Paper on Domes 1and2

8/8/2019 Paper on Domes 1and2

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GEODESIC DOMESInformational paper by Giulio Neri

Contents:01 From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia02 History03 Advantages of domes04 Dome materials041 Metal Domes04.2 Wood04.2-1 Plywood Domes04.3 Concrete domes

This paper wants to give basic information about geodesic domes and the situation on geodesic domeproduction in the world market.These sheets are a collage from the internet. Therefore personal add-ons will be written bold.This collection was not made for advertising porpoise. Names and Companies are quoted for furtherresearch. I picked up what I thought might be best representative in the world net market of 2006.


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http://www.tfwpa.com/gdh/Geodesic Dome Homes are the logical future. Even though Geodesic Dome Homes have been

around for decades; they have not received the proper attention for an alternative home choiceuntil the 90's. Their popularity has increased tremendously due to the demand for stronger, betterbuilt, more flexible, and energy efficient homes, not to mention the domes beauty and uniquenessand most importantly its cost effectiveness in comparison to the conventional homes on themarket.

01.From Wikipedia, the free encyclopediageodesic dome (IPA: /idsk/ or /idizk/ /dm/) is an almost spherical structure based ona network ofstruts arranged on great circles (geodesics) lying on the surface of a sphere. The

geodesics intersect to form triangular elements that create local triangular rigidity and distribute

the stress. It is the only man made structure that gets stronger as it increases in size.

Of all known structures, a geodesic dome has the highest ratio of enclosed volume to weight.

Geodesic domes are far stronger as units than the individual struts would suggest. It is common

for a new dome to reach a "critical mass" during construction, shift slightly, and lift any attached

scaffolding from the ground.

Geodesic domes are designed by taking a Platonic solid, such as an icosahedron, and then filling

each face with a regular pattern of triangles bulged out so that their vertices lie in the surface of a

sphere. The trick is that the sub-pattern of triangles should create "geodesics", great circles to

distribute stress across the structure.

There is reason to believe that geodesic construction can be effectively extended to any shape,

although it works best in shapes that lack corners to concentrate stress.


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02 HistoryR. Buckminster Fuller (aka Buckminster Fuller) developed and named

the geodesic dome from field experiments with Kenneth Snelson and

others at Black Mountain College in the late 1940's. Researchers have

found antecedent experiments like the 1913 geodesic planetarium dome

at the Carl Zeiss plant inJena, Germany, but it was Fuller that exploited,

patented, and developed the idea.

The geodesic dome appealed to Fuller because it was extremely strong

for its weight, its "omnitriangulated" surface provided an inherently

stable structure, and because a sphere encloses the greatest volumefor the least surface area. Fuller had hopes that the geodesic dome

would help address the postwar housing crisis. This was in line with his

prior hopes for both versions of the Dymaxion House.

From an engineering perspective geodesic domes are far superior to traditional, right-angle post-

and-beam constructions. Traditional constructions are a far less efficient use of materials, are far

heavier, are less stable, and rely on gravity to stand up.

However, there are also some notable drawbacks to geodesic constructions as well. Although

extremely strong, domes react to external stresses in ways that confound traditional engineering.Some tensegrity structures will retain their shape and contract evenly when stressed on the

outside, and some don't. For example, a dome built at Princeton, New Jersey was hit by a

snowplow. The stress was transmitted through the structure, and popped out struts on the

opposite side. To this day, the behavior of tension and compression forces in the different

varieties of geodesic structures is not well understood. So, traditionally trained structural

engineers may not be able to adequately predict their performance and safety.

The dome was successfully adopted for specialized industrial use, such as the 1958 Union Tank

Car Company dome near Baton Rouge, Louisiana and specialty buildings like the Henry Kaiser

dome, auditoriums, weather observatories, and storage facilities. The dome was soon breaking

records for covered surface, enclosed volume, and construction speed. Leveraging the geodesic

dome's stability, the US Air Force experimented with helicopter-deliverable units. The dome was

introduced to a wider audience at Expo '67 the Montreal, CanadaWorld's Fair as part of the

American Pavilion. The structure's covering later burned, but the structure itself still stands and,

under the name Biosphre, currently houses an interpretive museum about the Saint Lawrence

River. A dome was constructed at the South Pole in 1975 where its resistance to snow and wind

loads is important.


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03 Advantages of domes

They are very strong, and get stronger the larger they get. The basic structure can be erected very

quickly from lightweight pieces by a small crew. Domes as large as fifty meters have been

constructed in the wilderness from rough materials without a crane. The dome is also

aerodynamic, so it withstands considerable wind loads, such as those created by hurricanes. Solar

heating is possible by placing an arc of windows across the dome: the more heating needed the

wider the arc should be, to encompass more of the year.

Many companies exist today that sell both dome plans and frame material with instructions

designed simply enough for owners to build themselves, and many do to make the net cost lower

than standard construction homes. Construction techniques have improved based on real world

feedback over sixty years and many newer dome homes can resolve nearly all of the disadvantages

that were more true of the early dome homes.


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04 Dome materialsDomes can be built in many varieties of materials.The most used are:-Metal-Wood-Concrete

04.1 Metal DomesMetal structured domes are normally used for Military, commercial use and to cover Sport areas.It is very simple and quick to assemble and its costs for heating and cooling are veryadvantageus.Especially metal covered domes show very good theair exchange inside the dome.

a) In cold situations, like at night, the shell iscold. Hot air raises from the middle of thedome. The cool surface of the domerefreshes the air which falls to the bottom.

b) Hot temperatures in hot climates raise thetemperature on the dome outside surface.The hot air raises along the wall of the shelland falls, after refreshment in the middle.

c) This phenomenon can be catalized by anopening on the top and som openings in thebottom of the dome. The Venturi effect letsfresh new air inside from the top, whileexhausted air and dust is expelled from thebottom.


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04.2 WoodWooden dome structures are the most used dome structures for housing. The building and designwas developed since the 1980s. After more than 20 years of building and designing, variouscompanies can guarantee their Manu facts for over 25 up to 60 years lifetime.The amount of positive testimoniances in the internet demonstrates somehow the positivedeveloping of Fullers ideas.Full kits for dome houses are sold all over the world.Dome homes are mostly built in the United States and are sold by American companies such as:Albata Geodesics900 C.R. 795

Montevallo, Al. 35115

http://domebuilder.wecre8.com/index.htm

Timberline Geodesics2015 Blake Street

Berkeley, CA 94704

1-800-DOME-HOME

1-800-366-3466

(510) 849-4481

FAX (510) 849-3265

http://www.domehome.com/

Wooden structures are easy to build, because they require light equipment.The only tools you will need are:

Socket Wrenches Hammers Ladders Scaffolding Nail Gun

With some experience big roofs can bey quickly build from 2-3people.John was able to build this, together with his wife in 2-3 weeks


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. Wooden domes are erected over cement or cement and brick fundaments. The plumbing isinstalled as well. Vertical walls on the lover level increase the volume and usable surface in thehouse.

Econodomes


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www.decahome .comEconodomes sells a very easy-to-assemble system, which requires good handwork, but lessexpensive, metallic elements.A house like this is sold in the U.S.A for 25000, - USD.


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04.2-1 Plywood DomesPlywood domes are very profitablein the sense that the plywoodsheets dont need to be cut ormodified. Secondly the positioningof the sheets is advantageous forwater impermeadility.The same system is applicable withsteel panels.Steve Miller is a pioneer of thisconstruction method. He writes on his site Formactive:http://www.sover.net/~triorbtl/index1.htmlIn 1972 I first became interested in geodesic domes. There was little information

available at the time, beyond an article in Popular Sciencefor pool covers. A group

of domebuilders in California published Domebook 2in 1972, which I bought

right away (Domebook 1 came out earlier, but must have been rare. I have never

seen a copy.). I studied it tirelessly, trying to get my mind around figures based

not on squares nor even with a gravity orientation.

That book was jammed with useful

data; however, I was alarmed by the

domes they were promoting.

Although the geometry was a

challenge for me, I had worked as a

roofer during summers in highschool and college, with shingles and

flashing and roofing cement, and

knew a lot more about roofing than

anyone in Domebook 2seemed to

know. They were building hemispherical walls, with open seams facing the sky,

and trying to seal them with new plastic products. They were working with

inadequate budgets, and third rate materials, and making skylights out of vinyl. (It

is important to understand that though domes can be made with a small amountof material compared to other methods, the materials must be of high quality).


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The only geodesic domes that had a chance were the offbeat metal and concrete

domes that the writer/builders themselves condemned for their lack of aesthetic

appeal. Aesthetics played a primary role in these domes. The builders were

obviously artists; the book was a tour de force of creative domebuilding, covering

a surprising amount of ground. Many domebuilders of

today were inspired by this book.

The design they were promoting, with dimension lumber

frames and sheathed with cut out, nailed on plywood

triangles, is still the most popular residential geodesic dome type, made with the

figures printed in that old Popular Sciencearticle for the pool covers. The domes

built today for homes are mostly refined versions of the leaky hemispherical walls

of the early days, utterly dependent on composite shingles to shed water.

In the back ofDomebook 2was a

list ofFuller's geodesic patents. A

few years later I sent for several of

them, and was thrilled by the

brilliance of the methods described.

The ideas laid down in the patents

were being ignored. The "Self-Strutted Geodesic Plydome"

grabbed me. I had worked with

plywood in the building trades, and

had felt the strength potential in

thin, bent plywood, although I had not thought of how to exploit it very well. The

pictures of plydomes in The Dymaxion World of Buckminster Fullershowed domes

made of full sheets of quarter inch plywood bolted together in an overlapping

"shingle" pattern that got me going on a research project that started in 1981,and continued until recently, when I and my family moved into one. The

overlapping plywood sheets make domes that shed water as soon as the dome is

assembled. The basic building is inherently watershedding, and no shingles are

needed. The tensional continuity is nearly perfect, unlike the primitive nailing on

of plywood triangles. The shell is so strong that often no frame is needed; I have

found a hex-pent frame to be advisable on my larger diameter plydomes,

fastened on the inside after assembly. A hex- pent frame has 1/3 as many struts

as a triangulated frame, and is used to increase rigidity. It is also handy forstapling on bubblepack insulation.


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I found out that working from a patent can be a risky business- the plydome

patent was a minefield for me. The domes I built were quite daring. I wanted to

know just how strong a dome had to be to be useful, and wanted to accentuate

the tensile qualities, which are beautifully described in Synergetics 1, in the

context of balloons (Section 760.00). When my largest dome was in a state of

partial collapse from a sudden heavy snow load, and I was jacking the undamaged

section out, I thought of a simple mathematical formula to link geodesics to

pneumatics. Fuller mentioned the usefulness of 'failure point research' in getting

past the excessive overbuilding and compressive, crystalline structuring that

plagues geodesic construction. I ran with that idea, and deliberately made domes

that could possibly collapse. Then I carefully added supplemental structuring to

bring them to usefulness, when possible. Some of them never got that far.

Almost all of my load testing has been with snowfalls. The 42' dome weighed

about 2 tons and after a 30" snowfall was carrying 10 tons of snow. That was

before I installed a thin 2v frame within the 6v dome in the hopes it could bear a

5' load someday.

Insulating in our plydome home followed a similar failure point pattern, where I

am using an experimental approach based on tight sealing and air chambers


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within the ideal aerodynamic shape, with thoughtful use of vents. While

experimenting with domes the most frequent question posed to me was, "how will

you insulate them?" I studied the patents for the Dymaxion Deployment Unit, the

Dymaxion Dwelling Machine, and the Fly's Eye (Critical Path) to understand the

Bucky Fuller approach. The method I came up with is most like the postwar

Dwelling Machine design (1940's) which used tightly sealed chambers with a

rubber curtain hanging inside the airspace. Metal connectors are minimal, and

fastened in wood frames. The rubber curtains are updated to 5/16 aluminized

bubblepack (Reflectix). Although the bottom part of the house is unfinished- the

insulation shows, and so it lacks the important inside air chamber in the lower

3/8 of the sphere- but our house is using an exceptionally small amount of fuel

in the winter in Vermont, just a few gallons a day. This is with an R value of less

than 10. In the summer we have no trees to shade the house, and a full exposure

all year. The metal ventilator works as a parasol to keep sun off the top of the

dome, and a rope operated trap door in the top of the ceiling enables air

movement in and out of the top of the dome. This has been perfectly satisfactory

for 3 years.

So far our plydome is working well. I am not offering it as a kit or plans, since I

am not an engineer and doubt any engineer would endorse my designs- meaning

building codes will find them unacceptable. Also, the process is familiar to meafter years of practice, but would be a difficult process for the beginner to

attempt.

Steve Miller


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04.3 Concrete domesTo build concrete domes is an old science, art and challenge to which many architects in historyhave been interested.


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Today concrete shells are easy and quick to build. This is donewith an innovative system created by the Monolithic institute inItaly, Texas U.S.A. www.monolithic.comThe system is very simple: it bases on an air form on which issprayed or layered concrete. Monoliyhic posseses the patent of thisairform building process. Anyway, according to Buckminster Fullers

ideals, Monolithic often works and helps in it s best way, non profit projects.

Monolithic has already done non profit projects and had recently some projects in India. As itstates in the site:

The NeedIn countries such as the Union of South Africa, Korea, Mexico, Ghana, Philippines, Honduras and

others, the need for low-cost housing is staggering. Reported housing shortages range from

500,000 to 1,000,000. Can you imagine the effort it takes to

initiate a project for 1,000, 10,000 or 100,000 units? Example:

Building 25,000 homes in a timely manner, with a goal of 20

completed units per day, for 250 days per year, requires 5 years.

The logistics are enormous and the financing presents another

problem. In many areas, families must maintain themselves with an

annual income that wouldnt pay an average dry-cleaning bill. Fire

is also a danger, and fire protection usually is limited. Other hazards impinging on quality housing

include earthquakes, hurricanes, rot and decay.

Our SolutionThe UN has set guidelines for what they deem to be adequate housing. We have built a prototype

home at the Monolithic headquarters meeting their

requirements. It is a simple, 28-square-meter (314 square feet)

house which utilizes approximately $1000 worth of basic

material. This (EcoShell) concrete steel-reinforced dome

measures 6 meters (20 feet) in diameter and 3 meters (10 feet)

in height. It consists of openings for a door and window in front

and two small windows in the rear.


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CostFor this example, we are assuming there is some sort of existing infrastructure near the building

site. The cost of extending simple roads, simple water, simple sewage with sewage treatment,

including land costs will run approximately $2000 per unit. We add $1000 per unit for the raw

cost of the structure. That includes the Airforms. (Since we expect to build one hundred homes

using one Airform, the project will require ten Airforms at $3,000 each). To that, we add $2000 for

interior finish, appliances, basic equipment and general overhead. A thousand units, therefore, will

cost around $5 million.

.

Monolithic has also build a village and some shelters in IndiaMonolithic domes are disaster secure. Concrete and steel is needed and very low technicalprecision.


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BENEFITS OF MONOLITHIC DOME STRUCTURESThe cost of building, operating, and maintaining conventionally constructed buildings continues to increase.Much ofconventional construction is the same as or similar to1950s construction technology. The air form technologymethod ofconstruction and insulation is the newest feature of the concrete thin-shell construction technology. Airforming was first usedas a construction method about 30 years ago. This technology and construction is now called the MonolithicDome.The cost for energy to heat and cool conventional buildings is also dramatically increasing. Consequently,many buildingowners are considering alternative construction systems and methods. A Monolithic Dome structure hasseveral advantages.Here are some of the benefits we have discovered. Air formed concrete thin-shell structures:

Are based on design principles of concrete thin-shells that have been in existence for centuries. Ancientbuildings such asHaggis Sophia in Turkey and the Pantheon in Rome are domed buildings that were built based oncomparable designprinciples and have lasted for centuries. Can resist a Force 5 Tornado(300 miles/hour winds) and provide maximum safety for the buildinginhabitants. Thisstructure will be the most stable, reliable, and durable in the high wind conditions in Kansas. Require the least amount of material to enclose the largest amount of space and fit the requirements forgreen buildingsand for sustainable buildings. Are typically the strongest, best-insulated, and least expensive free span structures. Can be designed so the thermal mass of the concrete shells interior environment reduces the cost of

heating and coolingby up to 40-60% (depending on size and use of the concrete shell structure) compared to other conventionalconstruction. Can be erected in much less time than any other conventional construction.This concrete thin shell structure can be erected in 4 to 6 months or even less time depending on theweather and otherworking conditions. This construction time may not include the rest of the project construction. Provide a building enclosure that protects other building trades work (except site work) from inclementweather so theproject construction work can continue without delays and extra cost. Suspend lighting and other important features from the thin shell. Have good acoustics for all types of events.


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How to Build a Monolithic Dome

Step One

The Monolithic Dome starts as a concrete ring foundation,reinforced with steel rebar. Vertical steel bars embedded in the

ring later attached to the steel reinforcing of the dome itself.

Small domes may use an integrated floor/ring foundation.

Otherwise, the floor is poured after completion of the dome.

Step Two

An Airform -- fabricated to the proper shape and size -- is

placed on the ring base. Using blower fans, it is inflated and the

Airform creates the shape of the structure to be completed. Thefans run throughout construction of the dome.

Step Three

Polyurethane foam is applied to the interior surface of the

Airform. Entrance into the air-structure is made through a

double door airlock which keeps the air-pressure inside at a

constant level. Approximately three inches of foam is applied.

The foam is also the base for attaching the steel reinforcing

rebar.

Step Four

Steel reinforcing rebar is attached to the foam using a specially

engineered layout of hoop (horizontal) and vertical steel rebar.

Small domes need small diameter bars with wide spacing.

Large domes require larger bars with closer spacing.

Step Five

Shotcrete -- a special spray mix of concrete -- is applied to the

interior surface of the dome. The steel rebar is embedded in the

concrete and when about three inches of shotcrete is applied,

the Monolithic Dome is finished. The blower fans are shut off

after the concrete is set.


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The Fly Eye Dome

Informational paper by Giulio Neri

Contents:01 About the Fly eye Dome02 Known built Fly eye Domes03 Ideas for developing the Fly eye Module

This paper wants to give basic information about geodesic domes and the situation on geodesic domeproduction in the world market.These sheets are a collage from the internet. Therefore personal add-ons will be written bold.This collection was not made for advertising porpoise. Names and Companies are quoted for furtherresearch. I picked up what I thought might be best representative in the world net market of 2007.


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01 About the Fly eye DomeAbstract from: http://www.ideafinder.com/history/inventions/geodesicdome.htm

Bucky with Fly's Eye dome (taken in Colorado).

This picture was submitted byJay Salsburg who receivedthe

picture from John Warren in 1979 during their work on Dr.

Fuller's Rigid Tensegrity Fly's Eye Model for Sir Norman

Foster.R. Buckminster Fuller was truly a man ahead of his time. Fuller was a practical philosopher whodemonstrated his ideas as inventions that he called artifacts. Some were built as prototypes; others existonly on paper; all he felt were technically viable. His most famous invention was the Geodesic Domedeveloped in 1954. Its design created the lightest, strongest, and most cost-effective structure ever devised.The geodesic dome is able to cover more space without internal supports than any other enclosure.The geodesic dome is able to cover more space without internal supports than any other enclosure. Itbecomes proportionally lighter and stronger the larger it is. The geodesic dome is a breakthrough in shelter,not only in cost-effectiveness, but in ease of construction. In 1957, a geodesic dome auditorium in Honoluluwas put up so quickly that 22 hours after the parts were delivered, a full house was comfortably seatedinside enjoying a concert. Today over 300,000 domes dot the globe.Plastic and fiberglass "radomes" house delicate radar equipment along the Arctic perimeter, and weatherstations withstand winds up to 180 mph. Corrugated metal domes have given shelter to families in Africa, ata cost of $350 per dome. The U.S. Marine Corps hailed the geodesic dome as "the first basic improvementin mobile military shelter in 2,600 years." The worlds largest aluminum clear-span structure is at Long BeachHarbor. Fuller is most famous for his 20-story dome housing the U.S. Pavilion at Montreals Expo 67. Later,he documented the feasibility of a dome two miles in diameter that would enclose mid-town Manhattan in atemperature-controlled environment, and pay for itself within ten years from the savings of snow-removalcosts alone.


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The Cardboard Dome pavillon for the Triennale exhibition in 1954

R. Buckminster Fullers first world wide acceptance by the architectural community occurred with the 1954Triennale where his cardboard dome was displayed for the first time. The Milan Triennale was established tostage international exhibitions aimed to present the most innovative accomplishments in the fields of design,crafts, architecture and city planning.

The theme for 1954 was Life Between Artifact and Nature: Design and the Environmental Challenge which fitin perfectly with Buckys work. Bucky had begun efforts towards the development of a ComprehensiveAnticipatory Design Science which he defined as, "the effective application of the principles of science to the

conscious design of our total environment in order to help make the Earths finite resources meet the needsof all humanity without disrupting the ecological processes of the planet." The cardboard shelter that waspart of his exhibit could be easily shipped and assembled with the directions printed right on the cardboard.The 42-foot paperboard Geodesic was installed in old Sforza garden in Milan and came away with thehighest award, the Gran Premio.

Fullers domes gained world wide attention upon his Italian premiere and by that time the U.S. military hadalready begun to explore the options of using domes in their military projects because they needed speedybut strong housing for soldiers overseas. With the interest of the military and coming away from the 1954Triennale with the Gran Premio, domes began to gain in public appeal and exposure.


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Fly eye Dome patent drawings

U.S. Patent Number: 3,197,927 Patent Date: August 3, 1965 Patent Name: Geodesic Structures Complete sphere composed of only two

unique components: 60 triangular convex "dished" faces & 32 transparent bubble skylights

The Flye eye Dome has been patented in 1965.It is Buckys ultimative answer to his lifetime problem to simple shelter construction.A very few prototypes have been built since then. It is in fact a building system that still needs tobe developed for production in order to be used for serial housing production.Most Fly eye domes are built with fibreglass modules.In my opinion Steel is the proper material for Fly eye Domes, as for raw/production costs as forbeing easyer tp recycle.

Some advantages of the Fly's Eye dome are:

low cost, high strength light weight, easily transported components

bolt together assembly

lower heating and cooling costs than rectilinear buildings

stronger and safer than conventional buildings

savings on resources and labor: one third less material is used to enclose

the same space with a dome than a cube.


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02 Known built Fly eye DomesA very little number of P rototypes have been built since the Fly eye structure wasinvented. Information and documentation about the single prototypes is rare.

Built during a Workshop in Buckminster FullerInstitute

InfoPoint in California State USA

John Kuhtik's Fly's Eye Dome see moore @

http://www.thirteen.org/bucky/kuhtikwf.html


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Inspiration for artists

The future has arrived! The burgeoning movement toward a

global, nomadic lifestyle is now a reality. Mixing art, architecture,

design and technology, net business, mobile Living,and much more.


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03 Ideas for developing the Fly eye Module

In my opinion Steel is the proper material for Fly eye Domes.According to Fullers Idea of the house of the future, home will be more like a spaceship, as we aretoo travelling in space, being on a planet.The Fly eye dome fulfills completevly the concept of a house being a shelter and a medium forexchange with the outside at the same time.The most effective production for spaceships on earth is at the moment the car technology,producing millions of pieces every day for millions of perfectly functioning travelling mashines.In my opinion Fly eye modules should be built with the same car production tecnology. This wouldgive to the car production a new marketplace and to the fly eye domes the possibility of beingbuilt, assembling various pieces and making custom production and order easy.

Advantages of steel against Fiberglass Fly eye Modules:- Cheaper- Easy to recycle- Easy Industrial production (eg. Car production technology)- Easy industrial customized production


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-prototype for steel Fly eye dome

Buckminster Fuller was convinced that you have to see a functioning structure

in order to be certain it is working.

The steel Fly eye dome is, as far as I know, never been built. For this reason it

has to be prototyped and tested before it can be put into mass production.


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Many models have been built in various Materials and scale. From 15cm to

1.50m diameter.


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-Photoshop modified Image of some models


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At the moment I would like to build a 1:1 mid sized Steel pavillon with 7.47 m diamenter.

The complete sphere would take 60 identical modules and 32 round shapes. All modules arebolted together.


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The 747 Dome

The first domes should be built as temporary or permanent installations, in order to get usedto dimensions, weights, costs, timings, improvements, methods.The size is suitable for a 30sqm x 6m high expositon pavillon, sculpture, playground climber,greenhouse, futurisctic office, or whatever.The Dome would be easy anchored to earth bolted to a simple steel/concrete 40cm deepringbeam and 10cm slab.


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