Parking policy TDM workshop

Parking PolicyFrom Despair and Conflict

towards Hope and Sustainability

BasedonthematerialbyProfPaulBarter

http://www.reinventingparking.org/

INTERNATIONALPERSPECTIVE:KEYCHOICESANDTHREEPARADIGMS

DOparkingpolicydifferently,THINKaboutparkingdifferently

2

Paul Barter, Reinventing Parking

WewilllookathowparkinggetsDONEdifferentlyindifferentplaces

Intheprocess,wewillseethatdoingparkingdifferentlyinvolvesTHINKINGdifferently

IfparkingpolicyfromXXXXcouldbeparachutedintoParkburg,

whatwouldtheydo?

MainstreamUSA (suchasLA)

Europe(especiallynorthernandcentralEurope,suchasLondon,Berlin,AmsterdamorZurich)

Japan’slargecities

AndwhatwouldDonaldShoup(leadingreformerofUSparkingpolicy)advise?


Butfirst,aquestion

Someoftheresponsesfromtheseplaceswouldinvolveparkingpricerisesand/orconstrainingparkingsupply (atleastrelativetocurrentplansforgreatlyincreasedsupply)

SupposecarparkingpricesthroughoutParkburgweretorise,whatresponsesareavailabletocarusers?


Motoristoptionsifparkingpricesriseand/orparkingsupplyisconstrained

Optionswhilestilldrivingcar:Justpaying(nobehaviourchange)isanoption

Shiftparkinglocationslightlyandwalk

Reduceparkingduration

Car-pooling/sharingrides

Getdroppedoff (familyordriver)

Valetparking(oftenlinkedwithrestaurants)


Optionsinvolvingmodeshift:Motorcycle

Auto-rickshawortaxi

Walking(verylikelyoption forshorttrips)

Bicycle orRickshaw

Publictransport

Motoristoptionsifparkingpricesriseand/orparkingsupplyisconstrained

NOTICE:Manyoptionsbesidespublictransport!

MOSTparkingreformdoesNOTrequiregoodpublictransportasaprecondition

Themainexception:aggressiveuseofparkingsupplylimitsforTDM,whichisfeasibleonlyfortransit-richcentrallocations


WhatwouldmainstreamUSAdo?

PrettymuchwhatSAfricancitiesaretrying…

Parkingnorms(minimumparkingrequirements)rigidlyenforced

Reluctancetopriceortoraisepricesevenifparkingsaturated

Subsidizedpublicparkingbylocalgovernments(subsidymostlyvialandgranted)


The median USA parking requirements for restaurants. Source Seth Goodman

http://graphingparking.wordpress.com/

WhatwouldmainstreamUSAdo?

The‘conventionalsuburban’approachtoparkingpolicy

People in suburban USA (or Australia), are shocked that some Westfield shopping centres have started to

charge for parking (although parking is still free for the first 3 hours)

This is where my elementary school once was


Whyrejectconventionalsuburbanapproach?

‘Fertilitydrugforcars’

Unjustsubsidiesandcross-subsidies

Auckland,New Zealand


Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia

Lockedintoautomobiledependence

Orpushedtowardsautomobiledependence


Los Angeles, USA



Hindersre-use,redevelopment,infillofolderareas

Harmshousingaffordability,especiallyforsmallunitsandsmallsites

Obstacletotransit-orienteddevelopment


Near the center of Houston, USA (via Google Maps)

Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia

KEYCHOICESANDTHREEPARADIGMSPaul Barter, Reinventing Parking

Everysiteshouldhaveitsown

parking

Parkingfacilitiesservewhole

neighbourhoods

Parkingis“infrastructure”

1.conventionalsuburban

2.parkingmanagement

Parkingisa“real-estatebasedservice”

3.market-oriented

Initially,sameassuburbanUSA…butinoldurbanfabric,thisworksbadlyThentrypublicparkingfacilitiestoget‘enough’supply…butthisforcedtomanageon-street

Thisleadtothe“parkingmanagement”MINDSETParkingisinfrastructure(likestreetsandbusstops)Mostlyplanneddistrictbydistrict,notsitebysite


WhatwouldEuropeans(andsomeUSAinnercitiestoo)do?

‘Parkingmanagement’

Manytools

Variousgoals

Managesconflict

Tools:pricing,restrictedeligibility,time-limits,design,sharing,publicparkingnotprivate,parkingtaxes,supplyadjustments


WhatwouldEuropeansdo?

WhatwouldNWEuropeansdo?Step-by-stepintensificationofon-streetparkingmanagement

- Intensivekerbside management- Timelimitsoften- Pricing- Residents’permits/permitzones


This sign is from inner Sydney (inner city areas in US and Australia also deploy

intensive parking management)

WhatwouldNWEuropeansdo?GradualEnforcementEnhancement

-Vehicleownerresponsibility-Efficientvehicleregister-‘Administrative’or‘civil’offence-Localoroutsourcedwardensnotbypoliceifpossible-Increasingautomation


Photo by Flickr user gregwake

WhatwouldNWEuropeansdo?Activeprioritizingamongusergroups

Residents’priority

Shopping/visitorpriority

Primarilyinpublicparkingnot‘customer-only’privateparking

Commuterparkinglowerpriority-Notprimespaces(shiftlocationtoedgesofcommercialdistricts)

-Modechange


WhatwouldNWEuropeansdo?Pricingasakeymanagementtool

Off-streetatmarketprices(increasinglyevenforgovernment-ownedparking)

Variouson-streetapproaches:

– ZoneslinkedwithTDMaims

– ‘abitmorethanthebusfare’

– Occupancytargets(quietly)

• UK,Hungary,Amsterdam

• Hencesmallpricezones


Source: (Survey by GTZ, 2008, www.sutp.org)

Source: www.pecs.hu

WhatwouldNWEuropeansdo?Parkingnormsreform

Parkingminimumabolition(UK;Berlin)

Parkingmaximums(UK;Netherlandstransit-orientedlocations;Germancentralareas)

Parkingminimumslinkedwithtransit-accessibility(Zurich,Netherlands,Paris,manyothers)


WhatwouldNWEuropeansdo?CityCentreparkingsupplyrestriction

asTDMandforpublicrealmimprovements

Innercityresidents’priorityalsoservesTDMgoalsbylimitingcommuterparking(Germancities)

CBDsupplylimitsoftenpairedwithPark-and-rideontheoutskirts (forexample,fundedwithinnercityparkingfeesorfee-in-lieupayments)


Image from comons.wikimedia.org

Nyhavn in Copenhagen – before and after 1980Source: Kristian Skovbakke Villadsen, May 2012

WhatwouldJapaneseparkingpolicydo?Paul Barter, Reinventing Parking

Japan’sparking– inadvertentlymarket-oriented

Resultof3pragmaticpolicies


1.Verylimitedon-streetparking(withimprovedenforcementandcontrolsince2006)

andovernighton-streetparkingnotallowedsince1950s

http://beta.adb.org/publications/parking-policy-asian-cities


2.Japanesecitieshaveparkingminimumsbut withverylowrates

Floor area threshold below which there are no parking requirements

TokyoYes (1,500 m2 or 2,000 m2). Above the threshold, parking requirements phase in gradually according to a formula. At full force only from 6,000 m2 floor area.

Guangzhou Yes (500 m2)Taipei city Yes (300 m2 or 500 m2)

and theparkingnormsexemptsmallbuildings



3.Proof-of-parkingruleforresidentialparking(proveaccesstoanear-homeparkingplacebeforeregisteringanycar)

So local commercial parking emerged almost everywhere

Became unnecessary to update parking norms

Accidentally, they now had market-oriented parking systems!

WhatwouldJapaneseparkingpolicydo?Paul Barter, Reinventing Parking

Somegovernmentsupplybuiltinthepastbutitisnowmarketpriced

Ubiquitouscommercialparking

Park-onceneighborhoodsarethenorm(parkingadistrictnotasite-by-sitething)

THREEPARADIGMS:MARKETORIENTED

Parkingisareal-estatebasedservice(withmarketprices,likemeetingrooms)

Eachparkingsiteservesarea(withinwalkingdistance)


Hong Kong

DonaldShoup’smarket-orientedproposals

i. Priceon-streetparkingfor85%occupancy

ii. Userevenuetopleaselocalstakeholders

iii. Abolishminimumparkingrequirements

Inshort,governmentmustgettheon-streetparkingright

Thenmarketforcescanbeallowedtotakecareoftheoff-streetparking


WhatwouldProfDonaldShoup suggest?

Beston-streetpricesettingprinciple:OCCUPANCY

Occupancysurveysormonitoring

If>>85%fullTHENincreasepriceIf<<85%fullTHENlowerpriceIfoccupancyin“sweetspot”THENnochange


D. Shoup, The High Cost of Free Parking

Reduces traffic by reducing cruising not reducing trips

Complements other reforms



Figure via Michael Replogle, ITDP


KEYCHOICESANDTHREEPARADIGMSPaul Barter, Reinventing Parking

Everysiteshouldhaveitsown

parking

Parkingfacilitiesservewhole

neighbourhoods

Parkingis“infrastructure”

1.conventionalsuburban

2.parkingmanagement

Parkingisa“real-estatebasedservice”

3.market-oriented

FINALDISCUSSION:LET’SAPPLYEACHOFTHETWOALTERNATIVEAPPROACHESTOPARKBURG

33

ThinkingDifferentlyandDoingThingsDifferently

inSAfrica’scities

A. Supposeyouadopta“parkingmanagement”mind-settoTHINKaboutparkingand,hence,looktoEuropeespeciallyforideasonDOINGparkingpolicy.WhatkeyparkingpoliciesyouwouldfavournowforParkburg?

B. Supposeyouadopta“market-oriented”mind-settoTHINKaboutparkingand,hence,looktoJapanandtoDonaldShoupforideasonDOINGparkingpolicy.WhatkeyparkingpoliciesyouwouldfavournowforParkburg?


1.Whoshouldbearprimaryresponsibilityforsupplyingparkingfacilities?

(chooseONEoptionbelowthatbestmatchesyourview)

A. LocalGovernment

B. Buildingdevelopersandowners

C. Businessessupplyingparkingonacommercialbasis


YourAttitudestoParking:Let’sDebrief

2.Whichofthefollowingshouldbetheprimarycriterionforsettingparkingcharges?


A. Costofprovidingtheparking

B. Socialandpoliticalacceptability

C. Consistencywiththegovernments’transportandurbanpolicygoals

D. Marketforcesofsupplyanddemand


3.Whereshouldamotoristheadingtoamid-sizedmallinamixed-usedistrictparkhis/hercar?


A. Inthemall’sownparkingfacility

B. Anylegalparkingspaceintheareathatisconvenient(whilepayingtheappropriateparkingcharge)


4.Supposethemotoristinthepreviousquestionparkedinthemallparkinglot.Shefinisheshershoppingandgoesforamealinarestaurantdownthestreet.Sheshould:


A. Leavethecarinthemallparkingandwalktotherestaurant

B. Movethecartotherestaurant’sparkinglot


5.WhichofthefollowingistheMOSTimportantwayinwhichparkingcausescongestion?


A. Simplybybeingatthekerb,parkinghinderstrafficflow(whichistheprimarypurposeoftheroadway)

B. Ahighnumberofparkingspacesinbusyareasencouragesmoremotoriststodrivethantheroadscanhandle

C. Poorlymanagedon-streetparkingresultsinfullon-streetparkingwhichencouragesmotoriststocircleinsearchofparkingandtowaitintrafficlanesordoublepark


6.WhatisyourreactiontotheideaofaspecialRs20parkingsurchargeformotoristsarrivingatpeakinginAMpeakhourandleavinginPMpeak?


A. Greatidea!

B. Thisisjustanothertaxgrabindisguise!

C. Notbadbutifparkingistohaveapeaksurchargeitshouldreflecttimesofpeakparking demandnotpeaktrafficdemand


Parknagar’s besthopeisimprovedon-streetparkingmanagement?

ImprovingthisinSAfricawon’tbeeasy

Didtoday’ssessionhelpyouseehowcentralandimportanton-streetmanagementis?


Date post:	21-Jan-2018
Category:	Entertainment & Humor
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Parking policy TDM workshop

Entertainment & Humor