Simple Guide toDummies
www.paperco.co.uk
Paper care 21
Printing processes 20
Paper problems 23
Laser pre-print guidelines 22
Envelope sizes 8 - 9
Paper sizes 6 - 7
Paper & envelope sizes
Folding & binding 3 - 4
Folding & binding
Paper & board types & associated terminology 11 - 19
Paper & board types & associated terminology
Conversion factors & useful calculations 25
British paper & board trade tolerances 24
INDEX Page no.
How to order a dummy 4
PaperCo provide samples of paper and board to helpyou and your end customer decide the perfect paperfor your job.
We supply A4 and SRA2 sized samples from our manythousands of different grades held in stock.
These guidelines will ensure that the dummy you orderis made exactly to your specification from the actualpaper and board grade you intend to use.
Our Sample department has commercial finishingequipment to produce a truly accurate mock-up ofyour project and finish them with wire stitching, perfectbinding or wiro binding.
Dummies are ideal to develop ideas, calculate mailingcosts, present visuals and communicate your ideas.
delivery Information
For all standard requests received before 4.30pm weaim for next working day delivery by Royal Mail 1stclass (most arrive within 24 hours).
Courier deliveries up to 30kg are all tracked for nextday delivery by 5.30pm latest.
If you request non-stocked paper grades or oversizedperfect bound items these may take up to 72 hours tofulfil.
Quantities Supplied
A4 up to 10 sheetsSRA2 Flat Sheets up to 20 sheetsDummies up to 10 per request
Service Information
Our sample department is open weekdays :Monday to Friday 8.00am to 6.30pm.
Contact your local branch for all sample and dummyrequests. Please see back cover for contact details.
Samples &
Dummies Service
1
Folding &
Binding
FOLDING & BINDING
3
4 pagesingle fold
6 pagegate fold
8 pagegate fold
6 pageconcertina fold
6 pagestandard fold
8 pageparallel double fold
8 pageconcertina fold
broadsheet SRA2double folded to A4
6 pagegate fold with flip
8 page parallelmap fold
8 page reversemap fold
10 pageconcertina fold
12 pagestandard letter fold
12 pageconcertina letter fold endorsement fold
portrait(upright)
landscape(wide)
6pp cover with textthrow-out at front/back
cover, flysheetand text
cover withtwo text sections
perfectbound
folderdiagonal pockets
folderhorizontal pocket
foldervertical pocket
folder with “L”shaped pocket
saddlestitched
stabstitched
wirobound
loopstitched
* French fold, Wirobinding & Loopstitching is alsoavailable (limited
service) Please call forinformation
See next page for more information
FOLDING & BINDING
HOW TO ORDER A DUMMY
All dummies produced on weights above
170 g/m2 are scored.
Scoring creates a debossed ridge along the
fold. The ‘ridge’ or hinge should be on the
inside of the fold to reduce paper stretch
and give a smooth outer edge.
This requires an extra allowance in the
dimension of the cover to accommodate
the fold (x) when heavy cover weight papers
are used.
Where the contents are too bulky for a
single fold, a double fold is needed to
create a boxed spine. Additional score lines
may be added to reduce pressure on the
spine of the dummy and to keep pages in
place.
1 Identify the materials you want to use,
brand name, colour (if applicable) and
grammage or caliper.
2 Detail final dimensions of dummy in
millimetres.
3 Specify the format required:
Portrait - spine is the longest dimension
Landscape - spine is the shortest
dimension
4 Clearly identify cover and text material.
5 Detail separately the number of ‘printed
pages’ (pp) required for both the cover
and the text:
example: Cover - 4pp / Text - 24pp
‘pp’ indicates the number of printed sides.
Omitting ‘pp’ suggests number of leaves
and therefore doubles the quantity of
paper.
6 Specify the type of binding you require:
Wiro bound, perfect bound, wire
stitched, stab stitched, loop stitched.
example of dummy order
Cover - 9lives 55 gloss 300gsm
Text - 9lives 55 silk 150gsm
Dimensions - 297mm x 210mm Portrait
Cover - 4pp / Text - 24pp
Binding - Saddle Stitched
(x)
Paper &
Envelo
pe Sizes
A0 SIze
A1
A4A6
A3
A5
A7
PAPER SIZES
6
A2
In 1959, the British Standards Institute
adopted a standardized system of sizes for
printing and writing papers. This new
standard was based on the International
Standards Organisation (ISO) sizes in use in
most other countries.
This practical and economical system is
based on a rectangle with an area of one
square metre, referred to as AO (841 x
1189mm).
In addition there are two other series of
sizes included in the system - B and C.
The B series of sizes are based on a basic
sheet size of 1000 x 1414mm and these are
used mainly for posters, wall charts and
some maps. The C series of sizes are based
on a basic sheet size of 917 x 1297mm and
are used for envelopes. These C series
envelope sizes are formulated to take A
series paper exactly. For example, C4 for
A4, C5 for A5 and C6 for A6. One of the
most popular envelope sizes, DL, is however
an exception to this. The DL designation is
derived from the German DIN Lang, ‘DIN’
being the German equivalent of the ISO
standard, and ‘Lang’ meaning long.
All ‘A’ series paper sub-divisions denote the
actual finished size of the sheet. Printers
often prefer to print on paper that is a little
larger than these A sizes to allow printing
and finishing machines to “grip” the sheet
and allow trimming, to clean up the end
product without reducing the final trimmed
size. These larger sizes are prefixed ‘R’.
Some work needs even larger sheet sizes to
allow printed images to “bleed off” the
trimmed size or for large “grip” allowances,
or to allow quality control images to be
printed in the trim margins. These sizes are
prefixed ‘SR’.
A number of derivatives of these standard
international sizes are becoming
increasingly popular for the economical
production of particular formats.
This can be a problem i.e. 707 x 1000mm,
720 x 1000mm and 720 x 1020mm can all be
described as B1. Avoid confusion by
specifying dimensions required.
A SerIeS - FOr TrIMMed WOrK
A0 841 x 1189mm 331/8” x 463/4”
A1 594 x 841mm 233/8” x 331/8”
A2 420 x 594mm 161/2” x 233/8”
A3 297 x 420mm 113/4” x 161/2”
A4 210 x 297mm 81/4” x 113/4”
A5 148 x 210mm 57/8” x 81/4”
A6 105 x 148mm 41/8” x 57/8”
A7 74 x 105mm 27/8” x 41/8”
A8 52 x 74mm 2” x 27/8”
A9 37 x 52mm 11/2” x 2
A10 26 x 37mm 1” x 11/2”
b SerIeS - FOr LArGer FOrMATS
B0 1000 x 1414mm
B1 707 x 1000mm
B2 500 x 707mm
B3 353 x 500mm
B4 250 x 353mm
B5 176 x 250mm
rA SerIeS - FOr nOrMAL TrIMS
RA0 860 x 1220mm
RA1 610 x 860mm
RA2 430 x 610mm
SrA SerIeS - FOr bLed WOrK
SRA0 900 x 1280mm
SRA1 640 x 900mm
SRA2 450 x 640mm
MeTrIC eQUIVALenT OF TrAdITIOnAL
SIzeS
(Limited Availability)
book Papers
Quad Royal 960 x 1270mm
Quad Demy 890 x 1130mm
Quad Large Crown 876 x 1056mm
business Papers
Double Cap 430 x 685mm
Large Post 420 x 535mm
General Print
Double Medium 585 x 910mm
Double Crown 508 x 762mm
6pp A4 340 x 640mm
630 x 880mm
12pp A4 640 x 650mm
650 x 920mm
B2 520 x 720mm
B1 720 x 1020mm
B0 1040 x 1550mm
PAPER SIZES
7
Envelopes may appear to be simple butthe range of choices is vast. There is anentire industry dedicated to theproduction of envelopes and it employssome of the most sophisticatedtechniques available to manufacture arange of products to meet everybody’sneeds. The international envelope sizerange has been developed toaccommodate A size sheets – the range ofenvelope sizes is designated the ‘C’ series.
SIZE C3To take: A3 297 x 420mm unfoldedUses: computer printouts, brochures,
calendars, showcards
SIZE C4To take: A4 210 x 297mm unfolded
A3 297 x 420mm folded onceUses: brochures, booklets and general
printed matter, A4 size flat
SIZE C5To take: A4 210 x 297mm folded once
A5 148 x 210mm unfoldedUses: small brochures and letterheads,
A4 folded in half
SIZE C6To take: A4 210 x 297mm folded twice
A5 148 x 210 folded onceUses: general correspondence, invoices,
etc.
457 x 324mm18” x 123/4”
229 x 162mm9” x 63/8”
324 x 229mm123/4” x 9”
162 x 114mm63/8” x 41/2”
C5 C4C6
ENVELOPE SIZES
8
C3
SIZE DLTo take: A4 210 x 297mm folded twice
A5 148 x 210mm folded onceUses: all general correspondence,
letters, invoices, etc.
SIZE B4To take: larger sizes than the more
popular C4 size
SIZE B5To take: larger sizes than the more
popular C5 size
ENVELOPE SIZES
9
A4 sheet
110 x 220mm41/4” x 85/8” DL
A5 sheet
110 x 220mm41/4” x 85/8” DL
19mm
IN
18mm UP
HOW WINDOWS ARE MEASUREDWindows (unless special) are always landscape, and are measuredlong edge first. The position is determined by the position of thewindow in relation to the left hand side of the envelope, and thebottom of the envelope.
35 x 90mm window size
Paper & Board Types &
Associated
Terminology
This listing is intended as a guide to some
of the terms used to describe different
grades of paper and board. Other industry
jargon is also included as related
terminology.
ACId-Free
Papers having a pH of 7.0 or more which do
not contain the free acids that cause faster
ageing which results in the premature
deterioration of documents and books.
AIr KnIFe COATInG
A method by which coating is applied by an
applicator roll revolving in a pan of coating
and applying heavy coating to the base
paper which then passes round a backing
roll where an air doctor (knife) smoothes
and meters the coating to give the required
coating weight. The process is normally
used for high quality, heavily coated papers,
and sometimes as the second unit for
double coating, when it might follow blade
or roll coating.
AIrMAIL
Papers made in the lightest grammages
(usually below 40 g/m2) for reasons of
postage costs, but with strength and a good
surface.
AnTIQUe
A good quality bulky paper, almost totally
opaque, with a rough surface finish. The
term comes from the period when paper
was hand made, and was used to describe
colour and finish. It can be made in white
or in colours, be deckle-edged, and either
laid or wove. It is often used for more
expensive books.
AnTIQUe LAId
Antique papers, but with feint laid lines
which can be seen when holding a sample
to the light.
AnTIQUe SPeCIAL FUrnISH
Antique papers made from a mixture of
different raw materials. For example,
chemical woodpulp and esparto grass.
AnTIQUe WOOdFree
Antique papers made from pulps
manufactured by the chemical process,
rather than mechanical or groundwood
pulps.
ArCHIVAL PAPer
(See Acid Free Paper)
ArT
General term for high quality off-machine
coated papers and boards; one and two-
side coated; gloss and matt; used for high
quality reproduction.
bAnK & bOnd
Descriptive of a wide range of white and
tinted uncoated printings and writings,
usually woodfree furnish - higher grades
with rag or cotton content. Banks are
grammages less than 60 g/m2. Widespread
usage - letterhead, stationery, office and
business, copy work etc.
bASe PAPer
Paper made for conversion by the
application of a surface coating.
bIbLe PAPer
Very thin printing papers, strong and
opaque. Originally made for bibles and
prayer books, this grade is also now in
common use for commercial purposes, such
as dictionaries, where many pages are
required in small volume.
bLAde COATInG
A method by which coating is applied to
base paper. The coater consists of a large
back-up roll around which the paper passes
and at the base of which is the coating pan
with an applicator roll applying coating to
the paper. The surplus coating is metered
off by a steel doctor blade that also serves
to smooth the coating before the wet web
passes into the drying section. Gives good
smoothness with low coating weight.
bLeACHed PULP
Pulp which is chemically treated to give high
whiteness, thus improving print contrast.
bLISTer PACK
This term describes a packaging system
which is a combination of board and
plastics. The board, usually of the cheaper
variety made from the lower grades of
waste paper, can be lined on one or both
sides, to carry a printed message or
advertising. The product is sealed to the
board by a transparent plastic film. This
system is often used for packaging small
products or difficult shapes and sizes.
bLOTTInG
Highly absorbent papers which may be
watermarked, white or in colours.
bLUe AnGeL
A German environmental label, which
covers many products, including paper. It
takes a ‘cradle to grave’ approach,
considering manufacture and disposal as
well as product use.
B
A
PAPER & BOARD TYPES & ASSOCIATED TERMINOLOGY
11
bOArd
A paper substrate in heavier grammages.
The demarcation line between paper and
board varies but generally in the UK it is
accepted as being 160 g/m2 or 170 g/m2.
bOOKJACKeT PAPer
The term applied to the printed dust cover
or wrapper used to cover books or similar
publications. Usually a strong, high quality
one-side coated grade. In fact, this grade
may be virtually any type of paper which
happens to attract the designer of the book.
brISTOL bOArd
A fine quality paperboard which may be
made solid by pasting two or more sheets
together.
brOKe
A paper mill term for paper waste arising
from the manufacturing process. Usually
recycled as part of the manufacturing
process.
brUSH COATInG
A method by which coating is applied by a
cylindrical brush, roll or spray, whilst the
web is supported. Produces papers with a
heavy and smooth coating, a process now
replaced by faster air knife and blade
coaters.
bULKY MeCHAnICAL
A mechanical content paper made to a
specific caliper as opposed to a fixed
grammage. This type of paper is used
predominantly for paperback books.
CALendered & SUPerCALendered
A method of using rollers during paper
making, to impart a finish or smoothness. It
reduces the thickness and increases the
density. Papers are subjected to smoothing
and polishing between stacks of highly
polished steam heated rollers, either
forming part of the paper machine
(calendered/machine calendered) or as an
off-machine process (supercalendered).
Calender rolls on a supercalender may be
arranged so that friction as well as pressing
is created, resulting in friction glazed
papers.
CArbOnLeSS COPY PAPer
Self-copy or no carbon required paper
comprises two sheets of paper, the
underside of the top sheet being coated
with a mixture containing colourless dye in
minute gelatine capsules. The underneath
sheet is coated with a mixture containing a
special reactive clay which changes to black
when penetrated by the colourless dye.
Pressure applied to the top sheet causes
the gelatine capsules to break and the black
dye appears on the underneath sheet.
CArbOn bALAnCed PAPer
Paper for which the carbon impacts of
production and distribution have been
estimated and balanced (offset) by the
World Land Trust (WLT), an international
conservation charity. Through land purchase
of ecologically important standing forests
under threat of clearance, carbon is locked
that would otherwise be released. These
protected forests are then able to continue
absorbing carbon dioxide from the
atmosphere.
CArTrIdGe
Papers originally used to form the tube
section of a shotgun shell. Because of its
strength this class of tough, rough surfaced
paper is used for a variety of purposes,
including drawing, envelopes, and for
covers. Offset cartridge is of special
dimensional stability for offset printing.
Coated cartridge is a cartridge paper
coated with china clay for a wide variety of
printing purposes. It is given the minimum
of calendering to smooth the natural
roughness of the coating, but not enough
to provide a gloss.
CAST COATed PAPer & bOArd
Papers or boards having an extremely high
gloss finish for top quality printing. The
finish is obtained by the coating mix
solidifying whilst in contact with a heated,
polished surface.
CHAIn OF CUSTOdY
Chain of Custody standards allow credible
tracking of certified wood and wood
products from certified forests through
trade and manufacturing to committed
retailers and consumers. In the paper
industry this means being able to trace
paper from the forest of origin, through
pulp and paper mill, paper merchant and
printer to the end user. A third party audits
Chain of Custody systems, as with the FSC
and PEFC schemes.
CHeQUe & SeCUrITY PAPer
Papers which have been specially treated or
sensitized during manufacture, in such a way
as to prevent unauthorised alteration of
documents.
CHIPbOArd
A board made from waste paper used
mainly in packaging, especially with a white
liner and coating, but also for making the
covers of case books.
CHLOrIne bLeACHInG
A method used for 200 years for whitening
paper fibres, now being replaced by other
bleaching methods such as oxygen
bleaching, as some of the chlorine
compounds like dioxin are considered to be
environmentally unfriendly.
C
PAPER & BOARD TYPES & ASSOCIATED TERMINOLOGY
12
CHrOMO
A term used to describe papers and boards
that are heavily brush coated. Coating may
be applied to one or both sides, depending
on end use.
COATed PAPer
Paper (or board) coated on one or both
sides with a mixture of china clay, latex and
other loadings to fill up surface pits and
improve the printing surface. There are a
variety of coating methods, the most
common on-machine coating method being
roll coating. Off-machine processes include
blade coating, air-knife coating, the
traditional brush coating, or combinations of
these types. A very high quality form of off-
machine coating is cast coating.
COnTAIner MIddLeS
Multi-ply boardmaking for use in solid
fibreboard case manufacture (see also
‘Liner’).
COnTInUOUS STATIOnerY
A grade widely used for computer printing.
The paper is in reel form printed and
perforated. May be in duplicate and/or
Manifold. A particular use is for invoices,
delivery notes, statements and similar
documents.
COPIer/LASer PAPer
Lightweight grades of good quality and
dimensionally stable papers used for
xerographic copying and laser printing.
COVer PAPer & bOArd
A grouping of substrates which may be
plain, embossed coated etc., and which
offer a very wide choice of materials for
printing booklets, box coverings and many
other purposes. Many cover papers are
characterised by strength, flexibility and
durability.
CSr
Corporate Social Responsibility is the
commitment by business to behave ethically
and contribute to economic development
while improving the quality of life of the
workforce and their families as well as of the
local community and society at large,
including the environment.
dAndY rOLL
A metal roll formed by a wire mesh which is
used on a papermaking machine to close
up the sheet while it is in a wet state. This
improves the look-through of the finished
paper. There are two basic designs for the
mesh, ‘wove’ and ‘laid’. The dandy roll also
carries the watermark when required.
deCKLe
The maximum practical width the paper
web can be made on the papermaking
machine.
deCKLe edGe
The four feathery edges on sheets of hand
or mould-made paper, or the two feathery
edges on machine made paper which are
normally trimmed off before the paper is
reeled on the end of the papermaking
machine.
dIMenSIOnAL STAbILITY
The behaviour of paper and board with
respect to its dimensions and flatness with
variations in moisture content.
dIOXIn
Aromatic chlorine compound. Its presence
has been detected in the effluent systems of
mills using the chlorine bleaching process.
dISPLAY PAPer & bOArd
A wide range of coated papers and boards
used for display and exhibition purposes.
Some grades may be metal lines or
laminated.
drAWInG PAPer & bOArd
The best grades are tub-sized, air-dried,
with sheet surface textures varying
according to use.
dUPLeX PAPer & bOArd
Grades made from two different webs
(often different colours) combined whilst still
moist during the manufacturing process,
without the use of adhesive.
dUPLICATOr PAPer
Unsized and semi-sized, these papers have
a ‘built-in’ quick drying facility and are used
on stencil duplicating machines.
eCF (elemental Chlorine Free)
Pulp which has been bleached with Chlorine
Dioxide rather than Chlorine gas. Produces
enormously reduced levels of Organo-
chlorides and virtual elimination of Dioxins.
eMAS
Eco-Management and Audit Scheme. The
European Union’s regulated environmental
management system. Similar to ISO14001
but also requires public reporting.
eMbOSSInG
A process whereby a relief image is formed
on the paper or board surface by placing it
under pressure between male and female
un-inked dies. Usually done as a separate
operation after printing, but is also done on
plain paper, and the embossed image can
be a printed or unprinted area (in the latter
D
E
PAPER & BOARD TYPES & ASSOCIATED TERMINOLOGY
13
case it is known as ‘blind embossing). As
the paper is distorted in the raised area, it
must be sufficiently strong to prevent
rupturing.
eUGrOPA reCYCLed MArK
Similar to the NAPM scheme but only
requires 50% of fibre to be recycled. For use
Europe-wide but the uptake has been
limited.
FILLer (Loading)
Mineral matter (china clay, titanium dioxide,
calcium carbonate, etc) which is added to
the fibre content of paper to improve
printing quality, whiteness and opacity.
FInISH
The kind of paper surface imparted in the
course of manufacture, e.g. antique, matt,
machine or gloss finished.
FLOCK PAPer
Something between a paper and a textile.
The paper is the base on which flocking
materials (e.g. wool, cotton, rayon or other
fibres) are built up to achieve various
finishes - suede, baize, velvet or plush.
FLUOreSCenT PAPer & bOArd
A white base paper or board coated with a
mixture of fluorescent pigment and binder,
the latter being used to key the former to
the surface. The coating is activated by
ultra violet light, either by exposure to an
actual ultra violet lamp or indeed to natural
daylight.
FOIL PAPer & bOArd
A strong body or base paper is coated with
an adhesive and a fine bronze powder, and
subsequently burnished. Other metals such
as tin, aluminium, and gold leaf may be
used. Foil papers are used for box making,
labels which carry printing, wrapping and
decoration. Aluminium foils used for
packaging purposes may be laminated to
greaseproof papers, glassine, tissue, kraft
etc., depending on end use.
FOLdInG bOXbOArd
Although box boards can vary in quality
from grey board to high class board made
from virgin fibre, the term today is usually
taken to mean white lined boards made
from a top quality furnish, coated,
impregnated or laminated. A feature is that
such boards have exceptional scoring and
folding properties. They are used in the
manufacture of high class cartons for a
variety of purposes, and where outstanding
printing surfaces are required.
FSC
Forest Stewardship Council is an
international organisation promoting
responsible forest management. FSC has
developed principles for forest
management which may be used for
certifying the management of forest
holdings, and a system of tracing, verifying
and labelling timber and wood products
which originate from FSC-certified forests
(Chain of Custody). FSC papers contain
fibre certified by the Forest Stewardship
Council. The FSC is a non-profit
organisation committed to the promotion of
environmentally, socially and economically
responsible forest management.
PaperCo is an FSC Chain of Custody
certified supplier - certificate number
TT-COC-002075.
FUrnISH
The nature and proportions of the materials
used in making paper.
GrAIn dIreCTIOn
A term applied to the machine direction of
papers and boards, as opposed to the cross
direction.
GrAMMAGe (Substance)
The weight of paper or board expressed in
grams per square metre (g/m2) as
determined under standard test conditions.
GreASePrOOF
Papers which have a high resistance to
penetration by grease or fats found in
various foodstuffs. The paper is produced
by prolonged beating in the pulp stage,
providing an end product which is close and
to a degree transparent. Sizing adds the
greaseproof characteristic. Widely used for
wrapping foods.
GreYbOArd
A board made entirely from waste paper. It
may be lined or unlined and is use for a
variety of packaging purposes.
GUMMed PAPer
A variety of different qualities are available,
depending on the end use. Suitable body
papers are web ‘coated’ with various types
of adhesive, which will adhere to different
surfaces.
HAnd MAde PAPer
Super quality papers made by the hand
mould principle; tub sized and loft dried.
Chiefly rag furnish (see also ‘Mould-Made’).
G
F
H
PAPER & BOARD TYPES & ASSOCIATED TERMINOLOGY
14
HArdWOOd PULP
Short fibred pulp obtained from deciduous
trees (e.g. birch, eucalyptus & poplar) which
gives good printing quality and imparts high
bulk, compressibility, and good opacity to
the paper.
HeATSeAL PAPer
A body paper coated with an adhesive
material which is activated by the
application of heat. Sometimes known as
heatfix papers, this grade is used largely for
labels, and can be made to adhere to
materials ranging from paper to metal.
IndeX bOArd
This grade is usually a strong pulp board
manufactured with a good surface suitable
for printing and writing.
IVOrY bOArd
High quality board of one or more
laminations of identical quality and having
characteristic features of transparency and
rigidity. Used for visiting cards and similar
high-class printed work.
KrAFT PAPer
Used mainly for wrapping purposes, it takes
its name from the German word Kraft,
meaning strength. Made from virgin fibre,
providing a high mechanical strength, it can
be bleached or unbleached and may be
unglazed, ribbed, machine glazed or
treated by a process which provides
increased stretch and softness. There are
also grades which are bituminised and
scrim-lined, used for special packaging
purposes.
LAbeL PAPer
A large variety of various types of plain or
coloured body papers which have been
gummed or to which a self-adhesive
material has been applied, and
subsequently cut into a vast number of
shapes and sizes depending on end use
and surface application.
LAId
Papers with a ribbed appearance produced
by a mould or dandy roll which has wires
parallel to each other and not woven. The
closely spaced lines parallel to the paper’s
machine direction are laid lines, and the
widely spaced ones in the opposite
direction are chain lines (see also ‘Wove’).
LedGer PAPer
Strong (fully hard) sized paper, traditionally
rag containing, often azure in tint and
watermarked. Intended primarily for record-
keeping. Strength and proof against
discolouration are important characteristics.
LIGnIn
Non-cellulose material found in wood and
other cellulose plants. In the groundwood
methods of pulp production the lignin is
softened but not removed, and the papers
made from groundwood pulp are weaker
and more inclined to discolour on exposure
to the atmosphere. In the chemical pulp
making process most of the lignin is
dissolved and the resulting papers are
stronger and suffer less from discolouration.
LIner
Top layer of a vat-made board which is
often the printing surface with a better
furnish than the other layers.
LOnG GrAIn
Indicates the longest dimension of a sheet
of paper, corresponds to the direction the
paper travelled on the papermaking
machine. When paper takes up or gives off
moisture, it expands or contracts more in
the cross direction, so ‘Long Grain’ paper
minimises the total distortion, and is of
great benefit for litho printing, but not
exclusively so (see ‘Short Grain’).
LOnG LIFe PAPer
(See Acid Free Paper)
MACHIne COATed
Paper or board, which is pigment coated on
the end of the paper or boardmaking
machine.
MACHIne dIreCTIOn (Grain Direction)
The direction of paper and board
corresponding with the flow of fibres on the
papermaking machine, and having greater
stiffness than the cross direction.
Traditionally the machine direction on a
sheet of paper was parallel to the second
dimension when written, e.g. 640 x 900mm
is long grain, but 900 x 640mm is short
grain. The latest agreement is to place the
letter ‘M’ after the dimension running
parallel to the machine direction, e.g. 640 x
900mm (M) is long grain, and 640 (M) x
900mm is short grain.
MACHIne FInISHed (MF)
Paper which is calendered on the
papermaking machine, but is not
I
K
L
M
PAPER & BOARD TYPES & ASSOCIATED TERMINOLOGY
15
subsequently super-calendered to give a
very smooth finish or gloss. Has good bulk
which is of value for book work.
MACHIne GLAzed (MG)
Paper which is dried on the papermaking
machine by a very large cylinder with a
polished surface, sometimes referred to as a
Yankee drier. When being dried, the wire
side of the paper, which is in contact with
the cylinder, takes on a reproduction of the
highly polished surface. The paper has a
smooth and a rough side. MG papers are
used for wrapping papers and posters (see
also ‘Poster’).
MAnIFOLd PAPer
Bank paper quality, usually weighing less
than 44 g/m2 (generally between 28-44
g/m2).
MAnILLA
Papers and boards used for making tags,
high strength cartons, correspondence
folders and many other articles where
strength is at a premium. Furnish usually
contains hemp rope pulp , and the product
is usually machine glazed.
MArbLe PAPer
Special effect papers used largely as end
papers in bookbinding; also in paper
boxmaking and other purposes, such as
designer work.
MATT PAPer
A coated paper with a dull, smooth finish.
MeCHAnICAL
Papers containing fibres only from the
mechanical (i.e. groundwood) pulping
processes (see also ‘Woodfree’).
MeCHAnICAL WOOdPULP
Produced by mechanical means and the
cheapest of wood pulps, although having
good printing qualities, high bulk and
opacity. Failings are low strength and
shade, the latter deteriorating quickly when
exposed to light. Currently available with
improved qualities, e.g. in strength (by
thermo-mechanical treatment), shade (by
bleaching) and with less shive (by more
refining), and can now be used for better
quality paper when mixed with chemical
treated pulps.
MF PrInTInGS & WrITInGS
Papers calendered on the paper machine
through a stack of metal rolls. Gives good
bulk of value for bookwork (see also ‘SC
Printings & Writings’).
MeTALLISed MATerIAL
Materials coated with an extremely thin
layer (about 0.05 micron) of metal, usually
aluminium, deposited from a vapour source
under very high vacuum. Almost any
substrate can be metallised, but for thin
sheet materials polyester or polypropylene
films are most commonly used, also paper
and, more recently, cartonboard.
MIddLeS
All waste furnish board used for laminating
to make solid fibre board cases.
MILL bOArd
A high grade board, brown in colour, made
from rope and other materials. Very hard,
tough, with a good finish. Is used for covers
of better quality account and other books.
MILL brOKe
Offcuts and rejected material that has not
left the paper mill. Broke is routinely re-
pulped and the fibre used in the production
of new paper. Mill broke is not normally
considered to be true recycled fibre.
MOULd-MAde PAPer
Not to be confused with paper made by
hand via a hand mould, these quality papers
are made on a mechanical mould-making
machine, producing papers with two
genuine deckle edges plus possibly two
imitation deckle edges (see also ‘Hand-
Made Papers’).
MULTI-LAYer bOArd
These are boards manufactured from two or
more layers at the same time and on the
one multi-wire paper machine, sometimes
using the same stock, but usually where a
middle layer is included a different stock is
used. The grade is of particular benefit
where rigidity is important as well as a good
print surface, for example, display cartons
and covers (see also ‘Triplex Board’).
nAPM reCYCLed reCOGnITIOn
The National Association of Paper
Merchants’ scheme for designating a paper
as recycled. To qualify, a grade must
contain at least 75% recycled fibre.
Converters’ waste, printers’ waste and post
consumer waste (from homes and offices)
are all allowed (printed or unprinted) but
not mill broke - the waste has to have left
the mill. The remaining 25% can be mill
broke or virgin fibre.
neUTrAL SIzInG
Internal sizing with a synthetic size giving
the paper a pH of 7.0 which is essential for
long life paper and those containing
calcium carbonate. Depending on the use
of the paper it will be hard, medium, or soft
sized to control the degree of water
absorbency.
neWSPrInT
One of the cheapest printing papers
produced largely from mechanical pulp or
groundwood supplied in both reels and
sheets. The standard substance is in the
N
PAPER & BOARD TYPES & ASSOCIATED TERMINOLOGY
16
range of 45 to 48 g/m2.
nOrdIC SWAn
An environmental label encouraging
production methods that create minimum
environmental impact. Evaluation for paper
is based upon strict limits for emissions and
effluent from pulp and paper mills.
OCr PAPer (Optical Character
Recognition)
Paper which is specially made for reading
machines, having a tight specification on
brightness, opacity and smoothness. Must
be speck-free.
OFFICe PAPer
Good quality lightweight papers, may be
glazed or unglazed, used for
correspondence and other documents in
the office.
OFF-MACHIne COATed (Process Coated)
Base paper which is coated as a separate
operation from the actual papermaking.
OPAQUe
Papers of a substance or type which prevent
the passage of light. For example, a sheet
with good opacity is one where the printing
on one side cannot be seen from the other
side under normal conditions.
PArCHMenT
Parchment, or parchmentised papers, have
a high resistance to the penetration of
grease and atmospheric humidity. Used
largely for wrapping purposes, there are
also grades of imitation parchments which
are less impervious. Similar to greaseproof
papers.
PASTe bOArd
Contains two or more laminations of paper
having a middle of lower quality.
PeFC
The PEFC Council (Programme for the
Endorsement of Forest Certification
schemes) is an independent, non-profit,
non-governmental organisation, founded in
1999 which promotes sustainably managed
forests through independent third party
certification. The PEFC provides an
assurance mechanism to purchasers of
wood and paper products that they are
promoting the sustainable management of
forests.
PaperCo is a PEFC Chain of Custody
certified supplier - certificate number BMT-
PEFC-0187.
pH VALUe
The pH scale ranges from 0-14 units. Values
below 7 indicate increasing acidity, whilst
values above 7 denote increasing alkalinity.
pH 7 is neutral. Because the scale is
logarithmic, one unit change in pH value will
indicate a ten-fold change in acidity or
alkalinity. When reporting pH the testing
method must be stated, as the results are
dependent on the ratio of paper to water
and test conditions. For litho printing the
pH by Tappi hot extraction should not be
below pH 5.0. With pH 9.0 and above
(found with some coated papers) the
fountain solution could be neutralised,
causing plate scumming. Paper with a low
pH can retard the drying of the ink.
PIGMenT
Used both as fillers and for coating. Mineral
pigments such as calcium carbonate, clay,
titanium, and pigmented dyes are used in
paper.
POST-COnSUMer WASTe
Woodfree printed waste that has been used
and discarded by the end user, typically
homes and offices.
POSTer MG
Litho paper with quick-drying surface. Used
for outdoor poster work. Rough underside
lends itself to rapid pasting. Can also be
coated on both sides, the unprinted side
including a dye to improve opacity.
Pre-COnSUMer WASTe
Unprinted waste paper and board that has
left the mill but has not reached the end
user. Typically trimmings and rejected
material from printers, envelope converters
etc.
PreSSPAHn
This is a German word widely used to
describe a grade of board used for a variety
of purposes, often industrial. It is of a light
weight, glazed and extra hard, rolled and
friction glazed.
PULP bOArd
Made from pulp as a homogenous sheet on
a cylinder machine.
rAG PAPer
Old cotton or linen garments or clothing are
one source for obtaining fibres for rag
papers. The merit of using rag fibres, or
part of the fibre furnish, is because they are
a long fibre imparting dry and wet strength
for special purpose papers, and also giving
them a long life.
P
O
R
PAPER & BOARD TYPES & ASSOCIATED TERMINOLOGY
17
reeLS
A continuous length of paper wound on a
coil, irrespective of diameter, width or
weight. Reels may thus be rewound into
smaller reels or slit into coils.
reLATIVe HUMIdITY (RH)
The percentage of the maximum amount of
moisture the atmosphere can hold at a
given temperature. With a constant amount
of moisture in the atmosphere, raising the
temperature will lower the relative humidity
and lowering the temperature will make it
higher.
rOSIn SIzInG (Resin Sizing)
Internal sizing used to control water being
absorbed by the sheet and spreading
across its surface. Depending on the paper
type the degree of sizing used is hard,
medium or soft, the first being most
resistant to water. With its use, alum is
necessary, making the finished paper acid
and therefore unsuitable for papers
containing calcium carbonate, which is
decomposed by acid and is equally
unsuitable for long life papers.
SC PrInTInGS & WrITInGS
Papers which receive superior finish (matt
and gloss) by passing through off-machine
supercalender stack of chilled steel, granite,
and ‘soft’ rolls.
SeCUrITY PAPer
Various grades of paper incorporating
special identification features to assist in the
detection and prevention of fraud.
SeLF AdHeSIVe PAPer
Used essentially for labelling purposes, the
grade has a self-adhesive coating on one
side and a good surface suitable for printing
on the other side. The adhesive is
protected by a laminate which enables the
sheet to be fed through the printing
machine, the laminate subsequently being
stripped when the label is applied.
SeLF COPY PAPer
Another name for carbonless papers.
SHOrT GrAIn
Paper or board sheet with the longest
dimension parallel to the paper’s cross
direction. It is not suitable for printing
colour registered work by sheet fed offset
litho, when the sheet has to pass through
the press for each side printed, e.g. four
colour work on a single or two colour press.
SILUrIAn
A class of papers where the pulp is coloured
separately with fast dyestuffs, darker fibres
being added to produce a mottle-like
appearance.
SIzInG (Engine Sized)
Additional materials added to paper fibres
in order to resist the spontaneous
penetration of aqueous liquids, particularly
writing ink (see ‘Neutral’ and ‘Rosin’ Sizing).
SOFTWOOd PULP
Pulp obtained from softwoods (long fibre)
such as from coniferous trees, which imparts
the strength properties to the paper.
SPeCIAL FUrnISH GrAdeS
This is a category of papers and boards
which contain very high grade pulps, a
percentage of which will be rag, cotton or
other non-wood pulps. The product is also
likely to contain a proportion of chemical
pulp (woodfree) often associated with
quality letterheads, textured and some
embossed qualities.
SPeCIALITY PAPer & bOArd
This is a paper trade definition applied
to such grades as off-machine coated,
laminated, impregnated etc., as
distinguished from printings and writings
etc., and other grades which do not require
further processing. Speciality papers and
boards are often the raw materials for use
by other industries. The electrical and
instrumental industries are examples.
STOCK
A term loosely applied to paper making
material in all its stages, but usually referring
to the wet pulp before it is fed on to the
paper making machine.
STrAWbOArd
Board made from straw pulp. Used
principally for case book covers, cheap
account books and rigid box-making. Not
readily available nowadays.
SUrFACe SIzed
Sizing of paper web in the course of the
paper making machine run (by size press).
Opposite to engine sizing where size is
added at the pulp stock stage.
SYnTHeTIC PAPer
Materials made from synthetic fibres which
have the characteristics of paper, but which
are infinitely stronger. They may be printed
and are often impervious to grease, oils,
moisture etc. One important use for these
usually expensive materials is in maps.
TCF (Totally Chlorine Free)
Pulp which has been bleached with agents
such as Oxygen or Hydrogen Peroxide,
which contains no Chlorine compounds at
all. Produces no detectable levels of Dioxins
S
T
PAPER & BOARD TYPES & ASSOCIATED TERMINOLOGY
18
PAPER & BOARD TYPES & ASSOCIATED TERMINOLOGY
or Organo-chlorides above natural
background levels.
TICKeT bOArd
Another name for pasteboard, although
coated board can be included in this grade
which is used for showcards or similar
purposes. May be white or tinted.
TISSUe PAPer
Soft, lightweight papers plain or coloured.
Widely used for hygienic and household
purposes. May be in more than one ply.
Other grades are used for packaging and
laminated to such materials as aluminium
foil.
TITAnIUM dIOXIde
A pigment used for a paper filling which has
excellent properties for giving good opacity
with high brightness. More expensive than
clay or calcium carbonate but is invaluable
for papers with low grammages that need
good opacity, like Bible and/or diary paper.
TOP SIde (Felt Side)
The side of machine made paper which is
not in contact with the wire. It has the
better printing surface but the weaker
surface strength. There are exceptions on
MG, hand and mould-made papers where
the wire side may have the better printing
surface (see also ‘Wire Side’).
TOP WIre
Is an additional wire added to a
conventional Fourdrinier paper making
machine. It makes twin-wire paper, but with
a difference, in that only one layer of fibre is
produced. The top wire is positioned
horizontally on the normal wire and the fibre
is sandwiched between them. It may have
either vacuum or foils to assist in the
removal of water, which is its main purpose,
and 40% of the total water can be removed.
The advantages are that the paper
produced is more even-sided and the
machine speed can be increased.
TrIPLeX bOArd
Board manufactured from three stocks, one
of which is waste (middle), with a different
paper top and bottom.
TWIn WIre PAPer
The product of a paper machine which has
two wires on which separate webs are
formed, they are then brought together wire
side to wire side before the pressing and
drying operations so that the finished sheet
has two identical high quality printing
surfaces.
TWO-SIded
The normal characteristics of paper made
on a single-wire machine. The two sides of
the sheet differ in a number of properties,
but when the variation exceeds what is
intended or achievable, it will be termed
‘Two-Sided’.
VeLLUM PAPer
Papers with a strong, tough character and a
high quality appearance, made to represent
the fine smooth finish of a parchment made
from animal skin, often used for certificates.
WATerMArK
A watermark is a design which is impressed
into the paper when it is formed on the wire
of the paper making machine. The design
is carried by the dandy roll and is slightly
proud of its surface. The slight pressure
which is applied reduces the thickness of
the paper, and when dry shows through,
because it is less opaque.
WIre SIde
The side of the paper web which was in
contact with the wire on the paper making
machine. Of the two sides it has the inferior
printing quality, but the stronger surface. A
wire mark, the patterns of the wire mesh,
may be present, but the prominence of this
has been much reduced by the use of
plastic ‘wires’.
WOOdFree
A term used to describe a paper which is
free from groundwood, mechanical or
thermo-mechanical woodpulp and which
contains no fibres other than those from
chemical wood pulp.
WOVe
Paper produced with a plain wove pattern
dandy roll.
V
W
19
drY LITHOGrAPHY
Identical to offset lithography but without
the use of water, the non-printing areas of a
special plate being silicon and non-
receptive to the special inks that are used.
FLeXOGrAPHY
Printing from a relief image with a rubber or
plastic plate using liquid ink, either solvent
or water based, plus pigment dyes, and is
used mainly for packaging products.
GrAVUre (Photogravure)
Printing from an intaglio copper plate or
cylinder (Rotagravure) where the image is
formed by the same size small squares, but
of varying depth. The deeper cells
producing the greater print density, or as
more commonly today by using an invert
halftone when the print density range is
produced by both the depth and size of
dots. The ink is of low viscosity, mainly
solvent with pigment, dyes and binder. For
good quality printing it requires a smooth
paper.
InKJeT
Non-impact printing process where the
image is formed by a continuous stream of
ink droplets of the same size and frequency.
The position of the dot on the substrate is
determined by an electrostatic charge. The
unwanted droplets are diverted to a waste
tray.
LASer
Describes the process where digital
information from computer is used to
generate pulses of light to form images on
a light sensitive drum. Thereafter the
actual non-impact printing process is
xerographic.
LeTTerPreSS
Printing from a relief printing image of
metal, rubber or plastic with a viscous ink
direct to the paper.
LeTTerSeT
Uses a shallow-depth relief letterpress
printing plate which transfers the printing
image first to an offset blanket then to the
paper.
LITHOGrAPHY
Printing from a planographic metal plate,
the printing and on-printing areas being on
the same plane, with the non-printing areas
only accepting water, and the printing areas
only accepting a greasy ink. When the inked
image is directly transferred to the paper it
is known as “direct lithography”, but when,
as in most cases, the ink is first transferred
to a rubber offset blanket and then to the
paper, permitting good quality printing on
the less smooth papers, it is termed “offset
lithography”.
nOn-IMPACT PrInTInG
A term used to describe modern printing
processes such as Laser and Inkjet printing.
These processes are described as non-
impact as there is no direct physical contact
between the printing mechanism and the
paper.
SCreen
The printing image is produced through a
mesh made by a cut or photographic
stencil, the ink being forced through the
mesh by a squeegee. The ink film thickness
of the printed image is significantly greater
than that produced by other printing
processes. Can print on a wide range of
different material.
THerMAL
An impact printing process where the image
is formed by an electrically heated printing
head contacting a special paper, (coated or
surface treated), containing a concealed
colour dye and an activator which becomes
coloured when touched by a heated
element, forming a letter or number. Used
for recording information on charts and
supermarket instant weight and price labels.
THerMOGrAPHY
A method of imitating the more expensive
die stamping, as used for stationery. The
printing is as normal for letterpress or
lithography, but the wet printed image is
dusted with resin and immediately fused by
heat, producing a similar relief image to die
stamping but without the embossing on the
reverse side of the sheet.
XerOGrAPHY
Non-impact printing using an electrostatic
charge to produce a printing image on a
drum which then attracts a resinous powder
which is transferred to the paper and fused
to give the finished print. Now able to
produce colour printing.
PRINTING PROCESSES
20
STOre YOUr PAPer In A COOL drY
PLACe
Paper is a living, natural material and its
properties may change slightly with
variations in humidity and temperature. All
paper likes stable conditions and when
stored at room temperature in normal
humidity, it stays in perfect condition for a
long time, always ready to use.
dOn’T eXPOSe YOUr PAPer TO HeAT
Next to a radiator or in direct sunlight is not
the place for storing paper. Paper’s copying
and printing properties are affected not
only by excessive humidity but also by
excessive dryness.
ALWAYS STOre PAPer FLAT, In ITS
OWn PACKAGInG
Boxes and ream wrappings have been
designed specifically to protect the paper
against moisture, dirt and damage during
transport and storage. Keep the paper flat
in its own package – even if it is not full –
until it is used. This will ensure you get high
class results.
PACKAGInG PrOTeCTS THe PAPer
The polyethylene seal on ream wrappers
offers many benefits. Dirt or plastic particles
cannot get on the surface of the paper inside
the wrapping, and static electricity does not
form.
PAPer needS TIMe TO AdJUST TO THe
SUrrOUndInG TeMPerATUre And
HUMIdITY
You will avoid problems with using paper if
you let pallets of paper that have been
stored elsewhere, possibly in the cold,
adjust to a new room temperature and
humidity before use. The time it takes for a
full pallet of paper to adjust to a new
environment depends on the difference in
temperature between the storeroom and
the new surroundings. The following table
gives guidelines for paper brought into a
room with a temperature of 20o
C.
store hours for hours for room temp. pallet to adjust box to adjust
20°C 0 0
15°C 14 3
10°C 26 7
5°C 38 11
0°C 75 21
PAPer IS reAdY TO USe STrAIGHT
FrOM THe PACKeT
To avoid generating static electricity or
damaging the precisely cut edges, do not
fan the paper or tap a stack of paper on the
table to get the end level. Copier and Laser
paper is at its best when taken from the
ream wrapper and placed straight in the
copier’s or laser printer’s paper holder.
PAPER CARE
21
Many of the papers detailed within our
Directory of Products and Prices are
guaranteed for laser and inkjet printing and
others are described as ‘suitable’ for these
processes.
Where products are ‘guaranteed’ the
manufacturers produce their own Pre-
Printing Guidelines and we recommend that
these are observed to ensure optimum
performance during subsequent laser or
inkjet printing.
Where products are described as ‘suitable’
(and even when guaranteed) we
recommend pre-production trials and
thorough testing to ensure compatibility
with the end user’s non-impact printing
equipment and compliance with the
machine manufacturers’ guidance on
grammage and use.
The following guidelines are offered as
‘common sense’ advice and in no way
should they be viewed as a replacement for
the manufacturers’ guidelines in respect of
guaranteed papers.
FOr THe OFFSeT PrInTer
• Prior to printing, leave paper in the press
room for at least two days to allow it to
reach equilibrium with ambient room
temperatures.
• Keep the paper wrapped until the last
minute before printing to avoid moisture
pick up or evaporation (possible in
conditions of extremely low relative
humidity). The relative humidity of
laser/copier papers is in the region of 35%
which is considerably lower than ‘normal’
conditions and it is important to maintain
this status to avoid problems in the laser
printer or photocopier.
• Print the wire side first. Paper is normally
manufactured with a built-in controlled
curl, which means that one side is more
suitable to be laser printed/copied first -
this is the under side of the paper - ‘the
wire side’. Wrapped paper is always
presented wire side up when the wrapper
joint is uppermost (not relevant with
twinwire papers) and some grades are
marked with an arrow to indicate the first
printing side (or wire side). Bulk packed
material is always presented wire side up.
• Use special laser inks and varnishes (if in
doubt ask your ink supplier) to avoid the
possibility of ink build-up on the fuser roll
of the laser printer. Avoid coldset
conductive and rubber based inks. Avoid
Thermography and Foil Blocking as these
can melt during laser printing, or use
alternative thermographic powders and
cold foils. Care must be taken if
embossing or die stamping, as these
finishes may be flattened in the laser
process.
• Minimise damping. When possible use an
alcohol damping system.
• Avoid the use of anti set-off sprays. If
required, use should be kept to a
minimum to avoid problems during laser
printing.
• Cover paper immediately after offset
printing to avoid moisture pick up prior to
cutting, conversion etc. Always indicate
with an arrow which side is the wire side to
ensure trouble free copying or laser
printing.
• Guillotine with care using a sharp blade to
avoid subsequent feeding problems
during copying or laser printing.
• Rewrap in moisture proof wrappers when
final conversion is completed and mark
wrapper clearly to indicate the wire side of
the sheet.
FOr THe LASer PrInTer Or
PHOTOCOPIer USer
• Leave pre printed paper for 10-14 days to
cure ink before laser printing to avoid the
possibility of ink build-up on the fuser roll
of printer.
• Store wrapped pre-printed or plain paper
for up to two days in the vicinity of the
printer to allow it to reach room
temperature.
• Only open wrappers immediately prior to
use to avoid moisture pick up.
• Fan pre-printed sheets taking care not
to damage edges. note: it is not
necessary to fan un-printed plain paper
in manufacturer’s own wrapper.
• Print wire side first.
LASER PRE-PRINT GUIDELINES
22
The incidence of physical paper problems
has decreased steadily in recent years in line
with the introduction of sophisticated manu-
facturing processes, and greatly enhanced
quality control procedures. However, as with
all mass production processes, things
occasionally go wrong.
Sometimes, problems can be seen instantly
on a plain sheet of paper, but others may
only appear during printing, and given the
endless variables created by the choice of
different inks and printing processes, it can
be difficult to identify the root cause of the
problem.
It is important therefore, that full supporting
evidence is gathered to help you to present
your case in the best possible way.
We aim to resolve all complaints quickly and
efficiently, and to this end we offer the
following advice:
• Always notify us at once if you suspect a
problem.
• Always remember to take a note of the
making number(s) involved (these are
detailed on ream end/pallet labels) as well
as pallet or reel numbers.
• Always collect adequate evidence.
• Always protect rejected material for
subsequent examination or return to the
supplier.
• Always wrap evidence in moisture proof
wrappers where possible.
• Never dispose of any rejected/damaged
material until the matter is resolved.
• Never roll evidence submitted for curl or
moisture problems.
• Never fold sheets submitted for size or
squareness variations.
• Never continue to run on unless the
quality is satisfactory to you or you have
our agreement.
SUPPOrTInG eVIdenCe FOr
COMPLAInTS
1. Problems obvious on paper
– 25 Consecutive sheets (unprinted)
– 5 Clearly showing the marked fault
2. Problems occurring during printing
– 25 Sheets plain paper (consecutive)
– 10 Printed sheets
5. If the problem occurs on the backup:
– 25 Sheets printed first side
– 10 Sheets printed backup
3. Stability
– Misregister
– Creasing
– Image Doubling
– Runnability
5. Problems such as these require specialist
instrumental analysis of atmospheres and
paper conditions. Specialist assistance
should be sought.
NOTE: Material evidence for these types of
complaint must be preserved in moisture
proof wrappers or a sealed polythene bag.
4. Sundry debris
Evidence should be removed with
sellotape from blanket/plate and fixed to
acetate film - not paper
5. Ink and fount solutions will be required to
support claims of
– Mottle
– Piling
– Dusting/Chalking
– Plate Wear
5. These types of complaint usually require
specialist assistance.
6. Damaged blankets
Must be retained and presented as
evidence together with offending sheets
and debris.
7. Evidence
Evidence of satisfactory performance on
similar alternative grades may help to
support a complaint.
8. Photographic evidence
Photographic evidence can be very
helpful in certain cases,
i.e. damaged pallets etc.
PAPER PROBLEMS
23
This is a summary of some of the most
useful trade tolerance customs, extracted
and condensed from British Paper & Board
Trade Customs (1988 edition). These
customs are endorsed by the major British
paper trade associations.
SCOPe
The scope of these customs includes all
papers and boards, coated or uncoated,
excluding hand and mould-made papers;
soft tissue paper; newsprint; and certain
special boards for which individual
tolerances apply. These customs only apply
to perfect paper. Special offer, retree, job
and clearance papers are not covered.
CUTTInG TOLerAnCeS - SHeeTS
For paper guillotine trimmed or precision
cut, the permissible tolerance shall be not
more than plus or minus 2mm. Sheets not
guillotine trimmed or precision cut shall not
vary from the ordered measurement by
more than the following.
a) plus or minus 3mm for measurements up
to and including 610mm;
b) plus or minus 5mm for measurements
over 610mm and up to and including
1245mm;
c) plus or minus 6mm for measurements
over 1245mm.
CUTTInG TOLerAnCeS - reeLS
GrAPHIC PAPerS
Reels shall not vary from the ordered width
by more than the following amounts:
a) plus or minus 2mm for reels up to and
including 1000mm width;
b) plus or minus 3mm for reels over 1000mm
width.
ALL OTHer PAPerS
Reels shall not vary from the ordered width
by more than the following amounts:
a) plus or minus 3mm for measurements up
to and including 610mm;
b) plus or minus 5mm for measurements
over 610mm and up to and including
1245mm;
c) plus or minus 6mm for measurements
over 1245mm.
GrAMMAGe
Grammage readings obtained by the British
Standard method of sampling and testing
shall not vary from the ordered grammage
by more than plus or minus 7.5% under 40
g/m2 or more than plus or minus 5% for 40
g/m2 or over.
THICKneSS
Thickness readings obtained by the British
Standard method of sampling and testing
shall not vary from the ordered thickness by
more than plus or minus 10% for thicknesses
up to and including 100 micrometers or
more than plus or minus 7.5% over 100
micrometers.
QUAnTITY VArIATIOn
Making orders are any orders for paper
which are outside the normal stock range of
the manufacturer and shall be deemed to
be properly executed if the quantity
supplied in each size and weight is within
the following limits either way of the
quantity ordered in each size and weight:
Up to and including
1 tonne 10% 15%
Over 1 tonne
and not exceeding
5 tonnes 5% 10%
Over 5 tonnes
and not exceeding
10 tonnes 5% 7.5%
Over 10 tonnes
and not exceeding
20 tonnes 3.75% 5%
Over 20 tonnes 2.5% 2.5%
BRITISH PAPER & BOARD TRADE TOLERANCES
24
Standardstockquantity andgrammage inspecial sizes
Non-standardpapers byreason ofquantity andgrammage
CONVERSION FACTORS & USEFUL CALCULATIONS
Inches to Millimetres x 25.4
Millimetres to Inches x 0.0394
Tons to Tonnes x 1.016
Tonnes to Tons x 0.9842
To find weight in kilos per 1000 sheets given
g/m2 and size in millimetres
g/m2 x length x breadth
1,000,000
To find g/m2 given weight in kilos per 1000
sheets and size of sheet in millimetres
Kg/1000 x 1,000,000
length x breadth
To find the price per tonne given the price
per 1000 sheets and Kg weight per 1000
sheets
price per 1000 sheets x 1000
Kg weight per 1000 sheets
To find the price per 1000 sheets given the
price per tonne and the Kg weight per 1000
sheets
Kg weight per 1000 sheets x price per tonne
1000
COnVerSIOn TAbLe
Thousandths of an inch to microns
Inches Microns Inches Microns
.001 25 .013 330
.002 51 .014 356
.003 76 .015 381
.004 102 .016 406
.005 127 .017 432
.006 152 .018 457
.007 178 .019 483
.008 203 .020 508
.009 229 .030 762
.010 254 .040 1016
.011 279 .050 1270
.012 305
25
Aberdeen
Unit C
Minto Avenue
Altens Industrial Estate
Aberdeen
AB12 3JZ
Tel: 01224 898 039
Fax: 01224 873 352
beLFAST
Units A & B
9 Michelin Road
Mallusk
Newtownabbey
Co. Antrim
BT36 4PT
Tel: 028 9084 3161
Fax: 028 9084 0119
brISTOL
Unit R1D
Rockingham Gate
Cabot Park
Poplar Way West
Avonmouth
Bristol
BS11 0YW
Tel: 0117 923 5195
Fax: 0117 923 5196
edInbUrGH
11-13 Sciennes House Place
Edinburgh
EH9 1NN
Tel: 0131 667 7111
Fax: 0131 667 1329
PaperCo Locations
PAPERCO LOCATIONS
DONALD MURRAY PAPER
PAPERCO LOCATIONS
GLASGOW
211 MacLellan Street
Kinning Park
Glasgow
G41 1RR
Tel: 0141 427 1271
Fax: 0141 427 6999
TYne & WeAr
1 Brooklands Way
Boldon Business Park
Boldon
Tyne & Wear
NE35 9LZ
Tel: 0191 537 7055
Fax: 0191 537 7056
LOndOn
Unit 2 Bricklayers Arms
Mandela Way
London
SE1 5SP
Tel: 020 7231 0044
Fax: 020 7252 0583
bIrMInGHAM
Unit 8
Junction 6 Industrial Estate
Electric Avenue
Birmingham
B6 7JJ
Tel: 0121 326 1020
Fax: 0121 326 1021
IPSWICH
Island House
Nacton Road
Ipswich
IP3 9RR
Tel: 01473 711 123
Fax: 01473 270 109
LeTCHWOrTH
Camfield House
Avenue One
Letchworth Garden City
Herts
SG6 2WW
Tel: 01462 689 689
Fax: 01462 689 550
PreSTOn
182 Walton Summit Centre
Bamber Bridge
Preston
PR5 8AJ
Tel: 01772 311 593
Fax: 01772 627 032
LeedS
Fairfield House
186 Armley Road
Leeds
LS12 2QH
Tel: 0113 263 2541
Fax: 0113 387 4820
nOTTInGHAM
Fairfield House
Glaisdale Parkway
Bilborough
Nottingham
NG8 4GP
Tel: 0115 928 0071
Fax: 0 115 928 8976
SHeFFIeLd
Fairfield House
Tyler Street,
Sheffield
S9 1DH
Tel: 0114 244 5192
Fax: 0114 263 7510
SHOreHAM-bY-SeA
Apex House
Dolphin Way
Shoreham-by-Sea
West Sussex,
BN43 6NZ
Tel: 01273 440 000
Fax: 01273 440 322
SOUTHAMPTOn
3 Nelson Industrial Park
Herald Road,
Hedge End
Southampton
S030 2JH
Tel: 01489 789 222
Fax: 01489 789 214
CASTLe dOnInGTOn
Central House
Willow Farm Business Park
Castle Donington
Leicestershire
DE74 2UB
Tel: 01332 817 950
Fax: 01332 817 951
DIXON & ROE
MASON’S PAPER
NORTH WEST PAPER
ROTHERA & BRERETON
SOUTHERN PAPER
REEL PAPER
27
Title (Mr/Mrs/Ms) Name
Position
Company name
Building name or number
Street
Town/City
County Postcode
Telephone
Fax
Please supply your dummy details below and right
Final dimensions (width mm)
Final dimensions (height mm)
Cover material and colour
Cover weight (gsm)
Text material 1 and colour
Text material 2 and colour
Text weight (gsm)
Number of cover pages
Number of text pages
Number of dummies required
Enter any further information, or a full description of the dummy you require
A faxed diagram will help to eliminate any confusion
Nature of business Advertising Sign Making & Display
Marketing Publishing
Design Government Agency
Printing Local Authority
Digital Office Supplies
Screen Printing Other
Please tick
FormatLandscape Landscape folder
Portrait Portrait folder
Please tick
Binding type Perfect bound Wire stitched Wiro bound
Stab stitched Loop stitched No binding
Please tick
COPY THIS FORM AND USE IT TO FAX YOUR REQUEST
PLEASE FAX BACK TO YOUR LOCAL BRANCH
www.paperco.co.uk TPC 07/10
Aberdeen Donald Murray Paper Tel: 01224 898 039
beLFAST Donald Murray Paper Tel: 028 9084 3161
bIrMInGHAM Masons Paper Tel: 0121 326 1020
brISTOL Donald Murray Paper Tel: 0117 923 5195
CASTLe dOnInGTOn Reel Paper Tel: 01332 817 950
edInbUrGH Donald Murray Paper Tel: 0131 667 7111
GLASGOW Donald Murray Paper Tel: 0141 427 1271
IPSWICH Masons Paper Tel: 01473 711 123
LeedS Rothera & Brereton Tel: 0113 263 2541
LeTCHWOrTH Masons Paper Tel: 01462 689 689
LOndOn Dixon & Roe Tel: 020 7231 0044
nOTTInGHAM Rothera & Brereton Tel: 0115 928 0071
PreSTOn North West Paper Tel: 01772 311 593
SHeFFIeLd Rothera & Brereton Tel: 0114 244 5192
SHOreHAM-bY-SeA Southern Paper Tel: 01273 440 000
SOUTHAMPTOn Southern Paper Tel: 01489 789 222
TYne & WeAr Donald Murray Paper Tel: 0191 537 7055
Text printed on 9lives 55 Silk 170g/m2
Cover printed on 9lives 55 Silk 250g/m2