Part 1:

An Introduction to Ecology

What is Ecology?

• ecology is the study of the interaction of organisms with their environment

Define the Following Terms:

• population: an interbreeding group of individuals belonging to the same species, that live in a given area

• community: all of the organisms that live in a given area

• ecosystem: all of the organisms living in a given area, & all of the nonliving factors in the environment

• biosphere: all of Earth’s ecosystems combined

What do scientists study when analyzing the following levels of

ecology?• population (level of ecology): study the

factors that influence population size

• community (level of ecology): study how one species interacts with another species

• ecosystem (level of ecology): study energy availability and nutrient availability

• biosphere (level of ecology): study global environmental issues

What are biotic factors?

• biotic factors include all of the organisms in an environment

• Examples of biotic factors include:

– bacteria, algae, fungus, plants, animals

How do biotic factors influence the environment?

• predict how the introduction of wolves to Yellowstone park impacts other species

• predict how a population of mature oak trees impacts other species

• predict what will happen to native species of fish in Lake Michigan if Asian Carp are introduced

http://www.google.com/imgres?imgurl&imgrefurl=http://www.gdefon.com/download/autumn_oak_Trees_forest_leaves/412335/1920x1200&h=0&w=0&tbnid=-XgjgT0DUJe2bM&zoom=1&q=oak forest&tbnh=177&tbnw=284&docid=pRQ3igDc3tNNkM&tbm=isch&ei=fKQ9U82rAsLbyQHOz4DACg&ved=0CAUQsCUoAQ

What are abiotic factors?

• abiotic factors include all of the nonliving parts of the environment

• Abiotic factors include:

– energy, oxygen, water, temperature, wind, fire

How do abiotic factors influence the environment?

• predict how the availability of solar energy impacts the organisms in an environment

• predict how the availability of water impacts the organisms in an environment

• predict how the availability of nutrients in water and soil impact the organisms in an environment

What is a biome?

• the biomes are Earth’s major ecosystems

What are the main factors that influence species diversity in terrestrial

biomes?• the number and types of species in a biome is

mainly influenced by the temperature of the environment and the amount of precipitation in the environment

Which biome has an average temperature of -10 oC & 25 cm precipitation annually?

Biome: _________________________

Which biome has an average temperature of 25 oC & 350 cm precipitation annually?

Biome: _________________________

Which biome has an average temperature of 20 oC & 125 cm precipitation annually?

Biome: _________________________

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________________________

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Part 2: Population Ecology

• What is a population?

– an interbreeding group of individuals belonging to the same species, that live in a particular area

• What is population ecology?

– scientists study the factors that influence population size

What is the exponential growth model?

• exponential growth: population growth is unregulated

• exponential growth refers to the maximum rate of population growth under ideal conditions

• there are no restrictions on the ability to live, grow, and reproduce

What is the logistic growth model?

• logistic growth: as a population grows larger, its growth is regulated by population limiting factors

• the population grows until carrying capacity has been reached

• the ability to live, grow, and reproduce is restricted

What is carrying capacity?

• carrying capacity is the maximum population size the environment can support

What are population limiting factors?

• environmental factors that restrict population growth

• factors that determine how many individuals can survive in a particular area

Some population limiting factors are biotic, such as: (density dependent

limiting factors)

• in large populations, individuals compete for limited resources

• in a large population, individuals compete for limited nesting sites / territory

• disease is easily transmitted among individuals in a crowded population

• predators are attracted to larger populations, because it is easier to find food

• individuals in crowded populations may experience stress syndrome

Some population limiting factors are abiotic, such as: (density independent

limiting factors)• environmental temperature

• water availability

• nutrient availability

• sunlight availability

• natural disasters

Do the following graphs represent exponential growth or logistic growth?

The Human Population

What has allowed the human population to grow exponentially?

• developments in agriculture

• industrial revolution

• technology revolution

What is Earth’s carrying capacity for humans?

• some scientists propose the human population has already grown past carrying capacity

• many scientists propose the carrying capacity is 10 - 15 billion people

• the oldest known estimate, 13.4 billion, was made in 1679 by Anton van Leeuwenhoek

What does an age structure pyramid represent?

• the relative number of people in different age groups within a population

• age structure pyramids allow scientists to better predict how a population will change over time

What advances have resulted in Rapid population Growth in countries such as Kenya?

• Clean drinking water• Fuel to cook food• Vaccination for disease

• Identify the primary factor in slowing Rapid population Growth in countries such as Kenya.– education of women

– https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=sc4HxPxNrZ0

PART 3: COMMUNITY ECOLOGY

• What is a community?

– all of the organisms that live in a given area

• What is community ecology?

– scientists study how one species interacts with another species

What is competition (among different species)?

• the relationship between two or more species that attempt to use the same limited resources

• competition is a (-/-) relationship

List three examples of competition.

• lynx and fox compete for snowshoe hare, in Alaska

• knapweed competes with native grasses for nutrients in soil, in Montana

• weeds compete with corn and tomatoes in your garden

Competition may result in competitive exclusion:

• one species that has the advantage in a competition for limited resources will eventually drive a second species to elimination from the environment

What is a species’ niche?

• the role a species plays in the environment

• includes a detailed description of the resources used by a species

Contrast fundamental niche and realized niche:

• fundamental niche: the hypothetical niche occupied by a species

• realized niche: the actual niche occupied by an organism

What is the outcome of competition between two species having a nearly

identical niche?• local extinction: one species id driven from

the environment

• resource partitioning: each species will use a portion of the available resources, which allows similar species to exist together in an environment

What is a predator / herbivore?

• predator / herbivore: a species that eats another species, the prey, for food

• animals eating animals and animals eating plants

• predator-prey relationships, and herbivore-prey relationships are considered (+/-)

List three examples of predators / herbivores.

• cattle grazing on grasses in a pasture near Marshfield

• wolves hunting white tail deer in Northern Wisconsin

• dragon fly hunting tadpole in the pond in your back yard

How are species adapted to deter predators / herbivores? How are species adapted to catching prey?

• toxins, thorns, camouflage, speed and agility, keen senses, mimicry

What are symbiotic relationships?

• an interaction between two or more species that live together in direct contact

– Mutualism

– Parasitism

– commensalism

What is mutualism?

• an interaction in which both species benefit

• mutualism is a (+/+) relationship

What are three examples of mutualism?

• fungus growing on plant roots give minerals to plants; plants provide sugar for fungus

• bacteria in our small intestine make vitamins for humans; humans provide food for bacteria

• hummingbirds pollinate flowers; flowers provide nectar for hummingbird

What is parasitism?

• an interaction in which the parasite lives in or on a host, and takes nutrients from the host

• parasitism is a (+/-) relationship

What are three examples of parasitism?

• a tapeworm living in the intestine takes nutrients from humans

• the dodder plant takes nutrients from tomatoes

• a wood tick takes blood from a moose

What is commensalism?

• an interaction in which one species benefits and a second species will not benefit and will not be harmed

• commensalism is a (+/0) relationship

What are three examples of commensalism?

• barnacles attached to a whale filter food as a whale swims; the whale does not benefit and is not harmed

• an owl perched in a tree can more easily find prey; the tree does not benefit and is not harmed

• fish discarded by bears decompose and supply nutrients to trees; the bear does not benefit and is not harmed by the trees

What is primary succession?

• the development of a community in an area where no life has previously existed

What is secondary succession?

• a new community develops in an area, but only after the original community has been destroyed

http://www.google.com/url?sa=i&rct=j&q=secondary succession&source=images&cd=&cad=rja&uact=8&docid=1xJs_nYjJrzqcM&tbnid=tjjpsjxomX_7nM:&ved=0CAUQjRw&url=http://people.eku.edu/ritchisong/317notes2.html&ei=b9w9U-ewDKLWyQGJzoCIAQ&psig=AFQjCNGObcCLgzzR10_5DNlXo4kJXppqMw&ust=1396649448422679

PART 4: ECOSYSTEM ECOLOGY

• What is an ecosystem?

– all of the organisms living in a given area, & all of the nonliving factors in the environment

• What is ecosystem ecology?

– scientists study energy flow (energy availability) and nutrient cycling (nutrient availability)

– energy flow: the passing of energy from organism to organism within food chains

– nutrient cycling: the cycling of nutrient between organisms and their nonliving environment; nutrients also pass from organism to organism within a food chain

Food Chains and Food Webs

• food chain: the sequence of food / energy transferred from one trophic level to the next

• food web: a network of interconnected food chains

• both represent the feeding relationships within an ecosystem

• both represent the transfer of energy from species to species within an ecosystem

• in addition, food webs show us that all species rely on multiple sources of food / energy to survive

What are trophic levels?

• trophic level: the feeding relationships between species (in a food chain or food web)

How do we place the trophic levels in the proper order within food

chains and food webs?

• example #1: producer primary consumer secondary consumer tertiary consumer

• example #2: producer herbivore primary carnivore secondary carnivore

• example #3: producer omnivore primary carnivore secondary carnivore

How do we properly describe the trophic levels within food chains and

food webs?

• producers

organisms that can make their own food through photosynthesis

organisms that supply all other trophic levels with food

producers must be listed first in a food chain

How do we properly describe the trophic levels within food chains and food webs?

• consumers (primary, secondary, etc.) organisms that eat other organism for food / energyconsumers may eat producers or other consumers

• herbivores: a consumer that only eats plants for food / energy

• carnivores: a consumer that only eats animals for food / energy

• omnivores: a consumer that eats both plants and animals for energy

• detritivores / decomposers: a consumer that breaks down dead organism, or waste made by organisms

• scavengers: a consumer that eats dead animals, often left behind by other consumers

Identify the trophic level for the following organisms:

____________________________________

_______________________

_____________________

_____________________

http://www.google.com/url?sa=i&rct=j&q=animals&source=images&cd=&cad=rja&uact=8&docid=rvpmI7QkoZzcYM&tbnid=dBkWWu0OjAQCSM:&ved=0CAUQjRw&url=http://www.deshow.net/animal/2009/Motherly_love_animals_370.html&ei=_bE-U4Z-xuTJAd7QgYAP&psig=AFQjCNGKzs07z5SIdub2Zpkizg4Y0JBsnw&ust=1396704090499868

_________________________

http://www.google.com/url?sa=i&rct=j&q=animals&source=images&cd=&cad=rja&uact=8&docid=W6yiT8NglqStJM&tbnid=v_uXKkbh0EW_dM:&ved=0CAUQjRw&url=http://phototony.com/eagle-flight-hd-wallpaper/eagle-hd-wallpapers-in-animals/&ei=PbM-U8quMaewyQGy54CQCw&psig=AFQjCNGKzs07z5SIdub2Zpkizg4Y0JBsnw&ust=1396704090499868

_________________________

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http://www.google.com/url?sa=i&rct=j&q=cape buffalo&source=images&cd=&cad=rja&uact=8&docid=vmxXDPTKjQqRoM&tbnid=DdvFrQkLw_IDjM:&ved=0CAUQjRw&url=http://www.animalplanet.com/tv-shows/wild-kingdom/about-animals/cape-buffalo-pictures.htm&ei=obQ-U--BHYGFyQHlroHgDw&psig=AFQjCNHgGWTJMKuA2JUwyLlNAKDIKEBylw&ust=1396704730331059

________________________

Energy FlowUltimately, what is the primary

source of energy needed to power most ecosystems?

• the primary source of energy is sunlight

How efficient are producers at using available solar energy to grow?

• about 1% of the of the solar energy can be used to grow

How efficient are consumers at using available food to grow? What happens to the rest of the energy?

• on average, consumers can use about 10% of the energy available to them to grow

• about 90% of the available is lost as heat or waste

What does a pyramid of energy represent?

• represents how much energy is passed from one trophic level to the next within a food chain

• represents why there is a limit on how many trophic levels are in a food chain

http://raxacollective.files.wordpress.com/2011/08/energy_pyramid.png

Why is eating meat, rather than plants, expensive both economically and

environmentally?• if humans eat plants (vegetables, grains, etc.) they

gain access to 10% of the available energy• if humans eat animals (beef, pork, etc.) they gain

access to 1% of the available energy• consider the following: water is needed for

irrigation, land must be cultivated, land must be fertilized, insecticides and herbicides must be applied

• it takes about 2500 gallons of water, 16 pounds of grain, 35 pounds of topsoil, and one gallon of gasoline to produce 1 pound of beef

Cat-and-Hat Ranch: Glorious Opportunity To Get Rich!!!

We are starting a cat ranch in Lacon with 100,000 cats. Each cat will average 12 kittens a year. The cat skins will sell for 30 cents each. One hundred men can skin 5,000 cats a day. We figure a daily net profit of over $10,000. Now what shall we feed the cats? We will start a rat farm next door with 1,000,000 rats. The rats breed 12 times faster than the cats. So we will have four rats to feed each day to each cat. Now what shall we feed the rats? We will feed the rats the carcasses of the cats after they have been skinned. Now Get This! We feed the rats to the cats and the cats to the rats and get the cat skins for nothing!

Water Cycle

• biological importance

organisms are mainly composed of water, about 75%

water plays a role in controlling the temperature of organisms

water plays a role in transport of minerals through the body of all organisms

Water Cycle

• key processes

evaporation: water changes from a liquid to a gas

precipitation: condensation of water vapor results in rain, sleet, or snow

Carbon Cycle

• biological importance

carbon dioxide is used to build carbohydrates, fats, proteins, and DNA

heat is trapped in the atmosphere by carbon dioxide

Carbon Cycle

• key processes

cellular respiration: the transfer of energy in glucose to ATP, makes CO2photosynthesis: the transfer of solar

energy to glucose, uses CO2burning: as fossil fuels and wood are

burned, CO2 is made

Nitrogen Cycle

• biological importance

ammonium (NH4+) and nitrates (NO3

-) are needed to build ATP, proteins and DNA

Nitrogen Cycle

• key processes

nitrogen fixation: nitrogen gas (N2) is converted to ammonium (NH4

+)

Phosphorous Cycle

• biological importance

phosphates (PO4-) are needed to build

ATP, DNA and phospholipids

Phosphorous Cycle

• Discuss the key process

weathering / erosion: wind and water erosion of rock adds phosphorous to soil and water

http://www.google.com/url?sa=i&rct=j&q=campbell biology phosphorous cycle&source=images&cd=&cad=rja&uact=8&docid=O66N_LQYPq895M&tbnid=R018dZ721JdwWM:&ved=0CAUQjRw&url=http://www.tankonyvtar.hu/hu/tartalom/tamop425/0032_vizkeszletgazdalkodas_es_vizminoseg/ch14s07.html&ei=LOc9U4LXHeWuyQG0lIDoBw&psig=AFQjCNH6IHu0CXRCozx4n0YcjAN9h133Yg&ust=1396652181697454

PART 5: Environmental Issues Ecology

What is ozone, and why is it beneficial to have ozone in our

atmosphere?

• ozone (O3) – this chemical is made up of three oxygen atoms

• ozone protects the Earth from UV radiation that is produced by the sun

What is the source of the chemical that is responsible for the destruction

of ozone in the atmosphere?

• CFC’s (chlorofluorocarbons) are responsible for breaking down ozone

• CFC’s were widely used as refrigerants, were used in aerosol cans, and were used to make Styrofoam

What are the consequences of ozone layer depletion?

• in humans, overexposure to UV can cause sunburn, skin cancer, and cataracts

http://www.google.com/url?sa=i&rct=j&q=cataracts&source=images&cd=&cad=rja&uact=8&docid=nHg9Xu8PUH8fVM&tbnid=vzTLC4Vj834DIM:&ved=0CAUQjRw&url=http://www.lighthouse.org/about-low-vision-blindness/vision-disorders/cataract/cataracts-overview/&ei=YxNAU6qFGYWWyAH-qYDwCQ&psig=AFQjCNGExdBb38DFz2LOLkgHW4PKmeMVxw&ust=1396794477121347

What measures have been taken to reduce CFC use?

• reduced use of CFC’s as a refrigerant and in aerosol cans

• Montreal Protocol: an agreement by 180+ countries to eliminate the use and production of CFC’s

http://www.google.com/url?sa=i&rct=j&q=ozone&source=images&cd=&cad=rja&uact=8&docid=y46hOE1M_YvbcM&tbnid=8neJQDEl60CgUM:&ved=0CAUQjRw&url=http://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/Features/EarthPerspectives/page3.php&ei=shFAU43mOqnXygGtkYCwDw&bvm=bv.64125504,d.aWc&psig=AFQjCNHi1xIYz61yx8p-ii6AzdbZF9eONw&ust=1396793918491867

What is acid precipitation?

• rain or snow with a pH below 5.6

What is the source of the chemicals that cause acid

precipitation?• burning fossil fuels releases nitrogen oxides

and sulfur oxides, which react with water to form nitric acid and sulfuric acid

http://www.google.com/url?sa=i&rct=j&q=acid precipitation&source=images&cd=&cad=rja&uact=8&docid=ohak1crjQeOMwM&tbnid=h8h_SuHqettisM:&ved=0CAUQjRw&url=http://science.howstuffworks.com/nature/climate-weather/atmospheric/acid-rain.htm&ei=YxlAU4iBMM2ayQHMiYD4Bw&psig=AFQjCNHy1EAqT4OrEqnQcwSQ-1bhMEtSMw&ust=1396796091476915

What are the consequences of acid precipitation?

• acidic soil results in mineral imbalances, which in turn lowers the general health of plants

• fish and amphibian eggs are vulnerable in acid aquatic environments

http://www.google.com/url?sa=i&rct=j&q=acid precipitation&source=images&cd=&cad=rja&uact=8&docid=j0G0Kq3RAO2XVM&tbnid=_-KHguWT6413fM:&ved=0CAUQjRw&url=http://bashapedia.pbworks.com/w/page/13960065/Acid Rain&ei=VBpAU8DVMuazyAHQmYDoBw&psig=AFQjCNHy1EAqT4OrEqnQcwSQ-1bhMEtSMw&ust=1396796091476915http://www.google.com/url?sa=i&rct=j&q=acid precipitation&source=images&cd=&cad=rja&uact=8&docid=f3up0k8QiSQRnM&tbnid=rNwpos0mlYnc0M:&ved=0CAUQjRw&url=http://www.geography.hunter.cuny.edu/tbw/wc.notes/13.air.pollution/notes_chap13.htm&ei=sBtAU_3zHoreyQG994DQBw&psig=AFQjCNHy1EAqT4OrEqnQcwSQ-1bhMEtSMw&ust=1396796091476915

What measures have been taken to reduce acid precipitation?

• laws have been passed that require reduced emissions from factories, power plants, and automobiles

• liming lakes raises pH, closer to natural conditions

http://www.google.com/url?sa=i&rct=j&q=acid precipitation&source=images&cd=&cad=rja&uact=8&docid=wsU2sGqYdhXp-M&tbnid=Kh5leY1u24EYiM:&ved=0CAUQjRw&url=http://www.environment.no/Topics/Air-pollution/Acid-rain/&ei=ARtAU_eiMoaTyQG_qYBY&psig=AFQjCNHy1EAqT4OrEqnQcwSQ-1bhMEtSMw&ust=1396796091476915

Based on the map below, does acid precipitation occur in Wisconsin?

http://www.google.com/url?sa=i&rct=j&q=acid precipitation&source=images&cd=&cad=rja&uact=8&docid=f75iLNFNJazocM&tbnid=Tx893INLL5PfGM:&ved=0CAUQjRw&url=http://personal.monm.edu/gebauer_peter/CHEM_100/Lecture_Pages/US_acid_rain.htm&ei=6BlAU9ajHsOCyQHOnoHwBw&psig=AFQjCNHy1EAqT4OrEqnQcwSQ-1bhMEtSMw&ust=1396796091476915

What is the Greenhouse Effect, and why is this natural process important

to life on Earth?

• greenhouse effect: greenhouse gasses, water vapor and carbon dioxide, in the atmosphere absorb heat and slow its escape from Earth

• the greenhouse effect is essential: Earth’s average air temperature in the absence of the greenhouse effect would be about -18 0C / 0 0F

What is global warming, and what are its consequences?

• global warming: an increase in the average atmosphere and ocean temperatures, associated with increased levels of greenhouse gasses

• the proposed consequences include: melting ice caps and rising sea levels, changing climate patterns, ocean acidification, reduced biodiversity

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=v5DDLsszgzo

(National Geographic: Global Warming Awareness)

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=v5DDLsszgzohttps://www.youtube.com/watch?v=v5DDLsszgzohttps://www.youtube.com/watch?v=v5DDLsszgzo

According to the graph below…

• What trend is seen in carbon dioxide levels in ice cores and at Mauna Loa (Hawaii)?

According to the graph below…

• What trend is seen in average global temperature?

According to the graph below…

• Based on carbon dioxide levels and average global temperature, when did global warming begin?

What are invasive species?

• species humans move from their native location to a new geographic location, accidentally or intentionally

Why do invasive species tend to overpopulate after they are introduced

into a new environment?

• predators, parasites, or pathogens are not present to keep population sizes in check

Examples of invasive species include:

• brown tree snake in Guamresult: extinction of 12 bird species and 6

lizard species• zebra mussel in the Great Lakes ecosystem in

1988result: threaten native species; damage to

water intake structures• introduction of kudzu; to prevent erosion in

Southern U.S.result: outcompetes native vegetation

• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rwRdqkEcmbs

• (Invasive Python vs. Alligator)

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rwRdqkEcmbshttps://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rwRdqkEcmbs

PART 6: Behavior Ecology

What are innate behaviors?

• innate behaviors are connected to strong genetic control, and are unchangeable

• innate behaviors include: fixed action patterns and imprinting

What are Fixed action Patterns, and how is this type of behavior an

advantage?

• fixed action patterns: – ex: stickleback fish – males attack other males

• Adv: males that can defend their territory earn the opportunity to mate

– ex: graylag geese – rolling egg back into nest• Adv: increases the chances the offspring will survive

– ex: infants (humans) grab hair tightly, similar to primates in which young hold onto mothers hair tightly• Adv: offspring are protected by, and can learn from their

mother

http://www.google.com/url?sa=i&rct=j&q=male stickleback fish attack&source=images&cd=&cad=rja&uact=8&docid=utZoq1wLah_laM&tbnid=BjmhWt0-WnshJM:&ved=0CAUQjRw&url=http://www.warrenphotographic.co.uk/04198-male-sticklebacks-fighting&ei=kNA-U5jiJsegyAHyrYDYAg&bvm=bv.64125504,d.aWc&psig=AFQjCNHb5pbQk5wEUOSjgJ0zN-v-84036w&ust=1396711927540689

What is Imprinting, and how is this type of behavior an advantage?

• imprinting:

– ex: geese and ducks imprint on, and follow mother

• Adv: offspring are directed to resources by, and can learn from a parent

– ex: whooping crane

• Adv: young individuals following adults can learn migration routes

– ex: humans select partner with characteristics similar to parents (hypothesis)

• Adv:

http://www.google.com/url?sa=i&rct=j&q=greylag goose fixed action pattern&source=images&cd=&cad=rja&uact=8&docid=bcWcVvbl1hHQZM&tbnid=VnUG9J0WwDgMrM:&ved=0CAUQjRw&url=http://castlehs.com/users/johlsen/BEHAVIOUR.htm&ei=VNE-U_ubFuONygHgpIHADg&psig=AFQjCNEPMUpk0Ic4s6QWTDIb4ZMDWgh6Aw&ust=1396712146219983

What are learned behaviors?

• if a behavior is learned, it can be modified based on specific experiences

• learned behaviors include habituation, spatial learning, migration, cognitive maps, associative learning, and cognition & problem solving

Describe Habituation, and discuss how this behavior is advantageous.

• habituation:

– ex: tapping on fish tank does not result in response from fish

• Adv: the fish will not use energy

– ex: _________ yelling at _______________yields no reaction

• Adv:

Describe Spatial Learning, and discuss how this behavior is

advantageous.

• spatial learning: learning to use a set of landmarks to navigate through the environment

– ex: bumblebees locating their hive

• Adv: allows bees to identify nesting sites

– ex: (humans) navigating in an unfamiliar city

• Adv: allows us to navigate in unfamiliar environments

Describe Migration, and discuss how this behavior is advantageous.

• migration: the regular back – and – forth movement between two region, at specific times of the year– ex: birds migrating to Texas from Canada in the fall

• Adv: Texas has plentiful food in the winter, while Canada does not

– ex: whales migrating to Hawaii from the Arctic to give birth to calves• Adv: the warm waters are suitable for young calves, giving

them time to produce blubber

– ex: reindeer migrating to find plentiful food• Adv: constant migration allows reindeer to avoid predators

and find fresh food supplies

http://www.google.com/url?sa=i&rct=j&q=migrating+animals&source=images&cd=&cad=rja&uact=8&docid=1sQyE6ixxxiKfM&tbnid=LEYbwE2vOyxABM:&ved=0CAUQjRw&url=http://www.mymodernmet.com/profiles/blogs/12-colossal-congregation-animals&ei=5-A-U4n9DKuQyQHw9IGYDg&bvm=bv.64125504,d.aWc&psig=AFQjCNH5hydDWPimzY0Kq0_JVYPipgX0FA&ust=1396716055050380

Describe Cognitive Maps, and discuss how this behavior is

advantageous.• Cognitive maps: an internal representation of the

landmarks used to navigate through the environment; an internal map

– ex: (humans) navigating in Marshfield• Adv: efficient navigation

– ex: ravens, jays, and crows store food for later retrieval• Adv: animals can locate fresh food reserves, and bypass old

reserves that have spoiled

– ex: sengi makes “roads” to travel on• Adv: the sengi has the advantage when attempting to escape a

predator

Describe Associative Learning, and discuss how this behavior is

advantageous.• associative learning: an animal learns that a particular

environmental stimulus (or response an environmental stimulus) is linked to a particular reward or punishment

– ex: training animals• Adv: the pet receives a reward, while the master receives a set a

desired behaviors

– ex: avoiding hot burner• Adv: associating pain with a burner prevents future injury

– ex: a coyote avoiding porcupine• Adv: associating pain from porcupine quills will prevent future

injury

Describe Cognition and Problem Solving, and discuss how this behavior

is advantageous.

• cognition and problem solving: awareness; the ability to process and interpret information, and use the new information to solve complex problems; allows organisms to manipulate their environment– ex: crows retrieving food

• Adv: allows the crow to gain access to food supplies, while other species may not

– ex: sea otter using a rock to break open clam• Adv: allows the otter to access food supplies

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=KSoNKpBQgJc (Honey Badger vs. Beehive)

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hz7WKiC4SpY (Problem Solving Crow)

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