ParGram Parallel Sentences – GeorgianJune 2012

Bali, Indonesia

1. mjgolidriver-Nom

t.rakt.orstractor-Dat

amusavebs.starts-Pres

‘The driver started the tractor.’

2. t.rakt.oritractor-Nom

c.iteli-a.red-is

‘The tractor is red.’

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3. rawhat

naxasaw-Aor

glexma?farmer-Erg

‘What did the farmer see?’

4. glexmafarmer-Erg

t.rakt.oritraktor-Nom

gaqida?sold-Aor

‘Did the farmer sell his tractor?’

2

5. gilak. sbutton-Dat

titifinger-Nom

da-a-c.ire!press-it-on it-Aor

‘Push the button.’

6. gilak. sbutton-Dat

titsfinger-Dat

nunot-Imper

da-a-c.er!press-it-on it-Pres

‘Don’t push the button.’

3

7. glexmafarmer-Erg

mezobelsneighbour-Dat

jveliold

t.rakt.oritractor-Nom

misca.he-gave-it-to him-Aor

‘The farmer gave his neighbour an old tractor.’

8. glexmafarmer-Erg

moc.racut-Aor

xe.tree-Nom

‘The farmer cut the tree down.’

4

9. glexifarmer-Nom

k.vnesodagroaned-Impf

‘The farmer groaned.’

10. cemsmy

mezobelsneighbour-Dat

glexisaganfarmer-from

jveliold

t.rakt.oritractor-Nom

gadaeca.was-given-to him-Aor

‘My neighbour was given an old tractor by the farmer.’

5

11. xetree-Nom

gusinyesterday

moic.ra.was-cut-Pass-Aor

‘The tree was cut down yesterday.’

12. xetree-Nom

moc.riliqo.had-been-cut-Pluperf-Pass

‘The tree had been cut down.’

6

13. t.rakt.oritractor-Nom

zanzaritshudder-with

amojravdeba.starts-Inchoat-Pass-Fut

‘The tractor starts with a shudder.’

14. t.rakt.oritraktor

gamocnda.appeared-Aor-Pass

‘The tractor appeared.’

7

15. bic.maboy-Erg

icis,knows-Pres,

romthat

t.rakt.oritractor-Nom

c.iteli-a.red-is

‘The boy knows (that) the tractor is red.’

8

16. bavsvichild-Nom

pikrobs,thinks-Pres,

romthat

t.rakt.oritractor-Nom

amusava.it-started-it-Aor

‘The child thinks he started the tractor.’

9

17. glexmafarmer-Erg

icis,knows-Pres,

tuthat

vinwho

aamusavastarted-Aor

t.rakt.ori.tractor-Nom

‘The farmer knows who started the tractor.’

10

18. bavsvichild-Nom

tavishead-Gen

tavshead-Dat

ek. itxeboda,asked-Impf,

gilak. sbutton-Dat

titifinger-Nom

daac.irespressed-it-on it

tuor

ara.not

‘The child wondered whether the button had been pushed.’

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19. t.rakt.ori,tractor-Nom,

romelicwhich-Nom

glexmafarmer-Erg

iqida,bought-Aor,

c.iteli-ared-is

‘The tractor that the farmer bought is red.’

12

20. k.aci,man-Nom,

t.rakt.oritractor-Nom

romthat

iqida,bought-Aor,

c.avida.left-Aor

‘The man who bought the tractor left.’

13

21. magazia,shop-Nom,

sadacwhere

glexmafarmer-Erg

t.rakt.oritractor-Nom

iqida,bought,

daixura.closed-Aor-Pass

‘The store the farmer bought the tractor from closed.’

14

22. vincwho

k. ibut

esthis

t.rakt.oritractor-Nom

iqida,bought,

(qvela)(each)

bednierilucky

adamiani-a.person-is

‘Whoever bought this tractor is a lucky person.’

15

23. glexmafarmer-Erg

svilsown-child-Dat

t.rakt.oritractor-Nom

gaac.mendina.clean-Caus-Aor

‘The farmer made his son clean the tractor.’

24. glexmafarmer-Erg

sviliown-child-Nom

c.asvlazeleaving-Masdar-on

daiqolia.he-persuaded-him-Aor

‘The farmer made his son leave.’

16

25. glexmafarmer-Erg

svilsown-child-Dat

t.rakt.oritractor-Nom

aqidvina.buy-Caus-Aor

‘The farmer made/let her son buy the tractor.’

26. ditto

27. glexmafarmer-Erg

vazsson-Dat

t.rakt.oritractor-Nom

uqida.he-bought-it-for him-Erg

‘The farmer bought his son a tractor.’

17

28. kalmawoman-Erg

t.rakt.oritractor-Nom

kmristvishusband-Gen-for

iqida.bought-Aor

‘The woman bought the tractor for her husband.’

18

29. seqvarebulnilovers-Nom

ertmanettaneach-other-with

dilamdemorning-til

cek. vavdnen.danced-Impf

‘The lovers danced until dawn.’

19

30. bic.maboy-Erg

mdinaresiriver-in

ibanava.bathed-Aor

‘The boy bathed in the river.’

20

31. masc.avlebeliteacher-Nom

tavistvishead-Gen-for

xmamaglaaloud

k. itxulobda.read-Impf

‘The teacher read to himself aloud.’

32. jmebmabrothers-Erg

t.rakt.oritractor-Nom

ertmanetistviseach-other-Gen-for

iqides.bought-Aor

‘The brothers bought the tractor for each other.’

21

33. cemimy

dasister-Nom

brc.qinvalegreat

masc.avlebeli-a.teacher-is

‘My sister is a great teacher.’

34. bavsvichild-Nom

saxlsi-a.house-in-is

‘The child is in the house.’

22

35. bavsvebichildren-Nom

bednierebihappy-Nom-Pl

arian.are-Pres

‘The children are happy.’

36. c.vims.rains-Pres

‘It is raining.’

23

37. t.rakt.ortantractor-at

dak.avsirebitconnection-Masd-Inst

ragacsome

p. roblema-a.

problem-is

‘There is a problem with the tractor.’

38. c.ignisbook-Gen

qdazecover-on

t.rakt.oritractor-Nom

iqowas

daxat.uli.drawn-PastPart-Nom

‘The book cover depicted a tractor.’

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39. naqinifrozen-PastPart-Nom

viqidot!buy-Opt

‘Let’s get ice-cream.’

40. bic.maboy-Erg

axvet.aswept-up-Aor

damt.vreulibroken-PastPart-Nom

gviniswine-Gen

botli.bottle-Nom

‘The boy swept up the broken wine bottle.’

25

41. c.itelired

gviniswine-Gen

botlibottle-Nom

daimt.vra.broke-Pass-Aor

‘The red wine bottle broke.’

42. aiVoila

c.uc.qianidirty

konianifatty

zazunisgopher-Gen

nac.lavebisguts-Gen

didibig

mc.vanegreen

lakebi.globs-Nom

‘There are great green globs of greasy grimy gopher guts.’

26

43. tavisihead-Gen-Inst

kalisvilitdaughter-Inst

amaqoben.are-proud-Pres

‘They are proud of their daughter.’

27

44. cemimy

t.rakt.oritractor-Nom

arisis

upromore

sc.rapi,fast,

vidrethan

seniyour

sp. ort.uli

sporty

mankana.car-Nom.

‘My tractor is faster than your sports car.’

28

45. cemimy

t.rakt.oritractor

qvelazeall-on

upromore

sc.rapifast

mankana-acar-is

kveqanasi.country-in

‘My tractor is the fastest vehicle in the country.’

29

46. mqeparebarking-PresPart

jaglebmadogs-Erg

mezoblebineighbours-Nom

gaagvija.woke-Aor

‘The barking dog woke the neighbours.’

30

47. caistea-Gen

msmelidrinking-PresPart

kaliwoman-Nom

atvalierebdaadmired

magaziasishop-in

axladnew-Adv

senajenbought-PastPart

nivtebs.things-Dat

‘The tea drinking woman admired her new purchase from the shop.’

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48. glexsfarmer-Dat

t.rakt.oristractor-Gen

qidvabuying-Masdar-Nom

unda.want

‘The farmer wants to buy a tractor.’

49. glexisfarmer-Gen

kalisvilmadaughter-Erg

t.rakt.oristractor-Gen

sek. etebarepairing-Masdar-Nom

daip. ira.

promised-Aor

‘The farmer’s daughter promised to repair the tractor.’

32

50. glexmafarmer-Erg

coliwife-Nom

daarc.muna,persuaded-Aor,

axalinew

t.rakt.oritractor-Nom

iqidos.buy-Opt

‘The farmer persuaded his wife to buy a new tractor.’

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