PARASITIC MIRATIVITY OF ENGLISH USE IN COLIN TREVORROWS
MOVIE “JURASSIC WORLD”
Thesis
Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of
Sarjana Humaniora in English and Literature Department of Faculty
of Adab and Humanities of UIN Alauddin Makassar
By
MUJI RETNO
Reg. No. 40300111080
ENGLISH AND LITERATURE DEPARTMENT
ADAB AND HUMANITIES FACULTY
ALAUDDIN STATE ISLAMIC UNIVERSITY
MAKASSAR
2016
i
PARASITIC MIRATIVITY OF ENGLISH USE IN COLIN TREVORROW’S
MOVIE “JURASSIC WORLD”
Thesis
Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of
Sarjana Humaniora in English and Literature Department of Faculty
of Adab and Humanities of UIN Alauddin Makassar
By
MUJI RETNO
Reg. No. 40300111080
ENGLISH AND LITERATURE DEPARTMENT
ADAB AND HUMANITIES FACULTY
ALAUDDIN STATE ISLAMIC UNIVERSITY
MAKASSAR
2016
ii
MOTTO
“EDUCATION IS WHAT REMAINS AFTER ONE HAS
FORGOTTEN WHAT ONE HAS LEARNED IN SCHOOL.”
(Albert Eistein)
“EDUCATION IS A PROGRESSIVE DISCOVERY OF
OUR OWN IGNORENCE.” (Charlie Chaplin)
“EVERY THE LAST STEP INEVITABLY HAS
THE FIRST STEP” (Muji Retno)
vii
ACKNOWLEDGE
All praises to Allah who has blessed, guided and given the health to the
researcherduring writing this thesis. Then, the researcherr would like to send
invocation and peace to Prophet Muhammad SAW peace be upon him, who has
guided the people from the bad condition to the better life.
The researcher realizes that in writing and finishing this thesis, there are many
people that have provided their suggestion, advice, help and motivation. Therefore,
the researcher would like to express thanks and highest appreciation to all of them.
For the first, the researcher gives special gratitude to her parents, Masir Hadis
and Jumariah Yaha who have given their loves, cares, supports and prayers in every
single time. Then, the researcher gives thanks to her brotherHeldy Jusi S.Si., that
have motivated and supported the researcher.
Secondly, the greatest thanks to the rector of Alauddin State Islamic
University of Makassar, Prof. Dr. Musafir Pababbari, M.Si., the dean of Adab and
Humanities Faculty, Dr. H. Barsihannor, M.Ag., all the vices of dean of Adab and
Humanities Faculty, Dr. H. Abd. Rachman R., M.Ag., Dr. Hj. Syamzan Syukur,
M.Ag., and Dr.Abd. Muin, M.Hum., the head and secretary of English and Literature
Department, Muhammad Nur Akbar Rasyid, M.Pd., M.Ed., Ph.D., and Syahruni
Djunaid S.S., M.Pd., for their support, suggestion, help and administrative support.
viii
Thirdly, the researcher’s gratitude due to her first and second supervisors, Dr.
Abd. Muin, M.Hum. and FaidahYusuf, S.S., M.Pd.,for their guidance, support,
advices and their precious time during writing this thesis. Furthermore, the researcher
would like to express thank to her first examinerSyahruni Djunaid, S.S., M.Pd. and
second examiner Nasrum Marjuni, S.Pd., M.A., for their guidance, correction,
support and advices. Besides that the researcher does not forget to say a lot of thanks
to all the lecturers of English and Literature Department Serliah Nur, S.Pd, M.Hum.,
M.Ed.,Sardian Maharani Asnur, S.Pd., M.Pd., Dr. Hj. Nur Emmiyati, M.Pd., Nur
Rachma Isnaeni Hamka, S.Pd., M.Pd., Muhammad Taufik, S.S., M.Hum., A.
Kamariah, S.Pd., M.Pd. for their patience in sharing knowledge to the research during
academic years.
Next, the researcher gives the deep appreciation and sincere to heruncle,
aunts, and cousins Rahmat Latif SH., Ayu Subaedah Yaha, Naning Widya Astuti SH.,
Dra. Nuraeni Yaha,Juwani Pratiwi Utami SE.,Tanti Rahmawni., Keihan Rahmat., for
their support and prayer.
Besides that, the deepest appreciation individually and collectively thanks to
students of English and Literature Department academic year 2011,specially, to her
friends in AG. 3 and 4 for the togetherness that the researcher passed in university.
Furthermore, for dearest friends that always give support and help during writing this
thesis,Mar’atun Mardiyah, Rahmaniar Baharuddin, Sulistriani, Ayuni Amaliah,
Rahmi Amaliah, Jaitun, Indriani, Nur Aliza, Aryana Nurul Qarimah, Awaluddin,
Baso Muammar, Sadaruddin Kahar, Zul Janwar, Hawani, Budiarto
ix
Lataf,Kurniawan.P, Andy Dandi Arsyadi Mirdad, Andi Tenri Padang, Nur Muttaqin,
Muhammad Muflih Mappaujungand all the friends that cannot be mentioned one by
one.
The last but not least, the greatest thanks to Organization of Western English
(OWL), Eliots Letters and Cambridge English College (CEC) Makassar for the
experience, knowledge, brotherhood, support and advice.
Finally, may Allah reward the good things to the researcher.The researcher
realizes that this thesis is still far from being perfect but researcher has tried to do her
best.
Makassar, February25th
2016
Muji Retno
x
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Pages
COVER PAGE ............................................................................................................ i
MOTTO ...................................................................................................................... ii
PERNYATAAN KEASLIAN SKRIPSI ................................................................. iii
PERSETUJUAN PEMBIMBING ........................................................................... iv
APPROVAL SHEET ................................................................................................. v
PENGESAHAN SKRIPSI ....................................................................................... vi
ACKNOWLEDGE .................................................................................................. vii
TABLE OF CONTENTS ..........................................................................................x
LIST OF TABLES .................................................................................................. xii
ABSTRACT .............................................................................................................. xv
CHAPTER I: INTRODUCTION ............................................................................. 1
A. Background ...................................................................................................... 1
B. Problem Statements ......................................................................................... 4
C. Objective of the Research ................................................................................ 4
D. Significance of Research ................................................................................. 4
E. Scope of the Research ...................................................................................... 5
CHAPTER II: REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE ..................................... 6
A. Previous Findings ............................................................................................ 6
B. What’s Mirativity ............................................................................................ 8
xi
C. The Characterizes of Mirativty ...................................................................... 12
D. Evidentiality ………………………………………………………………... 14
E. Epistemic Modality ………………………………………………………… 16
F. Parasitic and Non-Parasitic Mirativity …………………………………...… 19
G. Synopsis of “Jurassic World” Movie …………………………………….… 30
H. Biography of Colin Trevorrow …………………………………………….. 31
CHAPTER III: METHODOLOGY OF THE RESEARCH ................................ 32
A. Method of the Research ……………............................................................ 32
B. Population and Sample ................................................................................. 32
C. Instrument of the Research ........................................................................... 33
D. Procedures of Collecting Data ...................................................................... 33
E. Technique of Data Analysis .......................................................................... 34
CHAPTER IV: FINDING AND DISCUSSION .................................................... 35
A. Findings ......................................................................................................... 35
B. Discussion ...................................................................................................... 56
CHAPTER V: CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTION ......................................... 69
A. Conclusion...................................................................................................... 69
B. Suggestion ...................................................................................................... 70
BIBLIOGRAPHY .................................................................................................... 71
AUTOBIGRAPHY .................................................................................................. 73
xii
LIST OF TABLES
Table 1.a.1 Indirect speech acs.................................................................................. 34
Table 1.a.1 Expressive ............................................................................................... 40
Table 2.a.1 Wh-exclamative..................................................................................... 42
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ABSTRACT
Name : Muji Retno
NIM : 40300111080
Major : English Literature Department
Faculty : Adab and Humanity Faculty
Title : Parasitic Mirativity of English use in Colin Trevorrow’s
Movie “Jurassic World”.
Supervisor I : Abd. Muin.
Supervisor II : Faidah Yusuf.
This study is about parasitic mirativity of English use in Colin Trevorrow’s
movie “Jurassic World”. Objectives of the research are to find out the types of
meaning and to find out the types of structure in parasitic mirativity. In this research,
the researcher applied descriptive qualitative and took purposive sampling technique.
The findings of the research, the researcher found the types of meaning were
propositional and non-propositional but just non-propositional type that the
researcher included in this research. The propositional type was divided into two sub
types, there were indirect speech act and expressive. The types of structure were wh-
exclamatives and other analytically marked structure. But in this research just include
wh-exclamatives because in this research focus on english. Therefore, the researcher
concluded that there was meaning and structure that exist in the movie. The
characters of the movie often used these types. The result of this research showed that
the types of meaning were very dominant than the types of structure.
Keywords: Mirativity, Parasitic, Propositional.
.
1
CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION
This chapter consists of five parts; there are background, problem statements,
objectives of the research, the significances of the research, and scope of the research.
A. Background
All of people in this world need language to communicate each other in every
social activity. Language is a prominent tool of communication, because without
language communication is nothing. Language can express feeling and mind because
language is a purely human and non-instinctive method of communicating ideas,
emotions and desires by means of voluntarily produced symbols (Edward Sapir in
Das, 2006: 4).
As human, communication has important role in our life particularly in our
activities. In fact, people without communication will not be able to live properly. We
communicate to get much information about the world. The information can be
negative or positive content. So, with communication we can explore our thoughts,
feelings, ideas, knowledge and assumptions, so that without communication people
cannot survive in this world. As the definition below;
Communication can be defined as the process of transmitting information and common understanding from one person to another. The word communication is derived from the Latin word, communist, which means common. The definition underscores the fact that unless a common understanding results from the exchange of information, there is no communication (Cheney & Keylon in Lunenburg, 2010: 1-2).
2
Communication requires a sender, a message or an information and a recipient.
There are 3 important concepts are associated with psychological and social barriers;
first, Fields of experience is including people's backgrounds, perceptions, values,
biases, needs, and expectations. Senders can encode and receivers decode messages
only in the context of their fields of experience. Second, Filtering means that more
often than not we see and hear what we are emotionally tuned in to see and hear.
Filtering is caused by our own needs and interests, which guide our listening. Third,
Psychosocial barriers often involve a psychological distance between people that is
similar to actual physical distance. For example, the school administrator talks down
to a staff member, who resents this attitude, and this resentment separates them,
thereby blocking opportunity for effective communication (Antos in Lunenburg,
2010: 5).
Communication occurs between the speaker and the addressee where can result a message and information from the sender to receiving. In here, what the speaker says will affect the addressee‟s knowledge. In conversation, the speaker has conceptualize object and topic when tell something to addressee. While, when the speakers change partners (addressee), they appear to adapt their conceptualizations (and the referring expression that mark them) using feedback from their new partners (addressee) (Lockridge & Brennan, 2002: 550).
The communication process will cause us to get much information about
something even though we do not necessarily know whether the information is true or
false. Broadly speaking, new information that is not easily assimilated by a speaker is
often linguistically realized differently than information that falls in with the
speaker‟s expectations. This linguistic realization often referred to in the descriptive
3
literature as mirativity. The impression one gets from a brief survey of the descriptive
literature is that mirativity is primarily about surprise and senses related to surprise
such as suddenness, unexpectedness, and immediate realization (Peterson, 2012: 1).
The mirative as a conceptual category has different from but related to
evidentiality and epistemic modality. Evidentiality is concerned with source of
knowledge; epistemic modality encodes certainty of knowledge, while mirativity is
concerned with expectations of knowledge. Dickinson (2000: 381) asserts that a
„mirative marker indicates psychological distancing, the speaker did not anticipate the
event or state‟, which she contrasts with an inferential evidential marker, which
„indicates physical distancing from the event‟. Mirativity as „the status of the
proposition with respect to the speaker‟s overall knowledge structure‟ (Dalancey,
2011: 33). Hyslop (2011: 625) says that “expectation of knowledge”. In Watters‟
(2002: 296) words, “mirativity makes no claims about the source of information. It
occurs with first-hand observation, inference, or hearsay”. A “mirative” meaning can
be associated with information acquired through any means it “inferentially from
observation” of the effects of the event.
Based on the explanation above, the researcher is really eager to analyze
parasitic and non-parasitic mirativity in English used in the “Jurassic World” movie.
One of the interesting reason, the researcher chooses to analyze the movie because
the movie is representation of the other real world. The conversation in the movie has
4
good pronunciation, articulation, and voicing to make an interaction between
characters and many expressions or utterances involve mirativity.
Based on the statement above, the researcher is interested in conducting a
research under the title; Parasitic Mirativity of English Use in Colin Trevorrow’s
Movie “Jurassic World”.
B. Problem Statements
Based on the background above, the researcher formulated research questions
as follows:
1. What are meaning of parasitic mirativity uttered in Colin Trevorrow‟s movie
“Jurassic World”?
2. What are structure of parasitic mirativity uttered in Colin Trevorrow‟s movie
“Jurassic World”?
C. Objective of the Research
Based on the research questions above, the researcher formulated the research
which aims at finding out the description of:
1. To find out the meaning of parasitic mirativity in the “Jurassic World” movie based
on the English using.
2. To find out the structure of parasitic mirativity in the “Jurassic World” movie based
on the English using.
5
D. The Significances of the Research
The outcomes of the study are expected to give contribution for:
1. For the readers; this research may give information to who want to improve their
knowledge about linguistics typology, especially regarding mirativity.
2. For the other researchers; this research can motivate them to do research with
mirativity so that the reader can know more about mirativity as one kind of linguistics
encoding. Also, this research can be a reference for other researchers.
3. For the literature students, this research will add their knowledge of various types and
styles in English. Also, it could encourage them to further learn and develop the
language.
E. Scope of the Research
The scope of this study was limited in finding out the types of parasitic
mirativity based on the English used in Colin Trevorrow‟s movie “Jurassic World”. It
is only included meaning and structure in parasitic mirativity of Peterson‟s theory.
6
CHAPTER II
REVIEW OF RELATED THEORY
This chapter talks about the theory that using of this research and some
explanations related to the theory. There are previous finding, what is mirativity?, the
characterizes of mirativity, evidentiality, epistemic modality, the types of parasitic
mirativity, synopsis of “Jurassic World” movie, biography of Colin Trevorrow.
A. Previous Findings
The researcher found three previous findings which related and relevant with
this research, as follow:
Dickinson (2000) in his Dissertation, “Mirativity in Tsafiki”, He found the
mirative systems is included mirative markers in verb classes and evidential system is
included lexical evidential in Tsafiki. This study was a case study with methods used
included observation and focused on language used in daily life of the society.
Aleksova & Kim (2003) in their journal, “Mirativity in Korean and
Bulgarian”, they found that were; the first section, they examined the semantics of
the phenomenon and present briefly a few approaches to it. The part is an attempt at a
typological classification of languages on the grounds of the grammatical status of
mirative forms employed by the respective language(s). The third part focused on the
morphological patterns and types of marking specific for Bulgarian and Korean. It
contains an overview of the grammatical system of the languages and some particular
mirative uses.
7
Hyslop (2011) in her Journal, “Mirativity in Kurtop”, She found that a
contrast in mirativity is grammatically encoded in Kurtop‟s copula, perfective and
imperfective morphology. In perfective aspect the mirative perfective -na is one of
possible forms that encode epistemic modality, evidentiality, and expectation of
others‟ knowledge. In imperfective aspect only a two-way contrast is made: mirative
clauses are contrasted with non-mirative clauses. In the affirmative existential and
equational copulas a four-way contrast is made between presumption, doubt,
mirativity, and non-mirativity. That is, while mirativity is contrasted in perfective
aspect, imperfective aspects, affirmative copulas and negative copulas.
From the three previous findings before, the research has similarity and
differences from those researches. The similarity of the researchers is looking for the
grammatical or structure of each language. While, the differences of the researches
are; the first research was focused on mirativity in Tsafiki include evidential system
in mirativity. The second research was focused on mirativity in Korean and Bulgarian
include semantics and morphological patterns in mirativity. The third research talked
about mirativity in Kurtop include grammatical in mirativity. While, this research
will focus on the Mirativity in language used in Colin Trevorrow‟s movie “Jurassic
World”. It will focus on mirativity in English used in this movie include parasitic and
non-parasitic mirativity.
8
B. What is Mirativity?
The concept of “mirativity” is a relatively recent arrival on the typological
scene Language Typology. Language typology based on the assumption that “The
ways in which languages differ from each other are not entirely random, its
uniqueness and the unconditional or invariant features to be found in all languages”
(Greenberg in Malmkjaer, 2002: 320). The data provided by typological language
studies show the limits within which languages can vary, and in so doing provide
statements about the nature of language. Each language is not necessarily assigned to
one class only.
Greenberg (In Malmkjaer, 2002: 231) dates the first use of the word
„typology‟ in linguistic literature to the theses presented by the Prague School
linguists to the First Congress of Slavonic Philologists held in 1928. Until then,
classification of languages was largely genetic; that is, it was based on the
development of languages from older source languages, and the only extensively used
typology was morphological classification of languages as approximating towards
ideal types: isolating, agglutinating/agglutinative, inflecting/flectional/fusional and
polysynthetic/incorporating.
DeLancey gives a definition of a category he calls mirativity, “The
operational definition of the category is that it marks both statements based on
inference and statements based on direct experience for which the speaker had no
psychological preparation, and in some languages hearsay data as well. What these
9
apparently disparate data sources have in common, is that the proposition is one
which is new to the speaker, not yet integrated into his overall picture of the world”
(DeLancey, 1997: 35-36).
Rett and Murray (2013: 454) give definition that “Mirativity is linguistic
encoding of exceeded expectation or surprise on the part of the speaker”. While,
Aikhenvald (2012: 435) defines mirativity as “Conveying information which new or
unexpected to the speaker, with overtones of surprise”. Dickinson (2000: 381) asserts
that a „mirative meaning indicates psychological distancing, the speaker did not
anticipate the event or state‟, which she contrasts with an inferential evidential
marker, which indicates physical distancing from the event.
This is the holy book Al-Qur‟an Kareem Surah Al-Kahfi Ayah 39, related to
the discussion about mirativity:
It means, and why did you do not say when you entered your garden
"masyaallah, laa quwwata illaa billaah (indeed the will of God all of this to happen,
there is no power except with God's help). If only you take me less than you in wealth
and offspring (QS. Al-kahfi: 39).
10
Based on the verse above has a meaning that related to this research. The
verse implies encouragements and commands that is why when you entered your
garden and you feel amazed with it when you see you do not praise God for the
blessings that have been bestowed unto you, is given unto you in an unprecedented
amount given to other people. Then do not you say that all is the will of God, there is
no power except with Allah‟s help. That‟s why some Salaf (earlier) it was said that
whoever was in awe of something out of the situation or his property or his son, let
him say, “masyaallah, laa quwwata illaa billaah.” It is inferred from the meaning
contained in this verse.
Ekman (In Mocini, 2014: 136) claims that surprise is one of the basic
universal emotions, and only the basic emotions are the real emotions. Therefore,
“mirativity is primarily about surprise and senses related to surprise such as
suddenness, unexpectedness, and immediate realization” and “the primary meaning of
mirativity is to register the surprise of the speaker” (Peterson, 2013: 3). While in
speech mirativity is expressed mainly through a specific intonation contour with the
rising tone of the voice, in writing there are a number of ways for the construal of
surprise.
What these descriptions from various languages and studies suggest is that
mirativity, as a conceptual category at least, may be universal: it is a plausible claim
that all languages have the means to encode an event or state as occurring outside
normal expectations. In order to deepen our understanding of mirativity, and to draw
11
these descriptions together into a more cohesive and focus on picture, it is useful to
examine the systematic relationship mirativity has with the better understood
categories of evidentiality and epistemic modality. Mirativity forms a conceptual
natural class with evidentiality and epistemic modality as these three categories
express something about a speaker‟s physical, psychological and temporal orientation
to events and states (DeLancey, 2001:379). The summary in outlines this connection:
1. Epistemic modality marking: encodes the speaker‟s attitude towards the
proposition in terms of certainty or probability.
2. Evidential marking: encodes the source of the speaker‟s knowledge.
3. Mirative marking: encodes the relationship between the proposition and the
speaker‟s overall expectations and assumptions in a given context.
Based on the explanation above, the researcher concludes that mirativity is a
phenomena in linguistics which is part of language typology. However, Mirativity is
expression that marks speaker's surprise due to new and unexpected information.
Mirativity related to the senses of surprise such as unexpectedness, suddenness,
immediate realization, and unprepared mind. The meaning of mirativity can relate to
the unprepared psychology, intonation, prospects, evidentiality, epistemic modality,
and hearsay of the speaker.
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C. The Characterizes of Mirativity
1. If a speaker has indirect knowledge of Kemal's arrival then the speaker uses a
sentence is marked with the inferential evidential -mi_s.
a. Turkish (Hyslop, 2011: 3).
Kemal gel-mi‟s
Kemal come -Past
`Kemal came.'
There are three contexts listed that mark mirative meaning;
1) Inference: The speaker sees Kemal‟s coat hanging in the front hall,
but has not yet seen Kemal.
2) Hearsay: The speaker has been told that Kemal has arrived, but
has not yet seen Kemal.
3) Surprise: The speaker hears someone approach, opens the door, and
sees Kemal. A totally unexpected visitor.
In Psychological terms, If a speaker has direct knowledge of Kemal's
arrival, mi‟s can be still be used, but it expresses another meaning: it is an
experience for which the speaker lacks `premonitory awareness' (Slobin and Aksu,
1982: 196).
2. We can take the semantic contrast between English (a) and (b) conditioned by
intonation – to be all and only one of mirativity.
a. John arrived on time.
b. (Wow,) John arrived on time!
13
c. I am surprised that John arrived on time
Rett and Murray (2013: 455) assume that the mirative component of (b) is an
expression of speaker surprise. It is distinct from assertions of speaker surprise, as
in (c), because it is undeniable in discourse. (b) Shows that this mirative marker –
English exclamation intonation.
3. Linguistic mirativity as a label is defined by a constellation of descriptors:
a. `Non-expected' information (Egerod in Peterson, 2012: 30).
b. `Surprise at unexpected new information based on immediate observation'
(Friedman, 2003: 197-200).
c. `New knowledge' (DeLancey, 2001: 369).
d. `Immediate meaning' (Nichols in Peterson, 2012: 31).
4. Mirativity involve two components concerning how speaker‟s mental state is
conditioned by either their immediate experience of an event, or by previous
experiences and expectations (Peterson, 2013: 8).
a. The speaker's past experiences of similar situations and his general knowledge.
This set of assumptions can range from knowledge about purely physical
interactions to assumptions based on cultural and social norms
b. The speaker's immediate experience of an event or state.
5. Mirativity constructs in the psychological orientation of the speaker, both in terms
of their individual knowledge (their personal experiences and fixed assumptions
about the way the world works), and their knowledge of the context (their
immediate experience of a state, event, or action) (Peterson, 2013: 9).
14
6. Two categories status of mirativity are the first, it comes from the studies of
surprise in psychology, and the cognitive science. Description of mirativity is the
“notion” of “surprise”. From a psychologist, surprise is one of the core human
emotions, along with happiness, sadness, disgust, contempt, and fear. From a
cognitive perspective, surprise has been used in the literature on mirativity, is just
a handle for what is essentially a single mental event (in a series of events) that
occurs when a speaker encounters new information that they were mentally
unprepared for. The second, the categorical status of mirativity is the fact that
many languages have lexemes whose primary meaning is to encode surprise
(Peterson, 2013; 12)
D. Evidentiality
The primary function of an evidential is to give a speaker a way of talking
about events they haven‟t personally seen, heard, or otherwise taken part in. So,
Evidentiality is grammatical marking of the nature of the information source, the way
in which information was obtaining (Aikhenvald, 2012: 436). In the Gitksan example
in (1), an evidential nakw is used to encode that a speaker has sensory evidence for an
event that they have not witnessed directly (Peterson, 2010:135):
1. Gitksan
‟nakw=hl se-hon (t)=s Bob
EVID=CND CAUS-fish-3=CND Bob
“Bob must be smoking fish”
“Looks like Bob is smoking fish”
15
Context (sensory evidence): You get to Bob’s place and you can smell or see
smoke.
At an intuitive level, an event that witnessed is more certain than one that
occur sight unseen, and an event that is witnessed from beginning to end is less
surprising than one that is only inferred or deduced from its results. If we adjust the
context slightly to include not only the sensory evidence, but the speaker actually
witnessing the event of Bob smoking fish, (1) is still felicitous. However, (1) carries
an additional meaning: the speaker is surprised or otherwise unprepared for the fact
that Bob is smoking fish. This additional meaning of an evidential characterizes the
mirative use of an evidential, and illustrates the notion of the „unprepared mind‟
(DeLancey 199: 38), an evidential event is may be perceived to be out of one‟s
control, unexpected, and thus surprising to the speaker if they either experience that
event, or come into contact with the results of the event.
The extended meaning of an evidential to convey a sense of surprise presents
us with a potential contradiction: the use of ‟nakw when the speaker actually
witnesses the event they have evidence for in (1), would appear to undermine its
evidential meaning: Grecian considerations would compel a speaker to simply assert
“Bob is smoking fish” if the speaker did indeed witness the event of Bob smoking
fish. However, we can draw these two interpretations of ‟nakw together if we view
this in terms of distancing: whereas evidentiality indicates physical distancing from
an event, mirativity meaning includes indicates psychological distancing (Dickinson
2000: 392).
16
However, the distinction between witnessing the event and witnessing the
results of the event can be subtle. We saw how the inferential evidential suffix ‟nakw
in Gitksan in conveying both evidentiality and mirativity. English also lacks lexical
evidentials, although a mirative meaning can be attributed to evidential verbs when
these are used in the context of witnessing the actual event. Example (2) uses the
same context as the Gitksan example in (1) with ‟nakw: evidential verbs such as
looks like and see are felicitous when the speaker observes the event embedded under
the evidential verb. This expresses the mirative (Peterson, 2010; 137):
2. “Looks like Bob is smoking fish!”
“I see Bob is smoking fish!”
Mirative evidentials can mark mirativity in a context regardless of what type
of evidence the speaker has for the at-issue proposition p. Their mirative use is
characterized as indicating that the speaker had no “premonitory awareness” that p
(Slobin & Aksu, 1982: 196); as signaling “unanticipated/novel information” or an
“unprepared mind” (Peterson, 2010: 138); or as marking “a more or less spontaneous
reaction to a new, salient, often surprising event” (Aikhenvald, 2004: 197).
E. Epistemic Modality
There is also a relation between epistemic modality marking and mirativity.
Epistemic modality is concerned with the speaker‟s attitude towards the proposition
in terms of certainty or probability (Peterson, 2010: 134). As with evidential-marked
miratives, a mirative reading of an epistemic modal in English is mostly clearly
obtained where a speaker is surprised at the results of a previous event. In the context
17
given in example (1), a mirative interpretation can be expressed using either the
strong epistemic modal must in (a), or a plain assertion in (b). A mirative
interpretation is less felicitous with the weak epistemic modal might, as in (c):
1. a. “I must‟ve fallen asleep!”
b. ? “I fell asleep!”
c. # “I might‟ve fallen asleep!”
Context: Said upon awakening over one’s books after a long night studying
(context adapted from Slobin Aksu, 1986: 160).
It is beyond the scope of this paper to examine in more detail the mirative use
in epistemic modals in languages such as English. However, there are two points
worth making. The first point regards the use of modal force: in (1), the strong modal
must is used to convey mirativity over both the weaker modal might and a plain
assertion. Because modals don‟t overtly encode an evidence source/type, they may
reveal something different of the nature of mirativity than we find with evidentials. It
seems natural that, in encoding a speaker‟s state of surprise, the „strongest‟ lexical
item would be used. However, there are other distinctions to be found: mirativity is
not exclusive to strong modals. In example (2), the weaker modal might is used to
convey a speaker‟s unprepared state, not upon encountering any kind of evidence as
in (1), but at the possibility of winning:
2. a. “I might‟ve won!”
b. # “I must‟ve won!”
c. # “I won!”
18
Context: Your husband tells you that he thinks you’re lucky numbers came up
on the weekly lotto (Peterson, 2010:139).
This is entirely expected, as when a speaker is surprised at a possibility, a
possibility modal is naturally. However, intonation is carrying the mirative
contribution in (2), as the possibility is actually part of the proposition a speaker is
surprised at. This is different from example (1), where the proposition a speaker is
surprised at is the plain one without any modal. It is in those cases where the strong
modal must be used for the mirative.
Secondly, a mirative use of an epistemic modal in English is infelicitous in a
context where the speaker actually witnesses the event, as in (3):
3. a. “You‟re here!”
b. # “You must be here!”
c. # “You might be here!”
Context: A friend unexpectedly shows up a party.
This restriction likely follows from the fact that epistemic modals are
propositional operators. However, in (2) the proposition a speaker is surprised at is
the plain one with a weak modal. This shows that if one is really surprised at a
necessity statement, must would be felicitous in a mirative. As in (2), if you see some
evidence that you‟ve won, for example, if there is a person walking towards you
holding out the trophy, then you „I must‟ve won!‟ would be felicitous. However, it is
not the modal that‟s conveying mirativity, but the intonation (Peterson. 2010: 140).
19
F. Parasitic Mirativity
Parasitic Mirativity is that mirative meaning can be implicated
independently of linguistic, semantic, or grammatical categories (Peterson, 2013:
16). Parasitic Miratives are dependent either on the meanings of certain
morphemes, words, or utterances (the MEANING node), or they can be dependent
on certain language-specific analytical structures (the STRUCTURE node)
(Peterson, 2013: 18). These are two types of parasitic miratives:
a. Meaning
The division of Meaning, see figure 1 (Peterson, 2013: 19):
(Figure 1)
20
1) Miratives that are parasitic on propositional meanings.
The meaning of an evidential is information it carries about the type
of evidence a speaker has for a statement they make; and the meaning of
control marking is the degree of volition or intention an agent exercises over
the state, event, or action expressed by a sentence. Mirative meaning is not
an inherent part of the semantics of either evidentiality or control. Rather,
mirative meaning is parasitic on some aspect of the meanings of evidentiality
and control. (Peterson, 2013: 20).
2) Miratives that are parasitic on non-propositional meanings.
Parasitic miratives of the non-propositional variety make up a large
proportion of miratives that are used in everyday speech in English. There
are two major types of non-propositional parasitic miratives: surprise that is
either implicated through indirect speech acts and expressive (Peterson,
2013: 28). It is assumed that languages often have a correspondence between
the structure of an utterance and its function within a linguistic exchange, or
clause types. For example, English has three main clause types, as illustrated
in (a):
a) (1) DECLARATIVE: „The gun is loaded.‟
(2) INTERROGATIVE: „Is the gun loaded?‟
(3) IMPERATIVE: „Load the gun.‟
Within most linguistic exchanges, the speaker of a sentence normally
expects that her communicative intention will be recognized and understood
21
by her interlocutors. This is usually fairly transparent: declarative sentences
make certain commitments regarding the speaker‟s belief in the truth of a
proposition; interrogative clauses are requests for information, while
imperative clauses place demands or obligations on the other interlocutors in
a speech context. However, often the circumstances or context surrounding
the utterance provide non-linguistic cues as to how an utterance is
interpreted within a speech event, giving rise to indirect speech acts.
This sentence and contexts given in (b) illustrate how surprise is
another indirect speech act that can often be associated with declarative
sentences.
b) „The tea is really cold‟ (Yule, 1996: 83).
(1) Context A: On a wintry day, the speaker reaches for a cup of tea,
believing that it has been freshly made, takes a sip, and produces the
utterance in (b) as a complaint.
(2) Context B: On a really hot summer‟s day the speaker is being given a
glass of iced tea, takes a sip, and produces the utterance in (b) as
praise.
The utterance of (b) in either Context A or Context B implicates
surprise: it is parasitic on the indirect speech acts of complaining and
praise. As with other kinds of parasitic mirativity, there is nothing in any of
the elements in the sentence in (b) that entail the speakers surprise at the
22
temperature of the tea. Rather, it is implicated through the use of a
declarative clause in a particular speech context. (Peterson, 2013: 29).
Finally, surprise is often associated with another kind of non-
propositional meaning: expressives. Consider the sentence in (c):
c) That idiot John is late for the meeting.
The expressive that idiot reflects something of the speaker‟s attitude
towards John, in this case frustration. Crucially, expressives are not a part of
the descriptive (asserted) content of an utterance, rather expressives are non-
propositional (Potts, 2005: 125, as illustrated in (d):
d) (1) Descriptive content: John is late for the meeting
(2) Expressive content: John is an idiot in the speaker‟s opinion
Languages vary in the extent they grammaticalize expressive
meanings. In the survey of the literature, it was unable to find grammatical
expressives that have surprise as a primary meaning. However, it suggest that,
as with the indirect speech acts, it is not surprising that we find mirative
overtones with expressives.
23
b. Structure
Mirativity can be implicated through different kinds of (morpho) syntactic
structures. The division are given in figure 2 (Peterson, 2013: 29-30).
(Figure 2)
Wh-exclamatives are abound in everyday speech. Examples are given:
1) a) How tall you‟ve grown!
b) What a nice guy he is!
Wh-exclamatives are the product of the interaction of lexical, syntactic, and
semantic elements, which resemble interrogatives. In (1a) the wh-exclamative
consists of the interaction between the question-element „what‟, and the adjective
„nice‟.
The justification for giving wh-exclamatives its own node in the typology
comes from the fact that they are commonly use to implicate surprise in the many
unrelated languages that have wh-exclamative constructions. There is a considerable
amount of literature on the description and analysis of the syntax and semantics of
exclamatives but the relevant observation here is that surprise is only implicated by a
24
wh-exclamative – they do not on their own entail surprise, as the dialogue in (2)
shows:
2) a: „John offered to fill in again for me at work.‟
b: „What a nice guy he is, not that I‟m surprised he offered.‟
Embedded exclamatives also lack a mirative reading. (3) Is B‟s alternative response
to the conversation in (2):
3) b: „I know what a nice guy John is, that‟s why I‟m not surprised he offered.‟
Our intuitions tell us that the speaker/subject cannot be surprised at the state,
event or action denoted by the complement clause of the attitude verb know. Thus,
mirativity is parasitic on wh-exclamatives (Peterson, 2013: 31).
A parallel in English can be found in construction involving the particle up in
(4a) that has a touch of surprise or unexpectedness that is lacking with the light verb
went in (4b);
4) a) She up and let him.
b) She went and left him.
It is important to note that the mirativity implicated through structures such as
wh-exclamatives, pseudo-coordinations, verb particles or auxiliary constructions still
relies on the semantics of these constructions to some extent, and not simply the
structures themselves. For example, wh-exclamatives involve degrees along some
scale of evaluation, and the surprise implicated by wh-exclamatives involves not only
the context, but also the degrees themselves in terms of the speaker‟s expectations.
25
Based on the explanation before, I restrict parasitic mirativity in English that
in my research. English are used in the “Jurasic world Movie”.
G. Synopsis of ‘Jurassic World” Movie
The island of Isla Nublar was located in Central America eventually becoming
Dinosaur Park which called Jurassic World (World of Dinosaurs). It was owned by
Simon Masrani. The company's scientists succeeded in creating new types of
dinosaur through genetic engineering. This invention was made to invite more
visitors. Grady Owen did not agree with it, who worked as staff at the Dinosaur Park.
He questioned the new findings to Claire Dearing, the operations manager at the same
time Masrani Corporation scientists who discovered the species hybrid.
Zach and Gray was the niece‟s Claire who will invite the Jurassic World.
They entered the gates of Jurassic World by train. Hundreds of visitors thronged the
park, up the jeep, canoe, trains and various other security vehicles to see many
attractions.
Nascent strangeness, where Owen found a giant scratch marks, workers
disappeared, damaged vehicles, and ultimately, hybrid rampaging dinosaurs. Incident
took place, the hybrid dinosaurs escaped from its cage, and then triggers release of
clutter and other dinosaurs of the park. Zach and Gray trapped in deadly chaos. It is
the responsibility of Owen and security team to control the situation, before the
dinosaur inflicts greater damage. Ultimately, the dinosaur could be conquered then
Zach and Gray could be saved.
26
H. Biography of Colin Trevorrow
Colin Trevorrow was born in San Francisco, California on September 13,
1976. He is an American film director, screenwriter and co-writer, known as the
director of Safety Not Guaranteed (2012) and the Jurassic Park, Jurassic World
(2015) movie. He was raised in Piedmont, California, a wealthy suburb of Oakland
and graduated from New York University's Tisch School of the Arts in 1999. He
lived with his wife and two children in Vermont.
In 2002, he wrote and directed his first short film, Home Base; since then it
has received over 20 million hits online. He continued working as a screenwriter, his
first spec script titled Tester to DreamWorks (2006). In 2008, he paired up with
Derek Connolly, ten years after they had first met as NYU students while working as
interns on Saturday Night Live, to write film script called Cocked and Loaded. In
2012, He directed a film “Safety Not Guaranteed”. The film got a nomination for him
to the Independent Spirit Award for Best First Feature. After the release it, He and
Connolly were hired by the Walt Disney Company to write a remake of the film
Flight of the Navigator (1986). He directed Jurassic World (2015) where the script
based on an earlier draft by Rick Jaffa and Amanda Silver.
27
CHAPTER III
METHODOLOGY OF RESEARCH
This chapter explains about how to use the methodology of this research.
There are five parts that include in this chapter; Method of the research, source of
data, instrument of the research, procedures of collecting data, and technique of data
analysis.
A. Method of the Research
This research used descriptive qualitative method in answering the research
questions. Qualitative research was descriptive in that the researcher was interested in
processing, meaning, and understanding gained through words or utterances.
According to Moleong (2005: 3), qualitative research is a research which does not
deal with numbers but in written and oral words from the object of the study, so that
the researcher concluded that this study is as a descriptive qualitative research.
This research aimed to describe and to identify meaning and structure in
parasitic mirativity of English use in Coiln Trevorroow’s movie “Jurassic World”.
B. Source of Data
The researcher took data from the “Jurassic World” movie which was
published in 2015 where the movie has one hour fifty minutes thirty six seconds
duration and sixty one pages of the script. On this research, the researcher looked for
English use in this movie where contained parasitic mirativity in Colin Trevorrow’s
movie “Jurassic World”.
28
C. Instrument of the Research
This research used note taking as instrument. Note taking has function to
write down the words or statements where contains mirativity in the Colin
Trevorrow’s movie “Jurassic World”. Ray (2005: 2) says that “an important aspect of
good note taking skills knows what to write down in the notes”. Distinguishing
important and unimportant information is a skill that improves with practice. Being
able to identify the key words and key points helped to determine what should be
recorded. Note taking was a kind of technique would be done by researcher to find
mirativity.
D. Procedures of Collecting Data
The following procedures of collecting data were be used by the researcher:
1. The researcher watched the movie by using computer while checked the script
carefully in order to understand the content of the movie.
2. The researcher identified parasitic mirativity in the movie “Jurassic World” by
Colin Trevorrow.
3. The researcher took note cards; there was 2 cards namely white card and yellow
card. White card for meaning of parasitic mirativity and yellow card for structure
of parasitic mirativity.
4. The researcher wrote down some notes in the card.
5. The researcher classified the data with the theory of Tyler Peterson.
29
E. Technique of Data Analysis
In analyzing data from observation sheet, the researcher used Peterson’s
theory (2013). As Peterson explains that parasitic mirativity has two sub classes, there
are meaning and structure.
30
CHAPTER IV
FINDINGS AND DISCUSSIONS
This chapter consists of two sections, findings and discussions. The findings
present all the data that have found in “Jurassic World” Movie, while the discussion
provides further explanation about meaning and structure in parasitic mirativity by
using Peterson’s theory in that movie.
A. Findings
In the findings of the research, the researcher focused on two research
questions. They included: the first are the types of meaning and the second are the
types of structure in parasitic mirativity where uttered by the characters. After
analyzing meaning and structure in parasitic mirativity of that movie directed by
Colin Trevorrow 2015, these are the data that the researcher got.
Before the researcher presents the data in table form, the researcher used some
symbols to make easy to understand the explanation of data, as follows;
D : Datum
RT : Running Time
PS : Page of Script
The researcher found some utterances that appear on the movie that include in
parasitic mirativity. Parasitic mirativity are divided into two parts; (1) meaning, there
are two general types of meaning; propositional and non-propositional. Because the
researcher only focus on mirativity in English, therefore the researcher only include
non-propositional where divided into two sub types; Indirect speech acts and
31
expressives (2) structure, there are two general types of structure; wh-exclamatives
and other analytically marked structure. Same with the meaning, the researcher only
include wh-exclamatives in this research.
1. Meaning
There are two types of meaning; Propositional and non-propositional but the
researcher only includes non-propositional as the type that suitable of this research
based on Peterson’s theory. Non-propositional are divided into two sub types there
are indirect speech acts and expressives.
a. Indirect Speech Acts
Indirect speech acts in category of mirativity often given the circumstances or
context surrounding the utterance provide non-linguistic cues as to how an utterance
is interpreted within a speech context or event. Declarative, interrogative, and
imperative used to the speaker in their communication to intend the interlocutors will
be recognized and understood the utterances. They are clause types usually used in
indirect speech acts.
Declarative sentences make certain commitments regarding the speaker’s
belief in the truth of a proposition. Interrogative sentences are requests for
information, while imperative sentences place demands or obligations on the other
interlocutors in speech contexts. The researcher had found 33 data in indirect speech
acts.
32
Table 1.a.1 indirect speech acts
NO CONVERSATION PICTURE
1 Claire: (CELL PHONE BEEPS) Okay, so I will see
you tonight at 6:00. (walk to go)
Zara: No, don't forget you have the...
Claire: Right, of course. I will see you tonight at
8:00. (D.1/PS.7/ RT.00:10:41)
2 Vivian: Did you close the deal?
Claire: Looks like it. Verizon Wireless presents the
Indominus rex.
Lowery: Ugh, that is so terrible. Why not just go
the distance, Claire and just let these corporations
name the dinosaurs? They've got all the ballparks.
(D.2/PS.8/ RT.00:11:54)
3 In helicopter
Masrani: Okay. Now show me my new dinosaur.
Beside the dinosaur’s cage
Masrani: (GROWLING) It's white. You never
told me it was white.
Claire: Think it will scare the kids?
Masrani: The kids? This will give the parents
nightmares.
Claire: Is that good?
Masrani: It's fantastic. (D.3/PS.11/ RT.00:16:59)
4 Lowery: It's in the cage.
Claire: No, that's impossible. I was just there.
Lowery: Claire, I'm telling you, she's in the cage.
(D.4/PS.25/RT.00:36:23)
5 Owen: You need to call this mission off right now.
Lowery: They're right on top of it.
Owen: Call it off right now.
Claire: You are not in control here.
(D.5/PS.30/RT.00:45:11)
6 Vivian: They said we had to evacuate. There's a
boat. You coming?
Lowery: (SIGHS) someone has to stay behind.
Vivian: Oh, no. I have a boyfriend.
(D.6/PS.57/ RT.01:40:31)
33
7 Claire: CRYING) Oh, my God, it's your parents.
It's your parents. Come on, come on. Karen: Are you okay? Oh, baby.
Claire: I'm so sorry. (SHUSHING)
(D.7/PS.60/ RT.01:53:44)
8 In airport
Scott: Did you call your sister?
Karen: Straight to voice-mail.
Scott: It'll be fine. She handles 20,000 people a day,
right?
Karen: She can handle two more.
Arrive in island
Gray: Where's Aunt Claire?
Zara: Your aunt arranged to greet you at 1:00.
(D.8/PS.3/ RT.00:05:08)
9 Claire: Gray, is that you?
Gray: Aunt Claire.
Claire: Okay, yeah. No, I'm gonna have to go. My
nephews are here.(ON PHONE)
Gray: Hi.
Claire: Oh. (CHUCKLES)
Claire: Oh, my gosh, you're so sweet.
(D.9/PS.6/RT.00:09:48)
10 Claire: Zara here is going to take great care of you
until I'm done working tonight, okay?
Gray: You're not coming with us?
Claire: Oh... I really wish that I could, but
tomorrow I can take you into the control room,
show you behind the scenes and all of that. That's
gonna be cool, right? (CELL PHONE BEEPS)
(D.10/PS.6/ RT.00:10:21)
11 Claire: Any incidents?
Lowery: Yes. Six kids in the Lost and Found, 28
down with heatstroke...
Claire: Where did you get that?
Lowery: Oh, this? I got it on eBay. Yeah, it's pretty
amazing. I got it for $150, but the mint condition
one goes for $300...
Claire: Didn't occur to you maybe that's in poor
taste?
Lowery: The shirt? Yeah, no, it did. I understand
people died. It was terrible, but that first park was
34
legit. I have a lot of respect for it. They didn't need
these genetic hybrids. They just needed dinosaurs,
real dinosaurs.
Claire: Okay, please don't wear it again. That's kind
of enough.
Lowery: Yeah, I wasn't gonna.
(D.11/PS.7/ RT.00:11:22)
12 Claire: Why are the West Plains closed?
Vivian: Another Pachy roaming outside his zone.
But he's fully sedated and ready for relocation.
Lowery: Pepsi-saurus or Tostito-don.
Claire: Security said the invisible fences were a no-
fail. That is the second time this month.
Vivian: Well, the Pachys short out their implants
when they butt heads.
Claire: How much longer until they get it out of
there?
Vivian: He just got five milligrams of carfentanil.
(D.12/PS.8/ RT.00:12:03)
13 n helicopter
Masrani: Now, please, we're flying. Breathe.
Get off from helicopter
Claire: Is he okay? Are you okay?
Masrani: He's just being dramatic.
(D.13/PS.10/ RT.00:15:45)
14 In helicopter:
Claire: We don't have a way to measure the
animals' emotional experience.
Masrani: Sure you do. You can see in their eyes.
Right?
Claire: Of course. (CHUCKLES)
Masrani: Okay. Now show me my new dinosaur.
Arrive in the dinosaur’s cage
Masrani: She's intelligent then?
Claire: For a dinosaur.
Masrani: And that?
Claire: It tried to break the glass.
Masrani: I like her spirit. (D.14/PS.11/
RT.00:16:26)
15 Owen: What do you need, buddy?|
Hoskins: A field test. Look at these creatures.
They've got millions of years of instinct in their
35
cells, instinct that we can program. Their loyalty
cannot be bought.
These guys are gonna run straight into the enemy's
teeth and eat them, belt buckle and all.
Barry: What if they decide they wanna be in
control?
Hoskins: Well, then we remind them who is. We
terminate the rogues. Promote only loyal
bloodlines. Barry: (SCOFFS) (LAUGH)
Hoskins: What? What's so funny?
Owen: I don't know. You come here and you don't
learn anything about these animals except what you
want to know. (D.15/PS.15/RT.00:21:47)
16 Hoskins: Since the day we hired you out of the
Navy. You knew the end game. These animals can
replace thousands of boots on the ground. How
many lives would that save? (BUZZES) War is part
of nature.
Look around, Owen. Every living thing in this
jungle
is trying to murder the other. Mother Nature's way
of testing her creations. Refining the pecking order.
War is a struggle. Struggle breeds greatness.
Without that, we end up with places like this,
charge seven bucks a soda.
Owen: Do you hear your self ? when you talk?
Hoskins: This is gonna happen. With or without
you boys. Progress always wins, man.
Owen: Maybe progress should lose for once.
(D.16/PS/16/ RT.00:23:05)
17 In the cage
Owen: Close the gate.(GROWLING)
Out the cage
Barry: Are you crazy?
In the cage
Owen: Just trust me.(D.17/PS.17/ RT.00:24:30)
18 Gray: Wanna go on the spinning dinosaur eggs?
Zach: Nope. Cover up your dork pouch. (ZARA IS
TALKING ON PHONE) Scatter.
Gray: What?
Zach: Go. Run. Go. (PULLING GRAY’S HAND)
(D.18/PS.18/ RT.00:26:20)
36
19 Karen: Are you having fun?
Zach: Yeah, I guess. Aunt Claire gave us passes, so
we don't have to wait in line.
Karen: Wait, she's not with you?
(D.19/PS.18/ RT.00:27:17)
20 Karen: (ON PHONE) Hi, Claire. How's it going?
Claire: Yeah, everything's great. The boys are
having fun. Everyone's... Yeah, everyone's good.
Karen: Really? Because I just hung up with Zach,
and he said that you weren't even with them.
Claire: (SIGHS) Yeah, look. Today turned out to be
a really bad day for me. They're in great
hands.They're with my assistant. She's British, so
they invented nannies. Wait, are you crying?
Karen: This was supposed to be a family weekend,
Claire. You haven't seen the boys in forever. And I
know how Zach will treat Gray if they're by
themselves. And he can just be so mean.
Claire: Okay, I'm sorry. Tomorrow, I'm gonna
spend the entire day with them. I'm going to take
off work, and I will not leave their side. I promise.
(D.20/PS.19/RT.00:27:49).
21 Claire: Tomorrow, I'm gonna spend the entire day
with them. I'm going to take off work, and I will
not leave their side. I promise.
Karen: Well, a promise tomorrow is worth a lot less
than trying today.
Claire: Ew! You're using Mom's lines now?
Karen: Oh, my God. I am using Mom's lines. I'm
sorry, but you know, I have to tell you, they work.
You'll see when you have kids.
(D.21/PS.19/RT.00:28:18)
22 Claire: Where is it?
Owen: is it in the basement? Is there a downstairs?
Maybe it’s in the rec room.
Claire: it was just here. We were just here.
(BUZZING). (D.22/PS.2/RT.00:34:22)
23 Claire: (on phone) Lowery. Get me coordinates on
the Indominus.
Lowery: Okay, yeah. I'm doing it right now. Wait,
what the hell? (BEEPING) It's in the cage.
Claire: No, that's impossible. I was just there.
37
Lowery: Claire, I'm telling you, she's in the cage.
(S.23/PS.25/RT.00:36:22)
24 Gray: I googled. They're divorce lawyers.
Zach: All right, whatever. You know what? It
doesn't matter, okay? I'm gonna be gone in two
years anyway.
I mean, all my friends' parents are divorced.
Gray: (CRYING SOFTLY)
Gray: Hey, knock it off. You're gonna cry? Look.
You're gonna get two of everything, right? You're
gonna get two birthdays, two Thanksgivings, two...
Gray: I don't want two of everything.
(D.24/PS.29/ RT.00:43:23)
25 Man: Blood's not clotted yet. It's close.
Masrani: What is that?
Owen: That's her tracking implant. She clawed it
out. (D.25/PS.30/RT.00:45:50)
26 Zara: Hello? Zara. I need you to bring the boys
back to the hotel right away.
Zara: I don't know... I've been looking everywhere
for them. It's just been quite a while.
Claire: Slow down. I can't hear you.
Zara: Zach and Gray, they've run off.
Claire: They what? (D.26/PS.36/RT.00:54:56)
27 Claire: Lowery, we found her. South of the
Gyrosphere Valley, between the old park and the
Aviary.
Lowery: Wait, are you following the dinosaur?
Claire: Yes. Get ACU out here. Real guns this time.
Lowery: ACU is airborne. They took the helicopter.
Claire: Who's flying it?(D.27/PS.45/RT.01:15:24)
28 Zach: Aunt Claire!
Gray: Go, go!
Zach: Claire!
Owen: No! Hold your...(GROANS) (SQUEALS)
Zach: Is that Aunt Claire?(D.28/PS.48/RT.01:
23:28)
29 Zach: Is that aunt Claire?
Claire: It's them! Zach! Gray! Oh, my God! Thank
God! Thank God! What happened? What is this?
Are you okay? Where did you go? Why didn't
38
you come back? I was so worried about you.
(D.29/PS.48/RT.01:23:35)
30 Zach: Who's that?
Claire: We work together.
Owen: Hey. We gotta go.
Claire: Okay. Come on, come on.
(D.30/PS.49/RT.01:23:38)
31 Claire: (ON PHONE) Lowery, are you still there?
Claire: Hey, where are you?
Claire: I need you to open Paddock 9.
Lowery: Paddock 9? (SEE THE MONITOR) You
kidding? (GROWLING)
Claire: Damn it, Lowery, be a man and do
something for once in your life.
(D.31/PS.60/ RT.01:47:46)
32 Vivian: This is Control. Put out a park-wide
alert.(TALKING TO SOMEONE ON PHONE)
Masrani: Hang up that damn phone, please.
Vivian: (ON PHONE) Sorry, I'm getting new
information. Everything's fine.
MAsrani: Let Asset Containment capture it
quietly.The very existence of this park is predicated
on our ability to handle incidents like this. |It was
an eventuality, okay? (D.32/PS.26/RT.00:40:01)
33 Hoskins: (GROWLING) Oh, shit! Easy. Easy, boy.
Easy. Hey, hey. We're on the same side, right?
Right? Easy. I'm on your side. (SCREAMING)|
Claire: (RUNNING) No, boys. Boys, this way.
Come on.
Owen: Come on. Come on.
(D.33/PS.59/ RT.01:43:58)
b. Expressives
Surprise is often associated with another kind of non-propositional
meaning; expressive. The expressive reflects something of the speaker’s attitude
towards someone. Language vary in the extent they grammaticalize expressive
meaning. In survey of the literature, it was unable to find grammatical expressive
39
that have surprise as a primary meaning. However, as with the indirect speech acts,
it is not surprising that we find mirative overtones with expressive. The researcher
had found 6 data in expressive sentences.
Table 1.b.1 Mirativity in expressives.
NO CONVERSATION PUCTURE
1 Out of the triangular building
Gray: Come on!
Zach: Relax.
Gray: Come on.
Zach: Dude, chill.
In the triangular building
Gray: Cytosine, guanine, adenine, and thymine, the
same four things in everything that ever lived.
Zach: Hey, don't wander off, all right? Mom's
not paying me for babysitting.
(D.34/PS.6/ RT.00:09:43)
2 Masrani: There's an American Navy man here. Part
of a research program one of my companies is
running. Owen Grady.
Claire: I know who he is.
Masrani: His animals often try to escape. They are
smart. He has to be smarter.
Claire: He only thinks he's smarter.
(D.35/PS.12/ RT.00:18:18)
3 Gray: Lift me up. I can't see.
Zach: I'm not Dad. And you're not five. (CELL
PHONE BEEPS).
Gray: I can still ride the Triceratops, I'm 47-and-a-
half inches.
Zach: This place is for little kids.
Gray: Yeah I know (D.36/PS.17/ RT.00:25:10)
4 Claire: Zach! Gray! (SHOUTING)
Owen: (PULLING) (SHUSHING)
Claire: Hey, I am not one of your damn animals.
Owen: (IN SOFT VOICE) Listen, those kids are
still alive, but you and I will not be if\~you
continue to scream like that.
40
(D.37/PS.41/RT.01:05:31)
5 Hoskins: (VEHICLE APPROACHING)
(BRAKES SCREECHING) The mother hen has
finally arrived. (BEATING UP)
Gray and Zach: Oh!
Owen: Get the hell out of here and stay away from
my animals.(D.38/PS.50/ RT.01:26:29)
6 Man: Here we go. (BUZZING)
Zach: Your boyfriend's a badass. (SEE THE
MONITOR)
(D.39/PS.53/ RT.01:32:01)
2. Structure
Structure are divided into two sub types, there are wh-exclamatives and
other analytically marked structures. Because this research only focus in English
so only find mirativity in wh-exclamatives type.
a. Wh-Exclamatives
Wh-exclamatives are the product of the interaction of lexical, syntactic, and
semantic elements, which resemble interrogatives. It minimally consist of a
question element and a degree element. The researcher had found 1 datum in wh-
exclamative sentences.
Table 2.a.1 Mirativity in wh-exclamative sentence
NO CONVERSATION PICTURE
1 Gray: How big is the island!
Zach: Big.
Gray: But how many pounds?
Zach: That doesn't make sense.
(D.40/PS.3/RT.00:04:21)
41
B. Discussions
In this section, the researcher explained the data which were taken from the
movie “Jurassic World” movie by Colin Trevorrow 2015 by using Peterson’s theory
as technique of data analysis. Mirativity is primarily about surprise and sense related
surprise such as suddenness, unexpectedness, and immediate realization. The
Researcher restricted her explanation of this research only focused on mirativity in
English are of course adjusted by Peterson's theory.
The researchers found utterances that appear on the movie. Parasitic mirativity
are divided into two parts; (1) meaning, there are two general types of meaning;
propositional and non-propositional. Because the researcher only focus on mirativity
in English, therefore the researcher only include non-propositional where divided into
two sub types; Indirect speech acts and expressives (2) structure, there are two
general types of structure; wh-exclamatives and other analytically marked structure.
Same with the meaning, the researcher only include wh-exclamatives in this research.
This type only focused on the implicated of mirative meaning in that movie. To
know how the utterances to the sentences include mirative meaning. We can see from
the context or event or state where influence the speaker’s knowledge.
42
1. Meaning
These data of meaning provide the utterances or the sentences. Those are used
by the characters to express their feeling.
a. Indirect speech acts
This sub type has some forms of the sentences such as declarative,
interrogative, and imperative. The sentences express their surprise about
something or someone.
In datum 1, when phone’s Claire was ringing and wanted to go, suddenly
Zara was pointing Claire and reminding her about something. When Zara was
saying something when Claire wanted to walk away but before Zara finished
saying everything, Claire has been interrupted. In datum 2, when Claire was
saying that there will be a new type of dinosaur called Indominus Rex. Suddenly,
Lowery bowed his head and with a weak voice saying those words. Lowery was
not eager to hear the new dinosaur that was created. He did not wish the new
discovery of the dinosaur again. In datum 3, when a new type of dinosaur that
comes out of hiding and growling, with opening mouth and staring at the face of
the new dinosaur without turning his head at all, Mr.Masrani surprised to see it
because of the color of the new dinosaur different from other kinds of dinosaurs,
and this is the first time he saw a white dinosaur.
43
In datum 4, Claire shocked when Lowery said that the Indominus Rex was
in the cage whereas she was there and did not see the dinosaur. By lifting and
advancing her head when she said those words unequivocally. In datum 5, Claire
was upset with Owen wants to organize a mission to the problem of loss of
indominus rex. With the face of a very upset and raised her hands and then he said
that sentence firmly. In datum 6, when Vivian wanted to get away from the
control room and invite Lowery but he chose to stay in the control room. At the
time, when Lowery approached her and wanted to kiss her, Suddenly Vivian
moved back and hold his with her right hand to not kiss her. And In datum 7, by
surprised to see the arrival of Zach and Gray’s parents, Claire suddenly opened her
mouth, woken Gray up and pinched Zach then told them about the arrival of their
parents.
In datum 1, 3, 6, and 7, the mirative meaning influences the context or
event around the characters. While In datum 2, 4, and 5, the mirative meaning
comes from the state that anticipated by the speaker. The sentences contain
surprise toward something that new by the speaker and make certain commitments
regarding the speaker’s belief in the truth. The sentences include in declarative
form of indirect speech.
In datum 8, Gray and Zach arrived on the island, with puzzled face, they
saw someone lift rides her gadget with their name and their saw it was not his aunt
but others that he did not know before. Even though, his mother had informed him
44
that his aunt who would take care them of while there. In Datum 9, Claire was
talking to someone on the phone, she passed a crowded place, accidentally, Claire
saw a little boy from side who very resemble with her nephew and then she called
him with smiling face. In datum 10, Gray heard that Claire was very busy with
her work. With eyes that glared at Claire and face full of disappointment, he
uttered the words because he expected she could accompany him go around in the
Jurassic World.
In datum 11, with eyes bulged and forehead wrinkle, Claire surprised to
see the Lowery’s shirt. She felt strange with the shirt. In datum 12, when Claire
saw the control screen suddenly he saw something that very strange happened in
this park. With mouth opening, eyes bulging, and pointing the screen, she uttered
the words. In datum 13, Claire got out of the helicopter, she saw the man beside
Mr.Masrani in helicopter raced toward a place full of saw grass and vomiting. She
asked with a worried face about his condition. In datum 14, suddenly Mr.Masrani
saw a crack at the glass of dinosaur pen. He surprised to see it because the glass
made strongly and specifically. With eyes glaring and pointing toward the cracked
glass, he asked Claire why it can happened.
In datum 15, Hoskins was Speaking seriously about his planning suddenly
Barry was laugh with his planning. Therefore, Hoskins was upset about it, with
bulging eyes and follow where Barry walk, he uttered the words. In datum 16,
Owen was annoyed with the progress that will be made by Hoskins on his beloved
45
animals. With upset face, Owen uttered the words. In datum, 17, Owen asked
Barry to close the gate while Owen was still in the cage, thereforeto, with raise the
size of his eyes, raised his eyebrows, and a face that fear, he uttered the words. In
datum 18, when Zara was talking with someone on the phone suddenly Zach
uttered something and wanted escape from the custody of her. Gray was in front of
Zach suddenly turned and said "What" to Zach because surprised to hear the word.
In datum 19, Karen was shocked to hear that Claire did not accompany his
sons because Karen had entrusted her sons to Claire but Claire was not with them.
With frowning and bewildered face, she uttered the words. In datum 20, Claire
was busy talking on the phone with Karen suddenly Karen crying. With opening
mouth and forehead wrinkle, Claire was surprise to hear the cries of Karen. In
datum 21, surprised to hear the words of Karen, Suddenly Claire mocked Karen.
In datum 22, Claire did feed the Indominus Rex but already a few minutes after it
the dinosaurs did not appear to eat the food. Normally, any given food always ate
quickly. With anxious face, Claire asked “where is it?”. In datum 23, On the way
went to control room Claire called up and asked Lowery who served as an officer
in the control room to re-examine the existence of Indominus Rex in the cage
because Claire felt not save and scare if it escaped from the cage because it did not
eat its food and there was a scratches in the wall of the cage. With a face full of
amazement because it was in the cage even though Claire said that it escaped.
46
In datum 24, Zach was surprised to hear crying of Gray. Suddenly, He
turned his face to Gray with a worried face he said the words. In datum 25,
Mr.Masrani surprised to see something that showed by a man in control screen.
With a surprised face she asked. In datum 26, Claire shocked to hear that Zach
and Gray ran away and disappeared from Zara supervision. With a face that fear
because Zach and Gray was not with Zara. In datum 27, when Claire was running
suddenly stopped because she surprised to hear there was a helicopter that is
assigned to kill Indominus Rex and bring the ACU by a fear face. Because this is
can be danger if there is helicopter. In datum 28, When Zach and Gray was
running suddenly stopped and looked from a distance there was a woman like
Claire and later she ran over and saw Claire clothes torn and face were so dirty.
With shocked face, he was asked Gray.
In datum 29, When Claire saw Zach and Gray stood in a place not far
from where he was standing, she suddenly ran and with full face fears, she asked
their condition. In datum 30, Zach was surprised to see Owen kissing his aunt and
did not know the man before, therefore with confusion face, he asked Claire who
the man was. In datum 31, when Claire asks Lowery opened Paddock 9, suddenly
face down Lowery becomes erect and surprised.
Datum 8 until 31 above include in interrogative form where the speaker
was requesting for information by the interlocutor. The sentences or the utterances
from each the data contain suddenness because there is not anticipated by the
47
speaker of the context, or event or the state. The surprise meaning is implicated by
the sentences or the utterances and we can see from the physical of the characters..
In datum 32, Mr.Masrani did not want the news of the success of the
Indominus Rex known by all parties. He just wants this problem can be overcome
by certain parties. When Vivian being called several other parties suddenly
Mr.Masrani showed Vivian and snapped the angry face and ordered her to turn off
the phone. And In datum 33, Zach and Gray passed the wrong way and suddenly
Claire attract them and ask them to switch to the other one.
Datum 32 and 33 include in imperative form because the sentences or the
utterances contain demand of the speaker toward the interlocutor. The sentences or
the utterances expressed mirative meaning because surrounding by the context or
circumstances above. The speaker has not expected toward the accident.
b. Expressives
In datum 34, Zach was dizzy looking for Gay who was wandering
somewhere in the triangular building which turned out to be Gray are having fun
playing a game. With a face that upset to see his brother’s attitude, he had said
those words. Particularly, the word babysitting expressed his feeling toward Gray.
In datum 35, Claire who did not much like Owen suddenly Mr.Masrani praised
Owen therefore a low tone, mocking and upset face, Claire uttered the words.
Particularly, the word only thinks describe her upset about Owen. In datum 36,
48
Zach very bored with the situation because around him many little kids and their
parents and suddenly Gray asked him to be appointed as the dinosaur pen was
surrounded by many people. Zach was annoyed because he was not someone
guard the children and he did not like the place. With upset face he rejected the
demand of Gray. The words dad and five expressed his feeling toward Gray.
In datum 37, When Claire shouted, suddenly Owen shut her up and Claire
was annoyed treatment like that. The words damn animals expressed her upset
feeling toward Owen. In datum 38, Hoskins was annoyed by the arrival of Owen
since the arrival of Owen would cancel his plans that have been prepared. With an
irritated face while advancing toward Owen, he said the words. The word mother
hen expressed his feeling toward Owen. In datum 39, Zach was amazed to see
how Owen rides the motorcycle that is similar to how dinosaurs ran. With a face
that amazed about the attitude of Owen, he uttered the words. Particularly, the
word badass expressed his feeling about Owen.
The words are babysitting, only thinks, I’m not dad, damn animals, mother
hen, and badass reflects something of the speaker’s attitude toward someone. The
sentences or the utterances express their feeling suddenly appropriate with the
context or event that happened around them and what they think and feel at the
moment.
49
2. Structure
This datum of structure provides the utterance and sentence. Those are used by
the characters to express their feeling. This type expresses mirative meaning
grammatically.
a. Wh.exclamatives
In datum 40, this implicates surprise meaning of Gray. When Gray got on
the gangplank where he used to arrive on the island to get to the Jurassic world,
he was looking at the island from the height so he can see widely. With a smiling
face and did not think, looking at the island, he was unexpected about it. It was
the first experience of him. The sentence is not overtone when he uttered it.
50
CHAPTER V
CONCLUSIONS AND SUGGESTIONS
This chapter explains two parts, there are conclusions and suggestions.
A. Conclusion
After analyzing the data, it is important to conclude what elaborated before.
So, the researcher gets two conclusions, as follows;
1. In “Jurassic World” movie by Colin Trevorrow in 2015, the researcher found
the types of meaning of parasitic mirativity. Those are indirect speech and
expressives. Meaning used by the characters in that movie based on the
context or event or state that used to determine the meaning of an utterance.
Based on above, the researcher concluded that indirect speech acts in
interrogative clause type was dominantly used by the characters in his
utterance. While, expressives is seldom used by the characters in that movie.
2. The researcher also found utterances of types of structure in parasitic
mirativity. The researcher found 1 type of structure. Those is Wh-
exclamatives. The researcher only found one wh-exclamative in that movie.
51
B. Suggestions
Based on the analysis and conclusions before, the researcher would like to
give some suggestions as follows:
1. For further researchers, the researcher suggested to learn more about types of
parasitic mirativity which used in language however we mostly can find the
utterance about it in our daily life. The researcher also suggested finding other
theories in analyzing mirativity because this theory stills a little we can find.
The theories can make the researches more recognize about it and more
develop than this research.
2. For the readers, the researcher suggested to improve their comprehension or
understanding about parasitic mirativity of language in literary works because
different language will make the word or words of utterance looks like he
uttered differently.
52
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55
CURRICULUM VITAE
Mujiretno or usually called Muji was born on July
24th
1993, in Ujung Pandang. She is the youngest daughter
from the marriage of her father Masir Hadis and her mother
Jumariah Yaha. The only broher that she has namely Heldy
Jusi, S.Si.
In 2000, Muji started her elementary school at SDN.
Sudirman 2 in Makassar city. In the same year, she registered herself as a student
of SMPN. 7, Makassar and then continue to the senior high school of SMAN. 16,
Makassar. She graduated in 2011 then directly registered as a student at English
Literature Department of Adab and Humanity Faculty.
For the readers who are interested in this thesis, please contact the
researcher’s email address at [email protected] or facebook on Mujiretno.
![[ANELOSIMUS PARASITIC ARCHITECTURE]](https://static.documents.pub/doc/80x56/568bf0fb1a28ab893391962f/anelosimus-parasitic-architecture.jpg)
