larger configurations the paper battery could be molded into shapes
like the door of a car.
1.4 Hypothesis of Study:
1.4.1 Increasing Size:
Change cellulose paper width & size increase it capacity to store current in a paper.
Paper battery storage reach limit 180mAh & by changing paper size make paper battery
more efficient & it able to store maximum amount of current & it also effect on it voltage.
1.4.2 Changing Materials:
1.4.2.1 Sodium:
By using sodium as anode max electrons moving fast in paper battery & it voltage increase
& then battery reach limit of 3.7 volt because sodium is more efficient & low resistance than
lithium. Using sodium as anode paper battery give max 4 Volt.
1.4.2.2 Aluminum:
By using aluminum as anode max electrons moving fast in paper battery & it voltage
increase & then battery reach limit of 3.7 volt because aluminum is more efficient & low
resistance than lithium & sodium. Using aluminum as anode paper battery give more than 4
Volt.
1.5 Outline of Study:
1.5.1 Conclusion Background:
Researchers at Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute in Troy, New York are back to using paper
with a high-tech twist. Carbon nanotubes are infused into a material that is 90 per cent
cellulose and which is virtually identical to ordinary paper. The nanotubes, which color the
paper black, act as electrodes and allow the storage devices to conduct electricity. The
results originally appeared online in RPI News on August 13, 2007.
The paper battery resulted from an accidental collaboration of three laboratories at
Rensselaer that were melding the contributions of students in the fields of chemistry and
chemical engineering; materials science; and electrical engineering. Dr. Robert Linhardt's
group was making thin cellulose membranes to help in kidney research. A student in another
lab suggested carbon nanotubes to make the membranes stronger, and a student in the third
lab saw the potential for use as a battery and super-capacitor.
1.5.2 Problem in Hypothesis:
Using sodium & aluminum is batter as anode in paper battery. But we don’t change carbon
nanotube used as cathode & that things light effect on battery & we don’t know how much
voltage increase.
Change size of paper battery increase storage but it takes space to use in any device & it is
hard to fold paper battery.
1.6 Definitions:
1.6.1 Paper battery:
A paper battery is a flexible, ultra-thin energy storage and production device formed by
combining carbon nanotube s with a conventional sheet of cellulose-based paper. A
paper battery acts as both a high-energy battery and supercapacitor, combining two
components that are separate in traditional electronics.
Figure 1.6 (paperbattery.com)
1.6.2 Cellulose:
Cellulose is an organic compound with the formula (C6H10O5) n, a polysaccharide
consisting of a linear chain of several hundred to many thousands of β (1→4) linked D-
glucose units. Cellulose is an important structural component of the primary cell wall of
green plants, many forms of algae and the oomycetes. Some species of bacteria secrete it
to form biofilms. Cellulose is the most abundant organic polymer on Earth. The cellulose
content of cotton fiber is 90%, that of wood is 40–50% and that of dried hemp is
approximately 57%.
Figure 1.7 (Google.com/carbon nanotube)
1.6.3 Carbon Nanotube:
Carbon nanotubes (CNTs) are allotropes of carbon with a cylindrical nanostructure.
These cylindrical carbon molecules have unusual properties, which are valuable for
nanotechnology, electronics, optics and other fields of materials science and technology.
Owing to the material's exceptional strength and stiffness, nanotubes have been
constructed with length-to-diameter ratio of up to 132,000,000:1, significantly larger
than for any other material.
Figure 1.8 (digitaltrends.com)
1.6.4 Aluminum:
Aluminum or aluminum (in North American English) is a chemical element in the boron
group with symbol Al and atomic number 13. It is a silvery-white, soft, nonmagnetic,
ductile metal. Aluminum is the third most abundant element in the Earth's crust (after
oxygen and silicon) and its most abundant metal. Aluminum makes up about 8% of the
crust by mass, though it is less common in the mantle below. Aluminum metal is so
chemically reactive that native specimens are rare and limited to extreme reducing
environments. Instead, it is found combined in over 270 different minerals. The chief ore
of aluminum is bauxite.
Aluminum is remarkable for the metal's low density and its ability to resist corrosion
through the phenomenon of passivation. Aluminum and its alloys are vital to the
aerospace industry and important in transportation and structures, such as building
facades and window frames the oxides and sulfates are the most useful compounds of
aluminum.
Figure 1.9
1.6.5 Sodium:
Sodium is a chemical element with symbol Na (from Latin natrium) and atomic number
11. It is a soft, silvery-white, highly reactive metal. Sodium is an alkali metal, being in
group 1 of the periodic table, because it has a single electron in its outer shell that it
readily donates, creating a positively charged atom—the Na+ cation. Its only stable
isotope is 23Na. The free metal does not occur in nature, but must be prepared from
compounds. Sodium is the sixth most abundant element in the Earth's crust, and exists in
numerous minerals such as feldspars, soda lite and rock salt (NaCl). Many salts of
sodium are highly water-soluble: sodium ions have been leached by the action of water
from the Earth's minerals over eons, and thus sodium and chlorine are the most common
dissolved elements by weight in the oceans.
Figure 1.10
1.6.6 Lithium:
Lithium (from Greek: λίθος lithos, "stone") is a chemical element with the symbol Li and
atomic number 3. It is a soft, silver-white metal belonging to the alkali metal group of
chemical elements. Under standard conditions, it is the lightest metal and the least dense
solid element. Like all alkali metals, lithium is highly reactive and flammable. For this
reason, it is typically stored in mineral oil. When cut open, it exhibits a metallic luster,
but contact with moist air corrodes the surface quickly to a dull silvery gray, then black
tarnish. Because of its high reactivity, lithium never occurs freely in nature, and instead,
appears only in compounds, which are usually ionic. Lithium occurs in a number of
pegmatitic minerals, but due to its solubility as an ion, is present in ocean water and is
commonly obtained from brines and clays. On a commercial scale, lithium is isolated
electrolytically from a mixture of lithium chloride and potassium chloride.
Figure
Chapter 2
2. Literature Review:
2.1 Sodium ion:
Sodium is a chemical element with symbol Na (from Latin natrium) and atomic number 11. It is a
soft, silvery-white, highly reactive metal. Sodium is an alkali metal, being in group 1 of the
periodic table, because it has a single electron in its outer shell that it readily donates, creating
a positively charged atom—the Na+ cation. Its only stable isotope is 23Na. The free metal does
not occur in nature, but must be prepared from compounds. Sodium is the sixth most abundant
element in the Earth's crust, and exists in numerous minerals such as feldspars, soda lite and
rock salt (NaCl). Many salts of sodium are highly water-soluble: sodium ions have been leached
by the action of water from the Earth's minerals over eons, and thus sodium and chlorine are the
most common dissolved elements by weight in the oceans.
2.1.1 Sodium Used as anode in paper Battery:
Sodium is much efficient then lithium & it low voltage drop level. It allows electrons for fast flow
& provide much batter current to any devices rather than lithium. By using sodium as anode max
electrons moving fast in paper battery & it voltage increase & then battery reach limit of 3.7 volt
because sodium is more efficient & low resistance than lithium. Using sodium as anode paper
battery give max 4 Volt.
2.1.2 Comparison of Sodium with lithium:
Reference from: http://www.comparisonofmetals.com/en/sodium-vs-lithium/comparison-4-19-0
2.2 Aluminum ion:
Aluminum or aluminum (in North American English) is a chemical element in the boron group
with symbol Al and atomic number 13. It is a silvery-white, soft, nonmagnetic, ductile metal.
Aluminum is the third most abundant element in the Earth's crust (after oxygen and silicon) and
its most abundant metal. Aluminum makes up about 8% of the crust by mass, though it is less
common in the mantle below. Aluminum metal is so chemically reactive that native specimens
are rare and limited to extreme reducing environments. Instead, it is found combined in over 270
different minerals. The chief ore of aluminum is bauxite.
Aluminum is remarkable for the metal's low density and its ability to resist corrosion through the
phenomenon of passivation. Aluminum and its alloys are vital to the aerospace industry and
important in transportation and structures, such as building facades and window frames the
oxides and sulfates are the most useful compounds of aluminum.
2.2.1 Sodium Used as anode in paper Battery:
By using aluminum as anode max electrons moving fast in paper battery & it voltage increase
& then battery reach limit of 3.7 volt because aluminum is more efficient & low resistance than
lithium & sodium. Using aluminum as anode paper battery give more than 4 Volt.
2.2.2 Comparison of Aluminum with Lithium:
Reference from: http://www.comparisonofmetals.com/en/aluminium-vs-lithium/comparison-17-
19-0
2.3 Increase Battery Size:
2.3.1 Bigger Batteries:
Suppose your phone runs for 5 hours if you are continuously using it. How could you make it run
for a longer time? You could put in a bigger capacity battery. Before the iPhone 6, all the
previous iPhones had about a 1500 mAh lithium-ion battery. What is “mAh”? This is short for
milli-Amp hours. So, a 1 mAh battery could produce 1 milliamp of current for 1 hour. Yes, it’s a
measure of the energy stored in the battery. You can find out exactly how much energy if you
know the battery voltage. For the iPhone 5s, it has a 1570 mAh battery with a voltage of 3.8
Volts. If you know the voltage and the current, then the power and energy would be:
If I know the current in milliamps and the time in hours, I can use this to get the following
expression for the energy in a battery (in Joules). Here is how you would do that calculation for
the energy in the iPhone 5s battery.
Ok, that seems like a large amount of energy but maybe it’s not enough (well, it’s not enough for
me). What if you put a bigger battery in the phone? Wouldn’t a 3,000 mAh battery last about
twice as long? Yes, I think it probably would. However, there’s a problem. If you use the same
kind of battery it would be about twice as large and twice as heavy. It might not be exactly twice
the size since a larger battery can have a smaller percent of size devoted to the outer cover and
other required components — but you get the idea.
There is one way to deal with a bigger battery that doesn’t make everyone hate the phone —
make a bigger phone. If you have a larger phone, some things don’t change size — like the
processor and the camera. Sure, the screen gets bigger (and uses more energy) but you can still
put a larger battery in there. Look at the iPads. They are much larger than an iPhone and they
seem to have fairly decent battery life. Maybe the iPhone 6 Plus will have super awesome battery
life (Apple claims it will be better). Just to be safe, Apple should send me one so I can test it.
2.3.2 Higher Battery Energy Density:
Just about all phones use lithium-ion battery. These have about 4.32 MJ/L (mega Joules per
liter). Yes, energy density is the energy stored per unit volume. I’m not sure why, but it seems
that a common symbol for energy density is u and is defined as:
It’s just like mass density except that it’s for energy. There is also the specific energy. This tells
you the energy per unit mass — but I’m not too concerned about the mass of my phone (but
volume is important).
Where could you find the energy densities for different storage solutions? Of course, Wikipedia
has you covered. Here are some interesting energy densities:
Gasoline = 32.4 MJ/L
Lithium-ion = 0.9-2.63 MJ/L
Lead Acid Battery = 0.34 MJ/L
Sandwich = 10.13 MJ/L (whoever added this to the Wikipedia page is a genius)
Antimatter = 9.266 x 10104 MJ/L
If you want to keep your phone battery the same size but increase the energy storage, you will
need to find something with a higher energy density. Right now, Lithium-ion is the best we can
do for a battery. It seems safe to bet that in the near future humans could find something in the 5
MJ/L range for a battery, but that will still just bump the battery life up by a factor of 2. Twice
the battery life would be good, but I would like something even more impressive.
A phone that runs on sandwiches would last about 5 times as long as a Lithium-ion powered
phone. Of course, you would have a tiny little sandwich in your phone and you would need a tiny
little stomach to go with it. On the downside, you would have to take your phone to the bathroom
at least once a day or deal with it pooping in your pocket (that would be awkward). Oh, don’t
forget to feed your phone. It would probably take less time to feed a phone than it would to
recharge a battery.
What about an antimatter powered phone? If you had the same size antimatter battery as in your
current phone, it would last about 10100 years. Just for comparison, the Universe is most likely
14 billion (14 x 109) years old. Now, don’t get all excited. There is still the problem of taking
antimatter annihilation energy and turning it into electricity to run your phone. It would either
require much more space or the radiation might kill you. Still, the phone should at least run until
Apple announces the iPhone 22sd Plus in the year 2034.
2.4 Past Research Paper with References:
1). https://www.ijsr.net/conf/ETPTA/MjcgRVRQVEEtMTQ1.pdf
Paper Battery:
Author: S. Balu1, M. Mahalakshmi2 1Assistant Professor, Department of Electronics and
Communication, Salem Sowdeswari College (SFCW), Periyar University, 2Assistant Professor,
Department of Electronics, Sri Vasavi College (SFW), Bharathiyar University, India
Abstract: Traditionally, electronics have been designed around their batteries. In recent years,
however, a new battery, known as the paper battery, has been developed that can easily conform
to the size and shape of various electronics. The paper battery is becoming increasingly
significant as technology tends towards thinner and more paper-like devices. This paper will
include a technical discussion of how the paper battery works. It will assess the efficiency and
explore the advantages of recent developments in the fabrication of paper batteries. Several
applications of the paper battery will then be described, and ethical issues that arise with it will
be explored. This paper will illustrate how the paper battery utilizes carbon nanotubes and
cellulose in its design to create a flexible battery while maintaining electrical efficiency. Further
discussion will detail how the paper battery integrates the components of a typical battery into a
cohesive design that is paper thin. The advantages of this design include an increased range of
applicability and a simpler, more efficient fabrication process. Applications that will be explored
include smart cards, medical devices and solar panels. This description will be followed by a
discussion on ethical issues surrounding the paper battery, such as nanotoxicology; since paper
batteries use nanotechnology, any health risks must be evaluated, especially for medical
applications. However, the paper battery is a promising innovation whose efficient use of space
will open up thousands of possibilities for electronic and mechanical design.
2). www.technicaljournalsonline.com/ijaers/VOL%20I/.../25%20IJAERS.pdf
Paper Battery:
Author: A. Ganguly1 *, S. Sar2
Address for Correspondence
1B.E., Seventh Semester, Electronics & Telecommunication Department, B.I.T.Durg (C.G.)
2Professor, Department of Engineering Chemistry, B.I.T. Durg (C.G.)
Abstract: This paper gives a thorough insight on this relatively revolutionizing and satisfying
solution of energy storage through Paper Batteries and provides an in-depth analysis of the
same. A paper battery is a flexible, ultra-thin energy storage and production device formed by
combining carbon nanotubes with a conventional sheet of cellulose-based paper. A paper battery
can function both as a high-energy battery and super capacitor, combining two discrete
components that are separate in traditional electronics. This combination allows the battery to
provide both long-term steady power production as well as bursts of energy. Being
Biodegradable, Light-weight and Non-toxic, flexible paper batteries have potential adaptability
to power the next generation of electronics, medical devices and hybrid vehicles, allowing for
radical new designs and medical technologies. The paper is aimed at understanding & analyzing
the properties and characteristics of Paper Batteries; to study its advantages, potential
applications, limitations and disadvantages. This paper also aims at highlighting the
construction and various methods of production of Paper Battery and look for alternative means
of mass-production.
3). www.ijaiem.org/Volume4Issue1/IJAIEM-2015-01-31-63.pdf
Paper Battery:
Author: Anushri S. Sastikar1, Trupti S. Bobade2 and SnehaTamgade3
Final Year Student of Dept. of Electronics & Telecommunication, JDIET, Yavatmal
Abstract: Carbon nanotube is basically defined as a carbon atom which are present in a layer of
graphene encapsulated in the shape of Cylinder One carbon atom of a graphene is symmetrically
bound to the other three carbon atom, one atom thick which then form a hexagonal ring. The
carbon nanotube is classified into two groups – single-walled and multi-walled. Though the
carbon nanotubes are generally categorized into these two groups, each group can consist of a
complex mixture of tubes of varying length, diameter, crystalline structure, surface chemistry,
etc. It can be also distinguished in terms of characteristics like chemical, mechanical and
electrical. The paper battery based on carbon nanotube provides both long-term steady power
production as well as bursts of energy. Because the paper battery based on carbon nanotube can
function both as a high-energy battery and super capacitor. Carbon nanotubes can be used as
anode for lithium ion battery. Carbon nanotubes can be used as anode for lithium ion battery It
has displayed great potential as anode materials for lithium ion batteries (LIBs) because of their
strong structural, mechanical, and electrical properties. The opened structure and enriched
chirality of CNTs can help to improve the capacity and electrical transport in LIBs made by
using carbon nanotube. Therefore, the modification of CNTs and design of CNT structure
provide strategies for improving the performance of CNT-based anodes design.
4). http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/ecjb.4420751210/abstract
A solid electrolytic paper battery containing electroconductive polymers:
Author: Toshiyuki Osawa, Okitoshi Kimura, Toshiyuki Kabata, Tetsuya Samura, Katsumi
Yoshino
Abstract: This paper describes a solid paper rechargeable battery using an electrolytically
polymerized polyaniline film as the electrode and non-aqueous electrolyte gel with high ionic
conductivity as the solid polymer electrolyte. A high-strength fibril polyaniline film with a tensile
strength of 5 kgf/cm2 was formed by electrolytic polymerization in tetrafluoro-boric acid. It was
found that the film had an excellent oxidation-reduction characteristic in the solid polymer
electrolyte. In addition, by bridging a highly concentrated non-aqueous electrolyte in monomer,
the ionic conductivity of the solid polymer electrolyte was comparable with that of liquid
electrolyte. Since the solid polymer electrolyte was fabricated using a solution with low viscosity,
a solid paper lithium rechargeable battery with a highly efficient discharging property was
realized by combining a polyaniline film.
5). https://www.researchgate.net/publication/258793658_Paper-Based_Lithium-
Ion_Batteries_Using_Carbon_Nanotube-Coated_Wood_Microfibers
Paper-Based Lithium-Ion Batteries Using Carbon Nanotube-Coated Wood Microfibers:
Author: Nojan Ali ahmad Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis…, Mangilal
Agarwal, Sudhir Shrestha Miami University, Kody Varahramyan Indiana University-Purdue
University Indian……
Abstract: Lithium-ion batteries using flexible paper-based current collectors have been
developed. These current collectors were fabricated from wood microfibers that were coated
with carbon nanotubes (CNT) through an electrostatic layer-by-layer Nano assembly process.
The carbon nanotube mass loading of the presented (CNT-microfiber paper) current collectors is
10.1 mg/cm2. The capacities of the batteries made with the current collectors are 150 mAh/g for
lithium cobalt oxide (LCO) half-cell, 158 mAh/g for lithium titanium oxide (LTO) half-cell, and
126 mAh/g for LTO/LCO full-cell. The fabrication approach of the CNT-microfiber paper
current collectors, the assembly of the batteries, and the experimental results are presented and
discussed.
6). https://arxiv.org/pdf/1511.03949
Thin Flexible Lithium Ion Battery Featuring Featuring Graphite Paper Based Current
Collector with Enhanced Conductivity:
Author: Hang Qu 1, Jingshan Hou 1, Yufeng Tang 2, Oleg Semenikihin 3, and Maksim
Skorobogatiy 1,
1 Department of Physics Engineering, Ecole Polytechnique de Montreal, Quebec, H3C 3A7,
Canada.
CAS Key Laboratory of Materials for Energy Conversion, Shanghai Institute Ceramics,
Academy of Sciences, Shan Ceramics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200050, PR
China.
Department of Chemistry, Western University, London, Ontario, N6A 5B7, Canada.
Abstract: A flexible, light weight and high conductivity current collector is the key is the key
element that enables fabrication of high performance flexible lithium ion battery. Here we report
a thin, light weight and flexible lithium ion battery that uses graphite paper enhanced with a
nano-sized metallic layers as the current collector, and Li 4Ti 5O12 as the cathode and anode
materials, and PE membrane soaked in LiPF materials, LiPF6 as a separator. Using thin and
flexible graphite paper as a substrate separator. Using thin and flexible graphite paper as a
substrate for the current instead of a rigid and heavy metal foil enables us to demonstrate a very
thin Ion Battery into ultrathin (total thickness including encapsulation layers of less than 250
μm) that is also that is also that is also light weight and highly flexible.
7). http://www.onlinejournal.in ISSN: 2454-1362,
Paper Battery the Solution for Traditional Battery:
Author: Tejaswi Kadam1, Prasad C. Shinde2 & Prof. U. C. Patkar3
1,2 T.E. Seventh semester, Computer Engineering, BVCOEL, Pune
3Prof., Department of Computer Engineering, BVCOEL, Pune
Abstract: Presently, battery takes up a large space and contributes to an outsized half of the
device’s weight. There’s robust recent interest in ultrathin, flexible, safe energy storage devices
to satisfy the assorted style and power desires of contemporary gadgets. New research suggests
that carbon nanotubes could eventually offer the simplest hope of implementing the versatile
batteries which might shrink our gadgets even additional. The paper battery may meet the
energy demands of subsequent generation gadgets. A paper battery may be a versatile, ultra-thin
energy storage and production device formed by combining carbon nanotubes with a traditional
sheet of cellulose-based paper.
8). https://ecommons.cornell.edu/.../The%20Rechargeable%20Aluminum-ion%20Battery....
The rechargeable aluminum-ion battery:
Author: N. Jayaprakash, S. K. Das and L. A. Archer*
Abstract: We report a novel aluminum-ion rechargeable battery comprised of an electrolyte
containing AlCl3 in the ionic liquid, 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride, and a V2O5 Nano-
wire cathode against an aluminum metal anode. The battery delivered a discharge capacity of
305 mAh g1 in the first cycle and 273 mAh g1 after 20 cycles, with very stable electrochemical
behavior.
9). http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v520/n7547/full/nature14340.html
An ultrafast rechargeable aluminum-ion battery:
Author: Meng-Chang Lin, Ming Gong, Bingan Lu, Yingpeng Wu, Di-Yan Wang, Mingyun Guan,
Michael Angell, Changxin Chen, Jiang Yang, Bing-Joe Hwang & Hongjie Dai
Abstract: The development of new rechargeable battery systems could fuel various energy
applications, from personal electronics to grid storage1, 2. Rechargeable aluminum-based
batteries offer the possibilities of low cost and low flammability, together with three-electron-
redox properties leading to high capacity3. However, research efforts over the past 30 years
have encountered numerous problems, such as cathode material disintegration4, low cell
discharge voltage (about 0.55 volts; ref. 5), capacitive behavior without discharge voltage
plateaus (1.1–0.2 volts6 or 1.8–0.8 volts7) and insufficient cycle life (less than 100 cycles) with
rapid capacity decay (by 26–85 per cent over 100 cycles)4, 5, 6, 7. Here we present a
rechargeable aluminum battery with high-rate capability that uses an aluminum metal anode
and a three-dimensional graphitic-foam cathode. The battery operates through the
electrochemical deposition and dissolution of aluminum at the anode, and intercalation/de-
intercalation of chloroaluminate anions in the graphite, using a non-flammable ionic liquid
electrolyte. The cell exhibits well-defined discharge voltage plateaus near 2 volts, a specific
capacity of about 70 mA h g–1 and a Coulombic efficiency of approximately 98 per cent. The
cathode was found to enable fast anion diffusion and intercalation, affording charging times of
around one minute with a current density of ~4,000 mA g–1 (equivalent to ~3,000 W kg–1), and
to withstand more than 7,500 cycles without capacity decay.
10). http://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/nn502045y
High-Density Sodium and Lithium Ion Battery Anodes from Banana Peels
Author: Elmira Memarzadeh Lotfabad†‡*, Jia Ding†‡, Kai Cui‡, Alireza Kohandehghan†‡, W.
Peter Kalisvaart†‡, Michael Hazelton†‡, and David Mitlin†‡*
† Department of Chemical & Materials Engineering, University of Alberta, 9107 116th Street,
T6G 2 V4, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
‡ National Institute for Nanotechnology (NINT), National Research Council of Canada,
Edmonton, Alberta, T6G 2M9, Canada
Abstract: Banana peel pseudographite (BPPG) offers superb dual functionality for sodium ion
battery (NIB) and lithium ion battery (LIB) anodes. The materials possess low surface areas
(19–217 m2 g–1) and a relatively high electrode packing density (0.75 g cm–3 vs ∼1 g cm–3 for
graphite). Tested against Na, BPPG delivers a gravimetric (and volumetric) capacity of 355
mAh g–1 (by active material ∼700 mAh cm–3, by electrode volume ∼270 mAh cm–3) after 10
cycles at 50 mA g–1. A nearly flat ∼200 mAh g–1 plateau that is below 0.1 V and a minimal
charge/discharge voltage hysteresis make BPPG a direct electrochemical analogue to graphite
but with Na. A charge capacity of 221 mAh g–1 at 500 mA g–1 is degraded by 7% after 600
cycles, while a capacity of 336 mAh g–1 at 100 mAh–1 is degraded by 11% after 300 cycles, in
both cases with ∼100% cycling Coulombic efficiency. For LIB applications BPPG offers a
gravimetric (volumetric) capacity of 1090 mAh g–1 (by material ∼2200 mAh cm–3, by electrode
∼900 mAh cm–3) at 50 mA g–1. The reason that BPPG works so well for both NIBs and LIBs is
that it uniquely contains three essential features: (a) dilated intergraphene spacing for Na
intercalation at low voltages; (b) highly accessible near-surface nanopores for Li metal filling at
low voltages; and (c) substantial defect content in the graphene planes for Li adsorption at
higher voltages. The <0.1 V charge storage mechanism is fundamentally different for Na versus
for Li. A combination of XRD and XPS demonstrates highly reversible Na intercalation rather
than metal underpotential deposition. By contrast, the same analysis proves the presence of
metallic Li in the pores, with intercalation being much less pronounced.
Chapter 3
3. Research Method: 3.1 Method of Data Analysis:
These data are collect from internet websites & books of libraries.
Paper battery: A paper battery is an ultra-thin, flexible energy storage device that is used as a battery and also
as a good capacitor. It is created by combining two things: Nano composite paper and
nanotubes (Nano composite paper made from cellulose and nanotubes made from carbon).
Nanocomposite paper is a hybrid energy storage device made of cellulose, which combines the
features of super capacitors and batteries.
Properties:
Paper battery properties are mainly attributed to the properties of its parts such as cellulose and
carbon nanotubes.
The properties of Cellulose include high-tensile strength, biodegradability, low-shear Strength,
biocompatibility, good absorption capacity and excellent Porosity, non-toxic, reusableness &
recyclability.
Construction:
A paper battery construction involves the following components:
• Cathode: Carbon Nanotube (CNT)
• Anode: Lithium metal (Li+)
• Electrolyte: All electrolytes (including bio Electrolytes like sweat, blood and urine)
• Separator: Paper (Cellulose)
Working:
A conventional battery or Rechargeable battery contains a number of separate components that
produce electrons through a chemical reaction between the metal and the electrolyte of the
battery. The Paper battery works when the paper is dipped in the ion-based liquid solution; next
a chemical reaction occurs between the electrodes and liquid. The electrons move from the
cathode to anode to generate electricity. The paper electrode stores energy while recharging
within 10 seconds because the ions flow through the thin electrode quickly. The best method to
increase the output of the battery is to stack different paper batteries one over the other.
Advantages:
A Paper battery’s advantages mainly include the following:
• A paper battery can work even if it is folded, cut or rolled up.
• A Paper battery consists mainly of carbon and paper; it can be used to power
pacemakers within the body.
• A paper battery can be used both as a capacitor and battery.
• It is an ultra-thin storage device.
Disadvantages:
Disadvantages of the paper batteries mainly include the following
• Carbon nanotubes are very expensive.
• Batteries with large enough power are unlikely to be cost effective.
• Should not be inhaled as they can damage the lungs.
Use:
Uses laptop batteries, mobile phones, handheld digital cameras: The weight of these devices can
be significantly reduced by replacing the alkaline batteries with light-weight Paper Batteries,
without compromising with the power requirement. Moreover, the electrical hazards related to
recharging will be greatly reduced. Enhanced Printed Circuit Board(PCB) wherein both the
sides of the PCB can be used: one for the circuit and the other side (containing the components)
would contain a layer of customized Paper Battery. This would eliminate heavy step-down
transformers and the need of separate power supply unit for most electronic circuits.
Cellulose:
Cellulose is an organic compound with the formula (C6H10O5) n, a polysaccharide consisting
of a linear chain of several hundred to many thousands of β (1→4) linked D-glucose units.
Carbon Nanotube:
Carbon nanotubes (CNTs) are allotropes of carbon with a cylindrical nanostructure. These
cylindrical carbon molecules have unusual properties, which are valuable for nanotechnology,
electronics, optics and other fields of materials science and technology
Another Elements Use as anode:
Aluminum:
Aluminum or aluminum (in North American English) is a chemical element in the boron group
with symbol Al and atomic number 13. It is a silvery-white, soft, nonmagnetic, ductile metal.
Aluminum is the third most abundant element in the Earth's crust (after oxygen and silicon) and
its most abundant metal.
Sodium:
Sodium is a chemical element with symbol Na (from Latin natrium) and atomic number 11. It is a
soft, silvery-white, highly reactive metal. Sodium is an alkali metal, being in group 1 of the
periodic table, because it has a single electron in its outer shell that it readily donates, creating
a positively charged atom—the Na+ cation.
3.2 Sampling Techniques
These samples are collecting from internet different websites & sources of books on internet &
researches of other people on paper battery. Watching other batteries carefully analyze other
batteries how its working what is going on in battery what type of changes in it & which
chemical reaction help battery to conduct electricity.
3.3 Sampling Size:
Paper batteries in electronics
Paper batteries are used mainly in many electronic devices, such as mobile
phones, laptop batteries, calculators, digital cameras and also in wireless communication
devices like mouse, Bluetooth, keyboard, speakers and headsets.
Paper batteries in medical sciences
Paper batteries are used in the medical field such as for making pacemakers for the heart,
artificial tissues, drug delivery systems, cosmetics and in Bio sensors.
Paper batteries in automobiles and aircraft
Paper batteries are used in automobiles and aircraft such as in light weight, guided missiles,
hybrid car batteries, long air flights and in satellite programs for powering electronic devices.
This is all about the paper battery with its working principles and applications. These batteries
have the potential adaptability to power the next generation electronic appliances, medical
devices and hybrid vehicles. So, these batteries could solve all the problems associated with
conventional electrical energy storage devices. Furthermore, for any queries, regarding this
article or any other electrical projects, you can leave your comments, suggestions by
commenting in the comment section below.
3.4 Instruments of Data Collection:
Books:
Nano Technology:
The branch of technology that deals with dimensions and tolerances of less than 100
nanometers, especially the manipulation of individual atoms and molecules.
Papers:
Paper is a thin material produced by pressing together moist fibers of cellulose pulp derived
from wood, rags or grasses, and drying them into flexible sheets.
Metals:
Most metals are solid at room temperature, but this does not have to be the case. Mercury is
liquid. Alloys are mixtures, where at least one part of the mixture is a metal. Examples of metals
are aluminum, copper, iron, tin, gold, lead, silver, titanium, uranium, and zinc.
Compounds:
A compound is a substance formed when two or more chemical elements are chemically bonded
together. Two types of chemical bonds common in compounds are covalent bonds and ionic
bonds. The elements in any compound are always present in fixed ratios.
Validity & Reliability of Books:
A book is a set of written, printed, illustrated, or blank sheets, made of paper, parchment, or
other materials, fastened together to hinge at one side, with text and/or images printed in ink. A
single sheet within a book is a leaf, and each side of a leaf is a page. A set of text-filled or
illustrated pages produced in electronic format is known as an electronic book, or e-book.
Books may also refer to works of literature, or a main division of such a work. In library and
information science, a book is called a monograph, to distinguish it from serial periodicals such
as magazines, journals, or newspapers. The body of all written works including books is
literature. In novels and sometimes other types of books (for example, biographies), a book may
be divided into several large sections, also called books (Book 1, Book 2, Book 3, and so on). An
avid reader of books is a bibliophile or colloquially, "bookworm".
Internet:
Websites:
These data are collecting from different websites & links. Data are download from different
university webs & research of other people are written on batteries & it related components.
Chrome Browser:
Google Chrome is a freeware web browser developed by Google. It was first released in 2008,
for Microsoft Windows, and was later ported to Linux, mac OS, iOS and Android. Google
Chrome is also the main component of Chrome OS, where it serves as a platform for running
web apps.
Google releases the majority of Chrome's source code as the Chromium open-source project. A
notable component that is not open-source is the built-in Adobe Flash Player (that Chrome has
disabled by default since September 2016). Chrome used the web kit layout engine until version
27. As of version 28, all Chrome ports except the iOS port use Blink, a fork of the web kit engine.
Validity & Reliability of Internet:
When presenting a web page to a class it is very important to evaluate the validity of the web
page and to help the students learn how to determine its authenticity for themselves. The
author(s) should include some background information about themselves to help illustrate their
credibility and clearly define their motives for creating the web page. The information needs to
be accurate, and informative and in some cases recent. Anyone can create a web page and it is
essential for everyone to be able to make an informed decision about the validity and
authenticity of different web pages. While tools can be used to make searching for resources
easier, they cannot take the place of careful scrutiny. The Internet can be a powerful resource,
but if used haphazardly or thoughtlessly, it will not contribute to student learning. Approaching
web sites, like all resources, with a critical eye will help students make sense of the information
overload that characterizes modern life.
3.5 Research Method Developed:
Research method developed learning skills & provide interest in researches. Research help
me learn everything read deeply from paper battery know what is working of battery how to
assemble it what is behind chemistry of paper battery. Materials, its anode & cathode, increase
its capacity & increase its voltage.
3.6 Statistical Techniques:
3.6.1 Bigger Batteries:
Suppose your phone runs for 5 hours if you are continuously using it. How could you make it run
for a longer time? You could put in a bigger capacity battery. Before the iPhone 6, all the
previous iPhones had about a 1500 mAh lithium-ion battery. What is “mAh”? This is short for
milli-Amp hours. So, a 1 mAh battery could produce 1 milliamp of current for 1 hour. Yes, it’s a
measure of the energy stored in the battery. You can find out exactly how much energy if you
know the battery voltage. For the iPhone 5s, it has a 1570 mAh battery with a voltage of 3.8
Volts. If you know the voltage and the current, then the power and energy would be:
If I know the current in milliamps and the time in hours, I can use this to get the following
expression for the energy in a battery (in Joules). Here is how you would do that calculation for
the energy in the iPhone 5s battery.
Ok, that seems like a large amount of energy but maybe it’s not enough (well, it’s not enough for
me). What if you put a bigger battery in the phone? Wouldn’t a 3,000 mAh battery last about
twice as long? Yes, I think it probably would. However, there’s a problem. If you use the same
kind of battery it would be about twice as large and twice as heavy. It might not be exactly twice
the size since a larger battery can have a smaller percent of size devoted to the outer cover and
other required components — but you get the idea.
There is one way to deal with a bigger battery that doesn’t make everyone hate the phone —
make a bigger phone. If you have a larger phone, some things don’t change size — like the
processor and the camera. Sure, the screen gets bigger (and uses more energy) but you can still
put a larger battery in there. Look at the iPads. They are much larger than an iPhone and they
seem to have fairly decent battery life. Maybe the iPhone 6 Plus will have super awesome battery
life (Apple claims it will be better). Just to be safe, Apple should send me one so I can test it.
3.6.2 Higher Battery Energy Density:
Just about all phones use lithium-ion battery. These have about 4.32 MJ/L (mega Joules per
liter). Yes, energy density is the energy stored per unit volume. I’m not sure why, but it seems
that a common symbol for energy density is u and is defined as:
It’s just like mass density except that it’s for energy. There is also the specific energy. This tells
you the energy per unit mass — but I’m not too concerned about the mass of my phone (but
volume is important).
Where could you find the energy densities for different storage solutions? Of course, Wikipedia
has you covered. Here are some interesting energy densities:
Gasoline = 32.4 MJ/L
Lithium-ion = 0.9-2.63 MJ/L
Lead Acid Battery = 0.34 MJ/L
Sandwich = 10.13 MJ/L (whoever added this to the Wikipedia page is a genius)
Antimatter = 9.266 x 10104 MJ/L
If you want to keep your phone battery the same size but increase the energy storage, you will
need to find something with a higher energy density. Right now, Lithium-ion is the best we can
do for a battery. It seems safe to bet that in the near future humans could find something in the 5
MJ/L range for a battery, but that will still just bump the battery life up by a factor of 2. Twice
the battery life would be good, but I would like something even more impressive.
A phone that runs on sandwiches would last about 5 times as long as a Lithium-ion powered
phone. Of course, you would have a tiny little sandwich in your phone and you would need a tiny
little stomach to go with it. On the downside, you would have to take your phone to the bathroom
at least once a day or deal with it pooping in your pocket (that would be awkward). Oh, don’t
forget to feed your phone. It would probably take less time to feed a phone than it would to
recharge a battery.
What about an antimatter powered phone? If you had the same size antimatter battery as in your
current phone, it would last about 10100 years. Just for comparison, the Universe is most likely
14 billion (14 x 109) years old. Now, don’t get all excited. There is still the problem of taking
antimatter annihilation energy and turning it into electricity to run your phone. It would either
require much more space or the radiation might kill you. Still, the phone should at least run until
Apple announces the iPhone 22sd Plus in the year 2034.
Chapter 4
Result: 4.1 Finding & interpretation:
In that research, we find changing battery size increase its capacity to store current make battery
efficient & make it useful in appliances. We find battery change its voltage because we change
its terminals. The materials we use as electrodes minimize the resistivity load of current provide
by paper battery.
4.2 Hypothesis Assessment:
Changing battery size increase its capacity because size increase capacity to store electrons in
it. similarly, like other batteries have large size & increase its plates increase it storage of
current.
Voltage increase because the other batteries have aluminum & sodium electrodes which is more
efficient than other because flow of current by electrode & lower resistivity level help electrodes
to increase its voltage.
4.2.1 Bigger Batteries:
Suppose your phone runs for 5 hours if you are continuously using it. How could you make it run
for a longer time? You could put in a bigger capacity battery. Before the iPhone 6, all the
previous iPhones had about a 1500 mAh lithium-ion battery. What is “mAh”? This is short for
milli-Amp hours. So, a 1 mAh battery could produce 1 milliamp of current for 1 hour. Yes, it’s a
measure of the energy stored in the battery. You can find out exactly how much energy if you
know the battery voltage. For the iPhone 5s, it has a 1570 mAh battery with a voltage of 3.8
Volts. If you know the voltage and the current, then the power and energy would be:
If I know the current in milliamps and the time in hours, I can use this to get the following
expression for the energy in a battery (in Joules). Here is how you would do that calculation for
the energy in the iPhone 5s battery.
Ok, that seems like a large amount of energy but maybe it’s not enough (well, it’s not enough for
me). What if you put a bigger battery in the phone? Wouldn’t a 3,000 mAh battery last about
twice as long? Yes, I think it probably would. However, there’s a problem. If you use the same
kind of battery it would be about twice as large and twice as heavy. It might not be exactly twice
the size since a larger battery can have a smaller percent of size devoted to the outer cover and
other required components — but you get the idea.
There is one way to deal with a bigger battery that doesn’t make everyone hate the phone —
make a bigger phone. If you have a larger phone, some things don’t change size — like the
processor and the camera. Sure, the screen gets bigger (and uses more energy) but you can still
put a larger battery in there. Look at the iPads. They are much larger than an iPhone and they
seem to have fairly decent battery life. Maybe the iPhone 6 Plus will have super awesome battery
life (Apple claims it will be better). Just to be safe, Apple should send me one so I can test it.
4.2.2 Higher Battery Energy Density:
Just about all phones use lithium-ion battery. These have about 4.32 MJ/L (mega Joules per
liter). Yes, energy density is the energy stored per unit volume. I’m not sure why, but it seems
that a common symbol for energy density is u and is defined as:
It’s just like mass density except that it’s for energy. There is also the specific energy. This tells
you the energy per unit mass — but I’m not too concerned about the mass of my phone (but
volume is important).
Where could you find the energy densities for different storage solutions? Of course, Wikipedia
has you covered. Here are some interesting energy densities:
Gasoline = 32.4 MJ/L
Lithium-ion = 0.9-2.63 MJ/L
Lead Acid Battery = 0.34 MJ/L
Sandwich = 10.13 MJ/L (whoever added this to the Wikipedia page is a genius)
Antimatter = 9.266 x 10104 MJ/L
If you want to keep your phone battery the same size but increase the energy storage, you will
need to find something with a higher energy density. Right now, Lithium-ion is the best we can
do for a battery. It seems safe to bet that in the near future humans could find something in the 5
MJ/L range for a battery, but that will still just bump the battery life up by a factor of 2. Twice
the battery life would be good, but I would like something even more impressive.
A phone that runs on sandwiches would last about 5 times as long as a Lithium-ion powered
phone. Of course, you would have a tiny little sandwich in your phone and you would need a tiny
little stomach to go with it. On the downside, you would have to take your phone to the bathroom
at least once a day or deal with it pooping in your pocket (that would be awkward). Oh, don’t
forget to feed your phone. It would probably take less time to feed a phone than it would to
recharge a battery.
What about an antimatter powered phone? If you had the same size antimatter battery as in your
current phone, it would last about 10100 years. Just for comparison, the Universe is most likely
14 billion (14 x 109) years old. Now, don’t get all excited. There is still the problem of taking
antimatter annihilation energy and turning it into electricity to run your phone. It would either
require much more space or the radiation might kill you. Still, the phone should at least run until
Apple announces the iPhone 22sd Plus in the year 2034.
Chapter 5 5.1 Discussion:
After analyzing & reading about the batteries I say paper battery is vary batter than others
because it has many advantages. Its non-toxic. It only a paper not explosive or any other charter
of other batteries its vary useful for phones or other small home appliances. It has a great future
because its lighter than others & vary easy to carry & use everywhere you want. One of the
major problems bugging the world now is Energy crisis. Every nation needs energy and
everyone needs power. And this problem which disturbs the developed countries perturbs the
developing countries like India to a much greater extent. Standing at a point in the present where
there can’t be a day without power, Paper Batteries can provide an altogether path-breaking
solution to the same. Being Biodegradable, Light-weight and Nontoxic, flexible paper batteries
have potential adaptability to power the next generation of electronics, medical devices and
hybrid vehicles, allowing for radical new designs and medical technologies.
5.2 Conclusion:
A paper battery is a paper like device formed by the combination of carbon nanotubes and a
conventional sheet of cellulose-based paper which act as a flexible ultra-thin energy storage and
energy production device. In addition to using the aqueous and RTIL (Room Temperature Ionic
liquids) electrolytes, the device operates with a suite of electrolytes based on bodily fluids. It
suggests the possibility of the device being useful as a dry-body implant or for use under special
circumstances.
As a precedent, a urine-activated battery was recently demonstrated for bio-MEMS device
applications. Body sweat, composed of water, Na, Cl and K ions, used as electrolyte (a drop of
sweat placed on the film gets sucked into the porous cellulose) in the RTIL-free nanocomposite
affords good capacitive behavior for the device (specific capacitance of 12 F/g, operating
voltage of 2.4V). Blood (human whole blood in K2 EDTA from Innovative Research, Southfield,
MI) worked even better as an electrolyte, enhancing the capacitive behavior of the
supercapacitor, resulting in a specific capacitance of 18 F/g. As this technology is adapted it will
prove to be extremely useful and could even save not only cost but lives also.
One of the major problems bugging the world now is Energy crisis. Every nation needs energy
and everyone needs power. And this problem which disturbs the developed countries perturbs the
developing countries like India to a much greater extent. Standing at a point in the present where
there can’t be a day without power, Paper Batteries can provide an altogether path-breaking
solution to the same. Being Biodegradable, Light-weight and Nontoxic, flexible paper batteries
have potential adaptability to power the next generation of electronics, medical devices and
hybrid vehicles, allowing for radical new designs and medical technologies. But Pak still has got
a long way to go if it has to be self-dependent for its energy solution. Literature reflects that
Indian researchers have got the scientific astuteness needed for such revolutionary work. But
what hinders their path is the lack of facilities and funding. Of course, the horizon of
inquisitiveness is indefinitely vast and this paper is just a single step towards this direction.
5.3 Policy Implementations:
This Research Report is made by understanding APA guidelines. Its pattern is normal and
wording like others. This report make by reading and understanding all information of paper
battery on books, internet and manufacturing of battery. These reports have some few mistakes
but I try my best to write it by using guidelines.
5.4 Future Research:
Paper is a porous material that helps carbon nanotubes and silver nanowire films stick to it,
much like ink does. After it is coated and heated the paper becomes super-conductive and works
as a battery even if the material is crumpled. 'Taking advantage of the mature paper technology,
low cost, light and high-performance energy-storage are realized by using conductive paper as
current collectors and electrodes,' the scientists said in research published in the Proceedings of
the National Academy of Sciences. This type of battery could be especially useful for
applications like electric or hybrid cars, which depend on the quick transfer of electricity.
Battery weight and life have been an obstacle to commercial viability of electric-powered cars
and trucks. 'Society really needs a low-cost, high-performance energy storage device, such as
batteries and simple supercapacitors,' Stanford assistant professor Yi Cui said. 'Our paper
supercapacitors can be used for all kinds of applications that require instant high power. 'Since
our paper batteries and supercapacitors can be very low cost, they are also good for grid-
connected energy storage. 'Peidong Yang, professor of chemistry at the University of California-
Berkeley, said the technology could be commercialized within a short time.