Parade of Kingdoms

ReviewChapters 27, 28, 31, 32, 33,

34

Name the 3 domains used today to classify organisms

Bacteria, Archaea, Eukarya

Organisms are divided into the 3 DOMAINS based on the kind of________________ they have.Ribosomal

RNA

Name this diagram used to show

evolutionary relationshipsbetween organismscladogram

Image from:http://sps.k12.ar.us/massengale/images/clip0075.jpg

Name the 6 Kingdoms

Eubacteria, Archaebacteria, Protista,Fungi, Plantae, Animalia

Which kingdoms are included in the DOMAIN EUKARYA?

Protista, Fungi, Animalia, Plantae

Bacteria that can live in HOT environments like volcano vents are called

______________thermophiles

Explain how thermophiles are useful in running PCR?

Enzyme (Taq polymerase) from a thermophilic bacteria is used in PCR because it can withstand the higher temps used in the PCR process

From slide show by Kim Foglia http://www.explorebiology.com

Bacteria that can survive in very SALTY environments are called_________________halophiles

Classification system in which each species is assigned a two-part scientific name

Binomial nomenclature

The evolutionary history of anorganism = ____________phylogeny

Large taxonomic group made up of closely related phyla; top level in Linnaeus’s classification hierarchy

kingdom

Characteristics that appear in recent parts of a lineage but not in its older members which are used to create cladograms

Derived characters

The science of classifying and namingorganisms

taxonomy

Group of closely related classes

Phylum (pl. phyla)

Model that uses DNA comparisons to estimate the length of time that two species have been evolving independently Molecular

clock

Group of similar orders CLASS

Most inclusive taxonomic category based on ribosomal RNA; Taxon level above kingdom in today’s hierarchy DOMAIN

Group of similar families

ORDER

Swedish botanist who came up witha classification system that groups organisms in a 7 level hierarchy and gives each a 2 part scientific name

Carolus Linnaeus

Group of genera that share many characteristics

FAMILY

Greek philosopher and teacher thatcame up with the first classificationsystem that separated organisms into2 groups … plants or animals

Aristotle

The 1st part of a two part scientific name that is alwayscapitalized genus

Polysaccharide molecule found in plant cell walls that makes them different from bacteria and fungi

cellulose

The 2nd part of a two part scientific name

species

Polysaccharide molecule found in the cell walls of some fungi that makes them different from bacteria and plants chitin

Organisms that use oxygen for cellular respiration and can’t live without it are called

obligate aerobes

Molecule found in the cell walls of bacteria that makes them different from fungi and plants

peptidoglycan

Polymer made of sugars and amino acidsfound outside the cell membrane inbacteria = ___________________PEPTIDOGLYCAN

http://www.scq.ubc.ca/?p=481

Organisms that are poisoned by oxygen like Clostridium botulinum are calledobligate anaerobes

Organisms that can use oxygen if it ispresent for cellular respiration, but can also grow by fermentation in ananaerobic environment

Facultative anaerobes

Kingdom that includes all prokaryotes with peptidoglycan in their cell walls

Eubacteria

Kingdom that includes all multicellulareukaryotic heterotrophs with no cellwalls or chloroplasts

Animalia

Kingdom with includes heterotrophic eukaryotes with chitin in their cell walls

Fungi

Kingdom that includes multicellulareukaryotes that have chloroplasts forphotosynthesis and have cell walls made of cellulose

Plantae

Kingdom that includes prokaryotes without peptidoglycan in their cell walls

Archaebacteria

Diverse kingdom composed of eukaryotes that are not classified as plants, animals, or fungi

Protista

The scientific name for red maple is Acer rubrum. To which species does it belong?rubrum

Do you know a silly phrase that will help you to remember the 7 hierarchy levels in Linnaeus’s classification system?

Kids prefer cheese over fried green spinach.Kings play chess on fat green stools.Kids playing chicken on freeways get squished.King Phillip cried, “Oh for goodness sake”.

NAME the 7 taxonomic levels in Linnaeus’s hierarchy in order starting with the largest

_______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

KingdomPhylumClassOrder

FamilyGenusSpecies

_____________

____________

Name the KINGOM for these organisms:

PLANTAE

FUNGI

The scientific name for red maple is Acer rubrum. To which genus does it belong?Acer

The correct way to write the scientific name for lion is ________ Panthera leo panthera leo Panthera Leo Panthera leo

Panthera leo or Panthera leo

1st name capitalized, second name lower case,Underlined or in italics

Name the original kingdom in the 5-Kingdom system that was split into 2 separate bacterial kingdoms

MONERA

Name the two kingdoms thatresulted from this split

Eubacteria & Archaebacteria

Name the 6 Kingdoms used to classify organisms today

Archaebacteria, Eubacteria, Protista, Fungi, Plantae, Animalia

The scientific name for humansis _______ ________Homo sapiens

(OR Homo sapiens)

Based on thiscladogram, which

ofthe following is

true?

TRUERoaches and mantids share a more recent common

ancestor than do roaches and termites.

Roaches and mantids share a more recent common ancestor than do termites and mantids.

Termites and mantids do not share a common ancestor.

TRUE

FALSE

Euglena, paramecium, and amoeba belong in the domain __________ and thekingdom ______________

Eukarya

Give an example of an organism in the fungi kingdom.

Mushrooms, yeast, bread mold

Protista

______________

______________

Name the DOMAIN for these organisms:

Eukarya

Eukarya

Organism that can make its ownfood using photosynthesis or chemosynthesis

autotroph

Cell with out a nuclear envelope

prokaryote

Which DOMAIN includes all the living things whose cells have a nucleus?

Eukarya

Which polyphyletic kingdom includes the most diverse organisms because they are grouped by what characteristics they don’t have rather than what they have in common?

Protista

______________

______________

Name the KINGDOM for these organisms:

PROTISTA

ANIMALIA

The Endosymbiotic theory proposed by Lynn Margulis suggests which two organelles evolved from symbiotic prokaryote ancestors?

Mitochondria & chloroplasts

___________ form when plantroots + fungi live symbiotically

Mycorrhizae

Give an example of the kinds of organisms that would be found in the Archaea domain

Halophiles, thermophiles, methanogens

A cell with a nucleus and membrane bound organelles is called a ___________eukaryote

Name the three shapes of bacteriaSpherical- cocciRod shaped- bacilliSpiral-spirilli

Bacteria are ____________ prokaryotes eukaryotes

prokaryotes

______________

______________

_______________

Name the KINGDOM

EUBACTERIA

FUNGI

ANIMALIA

Includes PROKARYOTESwith peptidoglycan in their cell walls

Includes HETEROTROPHICEUKARYOTES with CHITINin their cell walls

Includes HETEROTROPHICEUKARYOTES withoutchloroplasts or cell walls

______________

______________

_______________

Name the KINGDOM

ARCHAEBACTERIA

PLANTAE

PROTISTA

Includes PROKARYOTESWITHOUT peptidoglycan in their cell walls

Includes AUTOTROPHICEUKARYOTES with chloroplasts& cellulose in their cell walls

Includes EUKARYOTES that aren’t plants, animals,or fungi

COMPARE/CONTRAST THE FOLLOWING

ARCHAEA BACTERIA EUKARYA

Nuclear envelope

Membrane enclosed organelles

Peptidoglycan in cell wall

Histones associated with DNA

NO YESNO

NO NO YES

NO YES NO

YES NO YES

COMPARE/CONTRAST THE FOLLOWING

ARCHAEA BACTERIA EUKARYACircularchromosome

Introns

RNAPolymerase

Ability to grow at temps > 100°

YES NOYES

Present in some genes

NO YES

Severalkinds

1 kind Several kinds

YES NO NO

COMPARE/CONTRAST THE FOLLOWING

Fungi Protist Plant Animal

Cell wall

AUTO/HETEROTROPH

Multi/uniCellular

Chitincellulose

Some chitinSome celluloseSome none

NO cell wall

HETERO HETERO& AUTO

AUTO HETERO

Most multi;except yeast Both Multi Multi

Name the three ways protists move

Flagella, cilia, pseudopods

Tell how bacterial flagella are different from eukaryotic flagella

Eukaryotic flagella-made from microtubules in 9 + 2 pattern; covered by plasma membrane

Bacteria- single filament; no plasma membrane

Which theory proposed by Lynn Margulis explains the origin of eukaryotic mitochondria and chloroplasts?

Endosymbiotic theory

__________form when algae + fungi live symbiotically

LICHENS

Name some of the beneficial roles fungi play

Decomposers in ecosystems Lichens-pioneer species in ecosystems

makes soil from bare rockFood-mushrooms, morrels yeast makes bread rise/beer/yogurtMycorrhizae-increase plant growthAntibiotics-penicillin

Tell two ways spores are produced during the fungal lifecycle.Asexual-mycelium make spores via mitosis

Sexual- diploid zygote formed by fusion of mycelia undergoes meiosis to make spores

Fungi are ____________ heterotrophs autotrophs

heterotrophs

The interwoven fungal mass of hyphae that surrounds and infiltrates the material the fungus feeds on is called a ____________

mycelium

Fungi spend the majority of their lifecycle as __ organisms. 1n 2n

1n

What are some ways bacteria are modified geneticially

Mutation

Conjugation-”bacterial sex” Plasmid transfer

Transformation- pick up ‘naked’ DNA from envrionment

Transduction- viruses transfer DNA

How is gram staining used to distinguish differences in bacterial cell walls?

Gram + has peptidoglycan cell wallGram – has peptidoglycan cell wall covered by lipopolysaccharide layer

Process in which nitrates/nitrites inthe soil are converted to nitrogen gasin the atmosphere

denitrification

What is the medical significance ofGram-negative bacteria?Gram negative bacteria are more pathogenic

Outer lipopolysaccharide layer is often toxic, protects bacteria against body’s defenses, and resists antibiotics

Small extrachromosomal circular DNAfound in bacteria

plasmid

The process by which bacteria convert nitrogen gas in the atmosphere into ammonia is called

Nitrogen fixation

Cytoplasmic region in bacteria whereDNA is located

Nucleoid region

The process by which bacteria convert ammmonia in the soil into

nitrates and nitrites is called

Nitrification

Peptidoglycan is made from whichmolecules?

Network of sugar polymers crosslinked by polypeptides

Name some of the beneficial roles bacteria play

Decomposers in ecosystems Nitrogen cycle- nitrogen fixation- N2 gas → ammonia nitrification- ammonia → nitrates/nitrites denitrification- nitrates/nitrites → N2 gas

Symbiosis in digestive tract make cellulase to break down cellulose make vitamin K & B12

Genetically engineered bacteria- produce insulin/human growth hormone