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Paralinguistics and SuprasegmentalsAREJA | DELA CRUZ | SANCHEZ | FERNANDEZ | NEPOMUCENO | VALLINAS
Paralinguistics
Is the study of:
•Vocal
•Non-vocal
signals that are beyond the verbal message or speech.
How do you convey your message?
•Tone
•Pitch
•Rhythm
•Timber
•Loudness
Effective Use Of Paralinguistics
• Try to vary your tone
- Awareness of the underlying message
• Concentrate on how you phrase
- Tones and facial expressions emphasize ideas
•Use soft/low voice that your participants can hear
Forms of Non-vocal Communication
Facial Expression
Facial Expression
• Motions of muscles beneath the face’s skin
• Convey emotional state of an individual
• Convey social information between humans
• Maybe voluntary or involuntary
• Stronger understanding of what others feel
Examples of Facial Expression
Shocked
Disgust / Revolting
Confused
Hunger / Sadness/ Discomfort
Disappointment
Dismay
Effective use of Facial Expression
• Smile regularly
• Smiling is often contagious
Eye Contact
Eye Contact
• Eyes : “Windows to the soul”
•Helps regulate the flow of communication
• Important part of communication
• Can establish relationship between the parties
Examples of Eye Contact
Eyes GazeHow eyes focus on speaker
Avoiding Eye Contact
• evading or trying to hide something
Breaking Eye Contact• distracted, uncomfortable, disinterested
Prolonged Eye Contact• confrontational, intimidating, threatening
Looking Directly to Eyes• interested, paying attention
Looking Up and Down
•sizing up
BlinkingRapid closing and opening of eye lids
Blinking
• Rapid blinking – uncomfortable, lying, fluttered
• Blinking on pause – listening carefully
• Single blink – surprised, “unbelievable”
Pupil SizeDilation and contraction of pupils
Pupil Size
• Bedroom Eyes – interested, attracted, sexually aroused
• Contracted Pupils – disinterested, threatened
Which is more attractive?
Effective use of eye contact
•Maintain eye contact
• Intervals of eye contact:
• lasting 4 to 5 seconds
Gesture
Gesture
• Visible bodily actions that has meanings
• Can sometimes substitute speech
• Shows your intentions and emotions
• Reinforce and support your words
Examples of Gesture
Thumbs Down• Bad
• Rude way of saying failure
• To not approve
Stop
The Dog Call• Summoning someone towards you
• tempting woman to her man
O.K• everything is good, well or O.K.
• Zero (Australia)
•Homosexual (Turkey)
I am Running Out of Time
Hand Kissing
• respect
Face Palm
• Frustration and embarrassment
Effective use of gestures
• Be lively
• Be animated
Reference
• http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eye_contact
• http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gesture
• http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Facial_expression
Posture and Body Orientation
• Important aspect of non verbal communication
• Conveys one’s feelings and attitudes
Standing Sitting Slouching Lying
Standing vs. Sitting
• Signals confidence and honesty
Stand to present when:
• Formalizing a group
• Filling the space, creating a dynamic movement while speaking
• Drawing attention
• Signals Intimacy and informality
Sit to present when:
• Focusing on building trust and rapport first
• Drawing people in
Appearance
• Impression
• Clothes, colors, hairstyle, etc.
Dress Code: Casual
• “Laid back”
• Translates to road trips, mall visits, school, etc
Dress Code: Smart Casual
• Includes trousers, collared shirt, leather loafers, blouse, sweater, and the like
• “Informal but neat”
• It’s like wearing business clothes in a relaxed fashion
Dress Code: Business
• Includes long sleeves, tie slacks, business skirts, blazers, and the like
• “let’s work like a boss”
Dress Code: Formal
• Includes evening gowns, tuxedo jackets, black shoes, high-heels, and the like
• “Elegance and beauty”
• Can be worn during formal events like formal parties, formal gatherings, and the like
Effective Use of Appearance
•Different colors can invoke different moods
•Warm colors: vary from warmth to anger and hostility
• Cool colors: vary from calm to feelings of sadness
• Appearance can also change physiological reactions, judgment, and interpretations
Proxemics
• also known as personal space
Social
Personal
Intimate
Distance Between Faces Tone of Voice Type of Message
Very close (3-6 inches)Close (8-12 inches)
Soft whisperAudible whisper
Top secret or sensualVery confidential
Neutral (20-36 inches) Soft voice, low volume Personal subject matter
Neutral (4.5-5 feet) Full voice Non-personal information
Across the room (8-20 feet) Loud voice Talking to a group stretching the limit
Effective Use of Proxemics
•Move around the area
- May increase interaction
• Closeness allows better eye contact
- May increase opportunity for participants to speak
Game
3. What posture/position is more effective if you want to formalize a group?
4. What dress code is conveyed by this:
“informal but neat”
Suprasegmentals
"It a'int what you say but the way you say it."
Segments and Segmentals
• Vowels
• Consonants
• Phonemes
• Phones
• Allophones
Suprasegmental vs. Segmental
• longer stretches of speech, such as rhythm and voice quality
• individual sounds
Suprasegmentals
• Length or quantity
• Tone
• Pitch accent
• Stress
• Intonation
STRESS
• giving emphasis on certain syllable/s orword/s
• can be classified as word and phrase or sentence stress
WORD STRESS
• stress on syllable/s marked by an acute accent (´)
WORD STRESS
1. Stress on one syllable
• change of meaning
a) from noun to another noun
desert and dessert
b)from noun to verb and vice versa
cónduct and condúct
WORD STRESS
c)from single word to two words
hotdog and hot dog
WORD STRESS
• in other languages:
Filipino
o sáma and samá
Spanish
o término (terminal), termíno (I finish.), and terminó(he finished.)
WORD STRESS
2. Stresses on more than one syllable
• main or primary stress marked by accute accent (´)
• secondary stress marked by grave accent (`)
WORD STRESS
• examples:
a. rèsignátion
b. sỳstemátic
c. rèvolútion
d. fùndaméntal
PHRASE OR SENTENCE STRESS
• stress on word/s
• shift in meaning
• example: “I love you.”
“I love you.”
“I love you.”
“I love you.”
WAYS ON PUTTING STRESS
1. Length
2. Pause
3. Volume
4. Pitch
Intonation
•variation of spoken pitch over
an entire phrase or sentence
Pitch Contours
•serves as a tracking device
that perceives pitch
over a period of time
Pitch Contours
Example:
What did you put in my drink, Jane?
What did you put in my drink, Jane?
Functions of Intonation
• Attitudinal
• Accentual
•Grammatical
•Discourse
Types of Intonation
• Rising Intonation
• Falling Intonation
• Level Intonation
Transcription of Intonation
\ Falling
/ Rising
\/ Dipping (fall - rise)
/\ Peaking (rise - fall)
_ Level
Falling
• definite, final
• used in WH- questions
Examples:Mary likes John.\She hates swimming\.What does it say?\
Rising
• indicates uncertainty, curiosity
• used in yes-no questions
Examples:Mary likes John?/
Did you finish your homework?/
Dipping• surprised, scepticism
• Also used in tag questionsExamples:
She's nice,\ isn’t she?\
The singer was good,\ wasn’t he?\
Peaking• Emphatic statement
• Also used in tag questions
Example:
I'd /love some\!
She’s nice,\ isn’t she?/
Level
• boredom, not interested
Example:
Cool.
Great.
Rhythm
• Relationship between stressed and unstressed syllables
• Patterns of combination of stressed and unstressed syllables
• The liaison or other phonological structures
Examples:
The ‘boy is ‘interested in en’larging his vo"cabulary.
‘Great ‘progress is ‘made "daily.
Rhythm
Language Types (Rhythm)
• Stress-timed
• Syllable-timed
Syllable-timed
• duh-duh-duh-duh-duh-duh
Stressed-timed
• English is a stress-timed language
• duh-DUH-duh-DUUUH-duh
• duh-duh-DUUUH
Stressed-timed
• Dogs chase cats.
• The dogs chase cats.
• The dogs chase the cats.
• The dogs will chase the cats.
• The dogs will be chasing the cats.
Questions
References
• http://grhttp://www.slideshare.net/trinawong/nonverbal-communication-3296384ammar.about.com/od/pq/g/paralinguisticsterm.htm
• http://www.slideshare.net/trinawong/nonverbal-communication-3296384
• http://hrcommunication.blogspot.com/2007/06/body-posture-and-orientation.html
• http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Posture_(psychology)
• http://www.goddessofpublicspeaking.com.au/blog/public-speaking/sitting-versus-standing-position-yourself-powerfully-when-you-speak/
• http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2811283/
• http://www.emilypost.com/everyday-manners/your-personal-image/69-attire-guide-beach-casual-to-white-tie
Paralinguistics
References
• http://www.phon.ox.ac.uk/jcoleman/PROSODY.htm
• http://tkacmaz.files.wordpress.com/2014/02/suprasegmentals.pdf
• http://web.ntpu.edu.tw/~language/workshop/2010-3.pdf
Suprasegmentals