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729 Royal Infirmary, held on March 6th, Mr. James Dunsmure, F.R.C.S.Edin., took his seat as a representative from the Royal College of Surgeons on the Board of Management, in room of the late Sir John Struthers. The Chair of Physiology in Edinburgh University. The curators in whom the patronage of the chair of Physiology in Edinburgh University is vested are inviting applications for the chair which has been rendered vacant by the death of Professor Rutherford. Candidates are requested to lodge their applications and eight copies of their testi- monials with the clerk to the curators, Mr. R. Herbert Johnston, W.S., 66, Frederick-street, Edinburgh, not later than Saturday, May 20th next. One copy of the application should be signed. The election will be made on a date to be afterwards fixed. The late Dr. John Stuart S‘mith. The death is announced on March lst at his residence in Edinburgh of Dr. John Stuart Smith, retired Surgeon- Major, Army Medical Department, at the age of 84 years. Dr. Smith was an elder brother of Lord Strathcona and Mount Royal. He retired from active service about 35 years ago. He was educated at Aberdeen University, where he graduated in arts, and in the University of Edinburgh where he obtained his degree in medicine. He then entered the Army Medical Department and served twice in India and in the first Chinese War, being present at the taking of Canton. He served in Ireland during the time of the typhus fever epidemics in 1847 and 1848. He also had principal medical charge in New Zealand during the Maori War. Church of Scotland Deaconesses’ Hospital. The fourth annual meeting of the contributors and friends of the Church of Scotland Deaconesses’ Hospital was held in Edinburgh on March 1st. The report stated that the accommodation consisted of 24 beds in all. The number of patients treated during the year was 333, as against 264 in 1897. The average daily number under treatment was 23. In all 179 operations had been performed by the surgeon- ordinary, the extra physician for diseases of women, and the .extra surgeons for diseases of the ear and throat and eye, .and no deaths had resulted. The accounts showed a balance in hand of 207 5s. 7d. Edinburgh University Honorary Degrees. At a meeting of the Senatus Academicus on March 4th the Senatus resolved to confer the honorary degree of Doctor of Laws on the Right Hon. Lord Balfour of Burleigh, Secre- tary for Scotland, Lord Rector of the University of Edin- burgh, on March 14th, the occasion of the Lord Rector’s address, and at the graduation ceremonial on April 14th on several other eminent persons, among them Mr. William Mitchell Banks, M.D. Edin., F.R.C.S. Eng. Academia Honours to Medical Men. Among those who are to receive the honorary degree of LL.D. from the University of Aberdeen are Mr. James Frederick Goodhart, M.D., F.R.C.P. Lond., and Mr. Charles Stewart, M.R.C.S. Eng., F.R.S., Conservator of the Museum of the Royal College of Surgeons of England. March 8th. _______________ IRELAND. (FROM OUR OWN CORRESPONDENTS.) The Irish Pour-law Medical Service. A SERIES of rules under the new Local Government Act affecting the Irish dispensary medical service was pub- lished in the Dublin Gazette of March 3rd. Important innovations are made in the system of granting medi- cal relief tickets and the payment of salaries during incapacity from illness is placed on a satisfactory footing. Only guardians, relieving officers, and wardens appointed by the guardians will be empowered to issue relief tickets and they may not delegate that power to others nor may they sign tickets in blank and leave them to be filled up by others. Provision is made for establishing a reduced scale of medical fees for poor persons unable to pay the usual fees. During the illness of a medical officer the guardians must pay to his substitute such remuneration for his services as the Local Government Board may approve or direct. Continuous sick leave on full salary may be granted to a medical officer for six months, after which he may be allowed salary for a further period of six months at not more than half the ordinary rate. Health of Belfast. At the meeting of the city council held on March 1st it was reported that in the past four weeks 229 cases of zymotic disease had been notified, 56 of scarlet fever, 54 of typhoid fever, 41 each of simple continued fever and erysipelas, 25 of diphtheria, six of membranous croup, five of puerperal fever, and one of typhus fever. There were 65 deaths from zymotic disease, 93 from phthisis, and 167 from respiratory diseases. The annual death-rate was 25-1 per 1000. The outbreak of typhoid fever has died out and the disease has again assumed the normal level which seems to be persistent in Belfast. 54 cases have been notified in the month, against 222 in the corresponding month of last year, and the deaths were 10, as compared with 27 last month. Measles, scarlet fever, and influenza are also very prevalent. " The University Education Question in Ireland." Professor Whitla, Professor of Materia Medica in Queen’s College, Belfast, has published through Messrs. Strain and Sons at the modest price of 6d. a very clear little pamphlet with this title. All who want to understand the " ins " and " outs " of a very difficult matter should read what Professor Whitla has to say. The Ulster MedieaZ Society. The March meeting of the Ulster Medical Society was held on the 2nd inst. in the anatomical department of Queen’s College, Belfast. In the large room of the anatomical school a typical collection of fractures from the medical museum was placed, as well as specimens illustrating surgical patho- logy and deformities and medical pathology. Themostvalu- able demonstration of the evening was that given by Professor Symington and his assistant, Dr. Johnstone, on "The Topo- graphical Anatomy of the Thoracic and Abdominal Viscera." Two cadavers (male and female) have since November been carefully prepared and hardened in formol and so deftly manipulated that the various organs can one by one be removed and replaced again so that a most extraordinary and vivid idea can be given of the whole body or of any separate region of the chest or abdomen. Finally, Dr. Johnstone read a paper on Two Foetal Monsters and Professor Symington illustrated by diagrams a Comparison of the Pelvic Viscera and the Pelvic Floor in Two Adult Male Subjects. Death of Mr. P. J. O’Hara, M.D. R.U.L., Ballymena. I regret to announce the death of Dr. O’Hara which took place on Feb. 28th at the residence of his father at Bally- lesson, Ballymena. Dr. O’Hara, after studying at Queen’s College, Cork, and in Dublin, graduated M.D. of the Royal University of Ireland in 1884 and shortly afterwards settled down in his native district, Ballymena, where he gained a large and lucrative practice. He was a skilful physician and a great favourite and his death is much deplored in Ballymena. The Royal Victoria Hospital, Belfast. For some time past Mr. Henman (of Birmingham), the architect, and the staff of the Royal Hospital have beenhold- ing consultations in reference to the plans of the new Royal Victoria Hospital and, although matters are not finally settled, the principles of its construction are in the main agreed upon. It is to be heated and ventilated on the "plenum" system and the wards are to be one storey in height. The Water-Sipply of Cork. The water-supply of Cork has been seriously impeached, apparently on good grounds, by Mr. H. W. Hunter in a letter to the Cor7i Constitution. That journal in a leading article calls upon the corporation of the city to hold a searching inquiry into the matter. March 8th. _________________ PARIS. (FROM OUR OWN CORRESPONDENT.) Hospital Abuse in Paris. AT a meeting of the Syndicates Union recently held Dr. Le Blond proposed the following resolutions to be sub- mitted to the Superior Council of the Assistance Publique:- 1. The hospital shall be open to the poor and needy alone. 2. Hospital treatment for payment shall only be suprlied to
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Page 1: PARIS

729

Royal Infirmary, held on March 6th, Mr. James Dunsmure,F.R.C.S.Edin., took his seat as a representative from theRoyal College of Surgeons on the Board of Management, inroom of the late Sir John Struthers.

The Chair of Physiology in Edinburgh University.The curators in whom the patronage of the chair of

Physiology in Edinburgh University is vested are invitingapplications for the chair which has been rendered vacant bythe death of Professor Rutherford. Candidates are requestedto lodge their applications and eight copies of their testi-monials with the clerk to the curators, Mr. R. HerbertJohnston, W.S., 66, Frederick-street, Edinburgh, not laterthan Saturday, May 20th next. One copy of the applicationshould be signed. The election will be made on a date to beafterwards fixed.

The late Dr. John Stuart S‘mith.The death is announced on March lst at his residence in

Edinburgh of Dr. John Stuart Smith, retired Surgeon-Major, Army Medical Department, at the age of 84 years.Dr. Smith was an elder brother of Lord Strathcona and MountRoyal. He retired from active service about 35 years ago.He was educated at Aberdeen University, where he

graduated in arts, and in the University of Edinburghwhere he obtained his degree in medicine. He then enteredthe Army Medical Department and served twice in India andin the first Chinese War, being present at the taking ofCanton. He served in Ireland during the time of the typhusfever epidemics in 1847 and 1848. He also had principalmedical charge in New Zealand during the Maori War.

Church of Scotland Deaconesses’ Hospital.The fourth annual meeting of the contributors and friends

of the Church of Scotland Deaconesses’ Hospital was heldin Edinburgh on March 1st. The report stated that theaccommodation consisted of 24 beds in all. The number of

patients treated during the year was 333, as against 264 in1897. The average daily number under treatment was 23.In all 179 operations had been performed by the surgeon-ordinary, the extra physician for diseases of women, and the.extra surgeons for diseases of the ear and throat and eye,.and no deaths had resulted. The accounts showed a balancein hand of 207 5s. 7d.

Edinburgh University Honorary Degrees.At a meeting of the Senatus Academicus on March 4th

the Senatus resolved to confer the honorary degree of Doctorof Laws on the Right Hon. Lord Balfour of Burleigh, Secre-tary for Scotland, Lord Rector of the University of Edin-burgh, on March 14th, the occasion of the Lord Rector’saddress, and at the graduation ceremonial on April 14th onseveral other eminent persons, among them Mr. WilliamMitchell Banks, M.D. Edin., F.R.C.S. Eng.

Academia Honours to Medical Men.

Among those who are to receive the honorary degree ofLL.D. from the University of Aberdeen are Mr. JamesFrederick Goodhart, M.D., F.R.C.P. Lond., and Mr. CharlesStewart, M.R.C.S. Eng., F.R.S., Conservator of the Museumof the Royal College of Surgeons of England.March 8th.

_______________

IRELAND.(FROM OUR OWN CORRESPONDENTS.)

The Irish Pour-law Medical Service.A SERIES of rules under the new Local Government Act

affecting the Irish dispensary medical service was pub-lished in the Dublin Gazette of March 3rd. Importantinnovations are made in the system of granting medi-cal relief tickets and the payment of salaries duringincapacity from illness is placed on a satisfactoryfooting. Only guardians, relieving officers, and wardensappointed by the guardians will be empowered to issuerelief tickets and they may not delegate that powerto others nor may they sign tickets in blank and leave themto be filled up by others. Provision is made for establishinga reduced scale of medical fees for poor persons unable topay the usual fees. During the illness of a medical officerthe guardians must pay to his substitute such remunerationfor his services as the Local Government Board may approveor direct. Continuous sick leave on full salary may begranted to a medical officer for six months, after which he

may be allowed salary for a further period of six months atnot more than half the ordinary rate.

Health of Belfast.At the meeting of the city council held on March 1st it

was reported that in the past four weeks 229 cases of zymoticdisease had been notified, 56 of scarlet fever, 54 of typhoidfever, 41 each of simple continued fever and erysipelas, 25 ofdiphtheria, six of membranous croup, five of puerperal fever,and one of typhus fever. There were 65 deaths from zymoticdisease, 93 from phthisis, and 167 from respiratory diseases.The annual death-rate was 25-1 per 1000. The outbreak of

typhoid fever has died out and the disease has again assumedthe normal level which seems to be persistent in Belfast.54 cases have been notified in the month, against 222 in thecorresponding month of last year, and the deaths were 10, ascompared with 27 last month. Measles, scarlet fever, andinfluenza are also very prevalent.

" The University Education Question in Ireland."Professor Whitla, Professor of Materia Medica in Queen’s

College, Belfast, has published through Messrs. Strain andSons at the modest price of 6d. a very clear little pamphletwith this title. All who want to understand the " ins " and" outs " of a very difficult matter should read what ProfessorWhitla has to say.

The Ulster MedieaZ Society.The March meeting of the Ulster Medical Society was held

on the 2nd inst. in the anatomical department of Queen’sCollege, Belfast. In the large room of the anatomical schoola typical collection of fractures from the medical museumwas placed, as well as specimens illustrating surgical patho-logy and deformities and medical pathology. Themostvalu-able demonstration of the evening was that given by ProfessorSymington and his assistant, Dr. Johnstone, on "The Topo-graphical Anatomy of the Thoracic and Abdominal Viscera."Two cadavers (male and female) have since November beencarefully prepared and hardened in formol and so deftlymanipulated that the various organs can one by one beremoved and replaced again so that a most extraordinary andvivid idea can be given of the whole body or of any separateregion of the chest or abdomen. Finally, Dr. Johnstoneread a paper on Two Foetal Monsters and ProfessorSymington illustrated by diagrams a Comparison of thePelvic Viscera and the Pelvic Floor in Two Adult Male

Subjects.Death of Mr. P. J. O’Hara, M.D. R.U.L., Ballymena.

I regret to announce the death of Dr. O’Hara which tookplace on Feb. 28th at the residence of his father at Bally-lesson, Ballymena. Dr. O’Hara, after studying at Queen’sCollege, Cork, and in Dublin, graduated M.D. of the RoyalUniversity of Ireland in 1884 and shortly afterwards settleddown in his native district, Ballymena, where he gained alarge and lucrative practice. He was a skilful physicianand a great favourite and his death is much deplored inBallymena.

The Royal Victoria Hospital, Belfast.For some time past Mr. Henman (of Birmingham), the

architect, and the staff of the Royal Hospital have beenhold-ing consultations in reference to the plans of the new RoyalVictoria Hospital and, although matters are not finallysettled, the principles of its construction are in the mainagreed upon. It is to be heated and ventilated on the"plenum" system and the wards are to be one storey inheight.

The Water-Sipply of Cork.The water-supply of Cork has been seriously impeached,

apparently on good grounds, by Mr. H. W. Hunter in a letterto the Cor7i Constitution. That journal in a leading articlecalls upon the corporation of the city to hold a searchinginquiry into the matter.March 8th.

_________________

PARIS.(FROM OUR OWN CORRESPONDENT.)

Hospital Abuse in Paris.AT a meeting of the Syndicates Union recently held

Dr. Le Blond proposed the following resolutions to be sub-mitted to the Superior Council of the Assistance Publique:-1. The hospital shall be open to the poor and needy alone.2. Hospital treatment for payment shall only be suprlied to

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730 T

domestic servants, workmen, and employes whose wagesdo not exceed a certain sum to be hereafter deter-mined. 3. No one whose rent exceeds in Paris 1000 francsor who pays rates shall be entitled to benefit bythe services of a hospital. Exceptions may be madein the case of those who after a searching inquiry arefound to be incapable of paying for a serious operation atthe usual fees. 4. In every district shall be nominated oneor two charitable persons whose duty it shall be to makeinquiry into every case before such case be admitted to thehospital and to whom every patient desirous of entering ahospital must apply. 5. The medical men attached to thecharitable organisations of every quarter shall have the rightto give out admission tickets to hospitals if in their opinionthe patient is really poor and unable to be properly cared forat home. Such an admission ticket shall be followed up byan inquiry into the merits of the case. 6. No sick personshall be admitted at once into a hospital without inquiryexcept in the case of an emergency.

Prognosis in Erysipelas by Examination of the Blood.Speaking at the meeting of the Society of Biology held

on Feb. 18th M. Chantemesse took occasion to remarkthat there existed hardly any clinical signs by which couldbe diagnosed the course of an attack of erysipelas, whetherit would resolve or whether, if once resolved, a relapse wouldfollow. Examination of the blood in erysipelas, whethermade during an attack or during the period of con-

valescence, furnished valuable information upon this matter.The curve of the number of leucocytes in a case of erysipelasfollowed very closely that of the temperature, but this leuco-cytosis did not show equally throughout the various bloodelements. There were polynucleated cells which showed anincrease as soon as the malady was established, while at thesame time the number of mononucleated cells diminished,such diminution occurring chiefly in the lymphocytes. Whenrecovery took place it was signalised by a fall in the numberof polynucleated ceils. The eosinophile cells which fell innumber during the course of the illness only appeared againwhen the blood infection was altogether at an end. M.Chantemesse had noticed that sundry suppurative affectionswhich appeared in the course of erysipelas were generally offavourable import, for he had often noticed patients witherysipelas recover who had suffered from this complication.M. Malassez stated that some time ago he had occasion toexamine the blood in a number of cases of erysipelas. He hadalways noticed profuse leucocytosis and the formation of anabscess in such patients produced a veritable shower of whitecorpuscles. M. Vagnez said that he had often been able toprognose septic affections by finding marked leucocytosis inpatients who were under treatment.

The Water-borne Origin of Enteric Fever.At the meeting of the Society of Biology held on

Feb. 28th MM. Ch. Nicolle and G. Spilman communicateda paper upon the Importance of the r6le played by DrinkingWater in the Etiology of Enteric Fever. A very considerablenumber of facts went to support this theory. The observers

thought that one very striking example which they were ableto bring forward had not yet been made public. The townof Falaise possesses an excellent supply of drinking-water ofwhich a battalion of infantry forming the town garrison par-took. Enteric fever is very rare among the men forming thisgarrison, there having been only four cases in 10 years-namely, two in 1889, one in 1891, and one in 1892. At theclose of last year, however, there were many interruptions tothe supply of water to the barracks ; three times was the

supply interrupted between Dec. 8th and 15th and oncebetween Dec. 22nd and 25th. Fatigue parties were sentout to the various hydrants of the town to bring in water.Some of these fatigue parties, however, instead of goingto the appointed places for their water-places which hadbeen very carefully chosen-preferred, because it was notso far to go, to get water from two wells, the water of which,manifestly polluted by certain cesspools in the neighbour-hood which had not been emptied, had not been used bythe civil population for a very long time. As a consequencefour cases of enteric fever appeared, the diagnosis beingverified by the serum test. The first appeared on Dec. 27th,the second on Dec. 28th, and the two remaining ones onJan. 3rd. None of the men attacked had been on leavefor a long time. Two others were admitted into hospitalat the same date with the same symptoms, but the diag-nosis was not confirmed when the cases were submitted tothe serum test. Working with these facts as a basis

Dr. Loustalot, the surgeon-major, examined some samplesfrom the wells in question in the bacteriological labora-

tory of the Rouen School of Medicine. Here, followingthe method of Elsner, he had no difficulty in isolating fromthe water of one well the bacillus typhosus together withanother bacillus very similar to the first but differing from itin that it gave no agglutinative reaction with the serum ofanimals inoculated with an undoubted enteric culture.In the water of the second well only the bacterium coli wasfound. It was difficult to understand the part played bythe bacillus which is so like the real bacillus typhosus.So close is the resemblance that but fcr the serum test itwould certainly have been called a real bacillus typhosus.Possibly there is some relation between this microbe and thetwo doubtful cases of enteric fever in which the serum testgave a negative result. If it had been wished to experimentupon human beings as to the part played by water in thedistribution of typhoid fever one could rot have a more

striking result from experiment than the condition of mattersat Falaise.March 7th.

____ ________

BERLIN.

(FROM OUR OWN CORRESPONDENT.)

Cultivation of the Enteric Fever Bacillus.A NEW method available in the diagnosis of enteric fever

has been described by Dr. Piorkowski at a meeting of theBerlin Medical Society. In 1898 he discovered that a markeddifference existed between a colony of bacterium coli andone of the enteric fever bacillus, for the former grew ingelatin with a distinct edge whilst the latter showedirregular radiations. From a practical point of view it was,however, a disadvantage that these differences were visibleonly after 48 hours. Dr. Piorkowski has now succeeded in

accelerating this development by using media containingonly a very small amount of gelatin. The culturemedium used by him is composed as follows: urinetwo days old which has become alkaline and has a specificgravity of 1020 is mixed with 0 5 per cent. of peptone and3’3 per cent. of gelatin, boiled in a water-bath, and filtered.After being run into glass tubes it is sterilised for 15 minutesand on the following day again for 10 minutes at a tempera-ture of 100° C. In this culture-medium the bacterium coliappears after 20 hours in round, yellow, fine-grained andsharply-defined colonies, whilst enteric fever bacilli show a

peculiar arrangement in the form of tendril-like figuressomewhat similar to spirocbætæ and quite different from thecolonies of bacterium coli. These characteristic signs, how-ever, appear only in the above culture medium; on 10 percent. normal gelatin no difference between the two speciesof bacteria was visible. In test tubes containing the aboveurine-gelatin the colony of bacterium coli appears in a finegrey-white line and grows largely on the surface of the

gelatin; enteric fever bacilli only grow within the gelatinand not on the surface. The same differences appearedwhether specimens were taken from water artificially infectedwith bacilli or from the fasces of patients. In one case thecharacteristic symptoms described by Dr. Piorkowski werepresent, whilst Widal’s reaction was not obtained.

A Congress on Tirberenlosis.A congress to discuss measures against tuberculosis will

be held at Berlin from May 24th to 27th under the patronageof the German Empress and under the honorary presidencyof Prince Hohenlohe, the Imperial Chancellor. The subjectsof discussion will be : (1) Spread of the Disease, to be intre-duced by Dr. Köhler, Director of the Imperial Health Office,and Dr. Krieger, chief of the Medical Department of Alsace-Lorraine ; (2) Etiology, by Professor Koch and ProfessorFrankel; (3) Prophylaxis, by Professor Gerhardt and Dr.

Schjerning, of the Medical Department of the War Office ;(4) Treatment, by Professor Ziemssen of Munich and Professorvon Schrotter of Vienna; and (5) Sanatoria, by Dr. Dettweilerof Falkenstein and Dr. Gaebel, director of the Imperial In-surance Office. The Governments of the States of the German

Empire, the municipal authorities of the greater towns ofGermany, the medical corporations, the employers’ associa-tions, the medical faculties of the German universities, andother bodies have been invited to send representatives to thecongress. The Presidents of the congress are the Duke ofRatibor and Professor von Leyden. The committee consists


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