PARKING PRICING AND MANAGEMENT Parking pricing and management.

PARKING PRICING AND MANAGEMENT

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Parking pricing and management



Parking policy

Problems – negative impacts

Typical policy development

Policy conflicts

What do local authorities control?

Regulating and enforcing on-street parking

Off-street parking

Effect of parking on economic vitality

Park and ride

Gaining acceptance for parking policy

Some conclusions



Structure of seminar

At the end of today’s class you should have an understanding of:

• Some definitions

• Parking – positive and negative impacts

• Typical policy development, and policy conflicts

• What do local authorities control?

• Regulating and enforcing on-street parking

• Off-street parking – types, costs, control, uses

• Effect of parking on economic vitality

• Park and ride

• Gaining public acceptance for parking policy

Lecture and tutorials to get you working with the material



Some definitions

On-street

Public off-street

Public off-street (can be in parking structures)

Private non-residential (PNR)

Pay and display parking meter



Positive impacts of parking policy

Has an impact on mode share

Can support local economic development

Major revenue earner

Improves road safety

Influences car ownership



Negative impacts of parking

Effect of on street parking (and parking search) on: congestion,

road safety

environment

blocking bus lanes and stops; footways and crossings

Off-street: Construction costs and space used

Surface - €3k/space

Structure – €15-20k/space

Underground - €25k/space upwards

Peak car journeys induced – esp. by PNR



Task

For your town or city, what are the key problems and issues related to parking?

Take 10 minutes working with your neighbour to think about this.

Then we will discuss this, to look for commonalities – and differences.



Policy conflicts

Economic vitality

Demand/congestion management

Revenue raising

Safety/ accessibility ?



Typical development of a parking policy

From COST 342 (especially relevant to on-street policy)

• Stage 1 – no problems,

• Stage 2 – as demand > supply, regulations introduced

• Stage 3 - demand further increases – time limits introduced to favour short stay shoppers, visitors

• Stage 4 – commuters pushed further out – conflict with residents – residents’ zones introduced

• Stage 5 – more and more differentiation of parking tariffs

• Stage 6 – park and ride.

• Stage 7 – inclusion of parking in mobility management



What do local authorities control?

They control:• Regulation of on-street parking

• (In a few countries) enforcement of on-street parking

• Parking standards for new development

• Public off-street car parks that they own and/or run

• Car parks for their own staff

BUT they don’t control:• PNR and residential parking, once built

• Public off-street car parks that they don’t own and/or run

• (In most countries) enforcement of on-street parking – including setting fines and collecting money



Type Ownership Level of local authority control over existing

parking

Typical policy responses for managing transport demand

On-street

Public Complete (but public acceptability)

Control access/ turnover/cost through regulations

Reducing overall amounts Changing charges

Public or private

Often significant Price out commuters - cheaper for shoppers

Private residential

None Reduce standards for new development (car-free housing)

Off-street

Private non-residential office

None (most countries) Reduce standards for new development Impose use conditions on new

development e.g. charges for parking Private non-

residential shopping/leisure

None except in Australia Reduce standards for new development Impose use conditions on new

development e.g. charges for parking, times before which parking cannot be used

So… parking policies to manage demand



Regulating/enforcing on-street parking

Enforcement powers

• Differences across Europe

• Trend (?) from police to local authority

• Parking low priority for police and courts

E.g. of UK decriminalised parking system

Local authorities across Europe have powers

Can take time to implement

Consultation



Some on-street parking prices

Fee per hour (€) (2002)Vienna 0.87Brussels 0.50Paris 1.00 – 3.00Lyon 1.50 – 5.00Bremen 0.60 – 1.50Cologne 1.00 – 2.00Stuttgart 0.20 – 2.00Munich 2.00 – 2.50Dublin 1.00 – 1.90Amsterdam 1.60 - 2.50Maastricht 1.40Lisbon 0.50Madrid 0.60 – 1.20Barcelona 0.90 – 1.20Edinburgh 1.20 – 3.00Central London 7.00



Off-street parking

Who builds off-street public parking? Who pays for it? How much does it cost?

Off-street parking for residents?

• e.g. Lyon

Public off-street vs private off-street (PNR)

Major industry – who controls it?

Prices – should be

• < on-street?

• Higher per hour for longer stays



Parking and economic vitality

Does more parking lead to a better economy?

Does less parking lead to a worse economy?

What role does parking play in:

• Where shoppers choose to shop?

• Where companies choose to locate?

Are certain traders more dependent on parking than others?



Park and ride 1

Why build park and ride?

1970-1990 220% growth in P+R sites and 337% increase in P+R spaces in “Europe” (COST 342)

Successful P+R needs:• Frequent fast (cheap) public transport to centre

• Lack of parking in centre

• Easy road access to car park

• High quality secure facilities

% of demand will come from trips previously made completely by PT

Unofficial P+R?



Park and ride 2

Effects of P+R on traffic (COST 342)

• Vienna – P+R takes 12% of city centre-bound traffic

• Chester – 20%

• Madrid – 20,000 users per day; Barcelona, 12,000; Hanover, 10,000.

• Strasbourg – P+R key element in success of tram line. 43% of motorised trips now made by public transport.

• Oxford, UK – 3-9% reduction in city-centre bound traffic.



Parking standards for new development

= amount of parking provided with new buildings

Catering for demand or controlling demand?

Relating parking provision to public transport accessibility

Catering for specific users e.g. disabled, parents, cyclists

Should there be central government guidance on parking standards?

Response of developers to constraints on parking provision



PPG13 Parking standards (UK)

These are maximum standards

• Food retail 1 space per 14m2

• Non food retail 1 space per 20m2

• Cinemas and conference facilities 1 space per 5 seats

• B1 including offices 1 space per 30m2 = 1 space per 2-3 staff

• Higher and further education - 1 space per 2 staff + 1 space per 15 students

• Stadia 1 space per 15 seats

• Residential (PPG3) max 1.5 spaces/house



Parking standards elsewhere

City/town m2 of floorspace per

parking space Paris 250-166 Lyon 100-43 Madrid 100 Barcelona 100 Hamburg 40-65 Frankfurt 30-50 Antwerp (high PT accessibility) 300-600 Antwerp (low PT accessibility) 60-120 Brussels No standard •Europe moving towards maximum standards…



Parking and mobility management

Mobility management – use of “soft” measures to get more out of transport system

Parking – manages mobility

Mobility management should include:

• Parking/park and ride information

• Parking management at large employers and at events

• Links between parking pricing/payment and public transport pricing/payment



Implementing workplace parking management

When parking charging or rationing implemented as part of site-based mobility management, need to take into account:

• Need for clear objectives and recognition of a problem

• Process of implementing charge

• Levels of charge, exemption from them

• Enforcement

• Employees’ contracts

• Administration

• Use of charge

• Overspill



Gaining acceptance for parking policy

Communication of changes and reasons for them

Public know and understand the measures.

Perceived benefit

fees and other regulations related to size of problem.

Alternative transport exists to a good standard.

Revenue used fairly and transparently

Parking regulations enforced consistently and fairly,

Fines not excessive and related to seriousness of the offence



Conclusions

Parking - key determinant of mode choice

Parking - key feature of urban transport policy

Parking provision - should be controlled and related to accessibility by other modes?

Link between parking and economic vitality – complex and unclear

PNR can be addressed with political will

Controlled zones can bring big local benefits

Park and ride needs careful evaluation



Task

Read the summary of the conclusions from COST 342.

Think – ready to discuss:

• Are these conclusions relevant to your town and city?

• Are there conclusions missing?

• How would you go about implementing the recommendations?

• What barriers would you face in implementing the recommendations?



Task

Work individually.

You are responsible for the parking policy of your own town or city.

For your city/town, you have to develop an outline of a parking strategy. You have 45 minutes to do this. In it, you must consider:

• What are the most problematic issues?

• What policies will you choose to implement, and why?

• What will be the biggest barriers to implementing policy – and how might you try to overcome these?

• Are there any problems/issues that you won’t be able to address effectively?

• What further information do you need to be able to make effective decisions?

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PARKING PRICING AND MANAGEMENT Parking pricing and management.

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