Part 1 CEAT - Post Installed Anchor - Design 2013Rev

8/13/2019 Part 1 CEAT - Post Installed Anchor - Design 2013Rev

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Post-installed Anchors Design

11 October 2013


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Post-installed Anchor Application Type of Anchors / Type of Post-installed Anchor

Failure modes of Anchor

Failure case of Post-installed Anchor

Post-installed Anchor design code development

Post-installed Anchor selection criteria

AGENDA


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First Wher e and when to use Post-installed Anchor?
http://www.google.com/url?sa=i&source=images&cd=&cad=rja&docid=JqD3rwDuCEvYqM&tbnid=hn06D77t0wLQnM:&ved=0CAUQjRw&url=http://mithunonthe.net/2012/08/06/hong-kong-views-from-victoria-peak/&ei=AGfuUbF2zuKsB4iXgYAK&psig=AFQjCNEtfJQMt2WYEcXAe8dPVxhuMgwbGA&ust=1374664756305471http://www.google.com/url?sa=i&source=images&cd=&cad=rja&docid=JqD3rwDuCEvYqM&tbnid=hn06D77t0wLQnM:&ved=0CAUQjRw&url=http://mithunonthe.net/2012/08/06/hong-kong-views-from-victoria-peak/&ei=AGfuUbF2zuKsB4iXgYAK&psig=AFQjCNEtfJQMt2WYEcXAe8dPVxhuMgwbGA&ust=1374664756305471


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Missing dowel bar

Post-installed Anchor Application

Splices connection - Rebar theory by ACI 318 Chapter 12

Bore pile / PI rebar for missing dowel


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D-wall

Cap beam

Shear key

Steel post

Pre-loading

Concretebacking

Excavation


Temporally bracing structure / PI rebar for shear key in concrete backing

Shear connection - Rebar theory by ACI 318 Chapter 12


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Cap beam / PI rebar for missing dowel and shear key

Splice and Shear connection - Rebar theory by ACI 318 Chapter 12


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Connection slab to D-wall



Diaphragm wall / PI rebar for shear key


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Core wall / PI rebar for missing bar

Connection Slab to Core-wall


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Concrete resistance - Anchor theory by ACI 318 Appendix D

Steel column to concrete / PI Anchor for column support


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Steel column to concrete / PI Anchor for column support



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Steel beam/corbel to concrete / PI Anchor for connection joint



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Structure strengthening / PI rebar for shear key


Column strengthening Column & Beam strengthening


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Structure strengthening / PI anchor for shear key and steel support

Shear connection - Anchor theory by ACI 318 Appendix D

Column strengthening Slab strengthening


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Structure strengthening / PI rebar for shear key


Slab strengthening Isolated footing strengthening


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Structure strengthening / PI rebar for tension and shear key


Beam strengthening Beam strengthening


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Miscellaneous works / PI Anchor for steel support



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Ladder support Ceiling support





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Handrail support Balustrade support


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Cladding support Light duty bollard support


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MEP system / PI Anchor for hanging support



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Machine plinth / PI Anchor for steel support and fatigue resistance



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Earthquake resistantfastenings

Earthquake resistantfastenings


Miscellaneous works / PI Anchor for seismic safety of equipment for suchvital



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How many types of anchor?


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There are 2 types of anchor to concrete

1. Cast in place Anchor

Traditionally, design engineerspecify cast-in-place anchor ifthey know beforehand whereanchor are to be installed

2. Post installed Anchor

Many applications cannot beinstalled before casting, post-installed anchor

Adhesive Anchorechanical Anchor

Types of Anchors


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Types of Anchors : Cast-in place Anchor


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ACI define Post-installed anchors into 2 types

Adhesive Anchor

A post-installed anchor, inserted into hardened concrete with ananchor hole diameter not greater than 1.5 times the anchordiameter, that transfers loads to the concrete by bond betweenthe anchor and the adhesive, and bond between the adhesive andthe concrete.

Adhesive Anchor

Mechanical Anchor Mechanical AnchorExpans ion anchor : A post-installed anchor,inserted into hardened concrete that transferloads to or from the concrete by direct bearingor friction or both. May be torque-controlled (sleeve-type and stud-type) or displacement-

controlled (drop-in type).Undercu t anchor : A post-installed anchorthat develops its tensile strength from themechanical interlock provided by undercuttingof the concrete at the embedded end ofanchor.

Types of Anchors : Post-installed Anchor


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Adhesive Anchor

Types of Post-installed Anchors


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Adhesive Anchors

under external tensile load

Mechanical Anchors

under external tensile load

Finite Element Analysis : Stress Distribution

Type of Post-Installed Anchors


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Influence of Base

Embedment Depth

Ideal Case

SPACING

Influence of Spacing

Influence of Edge Distance

EDGE DISTANCE

Types of Anchors : Behavior in Concrete


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Anchor to concrete

Cast-in-place anchor Post Installed anchor

Mechanical Anchor Adhesive AnchorExpansion Anchor

Undercut Anchor

Types of Anchors : Anchor to concrete family


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How many failure modes of anchorin concrete?


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The critical failure modes an anchor system considering tension

and shear load bearing capacity of the materials involved.

Anchor Material Failuresteel failure)

Base Material Failureconc rete failure)

Failure Modes of Anchors


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The critical failure modes an anchor system considering tension

and shear load bearing capacity of the materials involved.


Materialcapacity

Failure mode in

Tension Shear

Steel 1. Steel failure in tension 1. Steel failure in shearConcrete 2. Concrete breakout

3. Concrete pullout4. Concrete side-face blowout

2. Concrete breakout3. Concrete pry-out

Bond(Adhesiveanchor only )

5. Bond strength of adhesive anchor


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F external

Steel failure

Failure Modes in Tension : Steel failure

1. Steel failure in tension


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Failure Modes in Tension : Concrete failure

2. Concrete breakout


F

1.5 h ef 1.5 h ef

h ef35

F external

Concrete failure


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F external

Failure Modes in Tension : Concrete failure

3. Concrete pullout

Concrete failure


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Concrete failure

Failure Modes of AnchorsFailure Modes in Tension : Concrete failure

4. Concrete side-face blowout


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Failure Modes of AnchorsFailure Modes in Tension : Bond failure

5. Bond strength of adhesive anchor

Bond failure


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F external


Concrete failure

Failure Modes in Tension : Concrete and Bond failure

* Concrete Splitting


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F external

Failure Modes of AnchorsFailure Modes in Tension : Concrete and Bond failure


Concrete failure


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Although the minimum edge distances were maintained by us ing 10-inch cubes , thepublished ultimate strengths of the anchors in concrete do not mention the case wherethose critical edge distances are realized in all four directions -- an unlikely condition in thefield. As illustrated by the photos, edge distances did determine the failure mode observedon several samples. If edge dis tances had b een greater, it is anticipated that a differentfailure mode and h igh er u l t imate s t rength values would be realized in the sampleswhere cube sp l i t t i ng w as obse rved . This would have increased the sample size ofmeaningful data.

Concrete failure

Failure Modes of AnchorsFailure Modes in Tension : Concrete and Bond failure



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F external

Failure Modes in Tension : Steel plate failure

*Pull-over

Steel Plate failure



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F externalF externalF external

M

Steel failure

Failure Modes of AnchorsFailure Modes in Shear : Steel failure

1. Steel failure in shear


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F external

Failure Modes in Shear : Concrete failure

2. Concrete breakout

Concrete failure


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Failure Modes of AnchorsFailure Modes in Shear : Concrete failure

3. Concrete pry-out

F external

Concrete failure


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ConcreteBreakout

ConcreteBreakout

TensileStrength

ShearStrength

SteelFailure

ConcreteFailure

ConcretePullout

Side faceblowout

SteelFailure

ConcreteFailure

GoverningTensile Strength

Governing ShearStrength

Tension & ShearInteraction

BondStrength

OfAdhesive

anchor

Concrete pryout

Failure Modes in Tension Failure Modes in Shear



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Anchors Failure Example

Anchor sheared-off after an earthquake.

Anchor Failure due to poor quality ofconcrete

Base material cracking as a resultof a relatively small edge distance.

Chemical anchors were completely pulledout during an earthquake.


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Pulled out anchorsafter an earthquake.Mechanical anchors were completely pulled out as the concrete

failed.

Anchors were completely pulled out as thetank tumbled down during the earthquake.Concrete failed cause torque

over


l d f h


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Concrete pull-out failure

Bond strength failure

Concrete pry-out failure.
http://www.google.com/url?sa=i&source=images&cd=&cad=rja&docid=3I66IonhCDTmeM&tbnid=aiu8nqSIWlQpaM:&ved=0CAUQjRw&url=http://retecool.com/post/het-bestaan-van-de-paus-is-een-aanval-op-gezond-verstand&ei=nGnuUfCXDc6ErAeuroCQAQ&psig=AFQjCNHMjgigdb80m5TsrhIs3BMHp4FkzA&ust=1374665389223620http://www.google.com/url?sa=i&source=images&cd=&cad=rja&docid=jM9TzCHbtDFL6M&tbnid=Vxr2h_Caq-H75M:&ved=0CAgQjRwwADhf&url=http://www.accutechusa.net/projects.php&ei=fGzuUZ-PD8XsrAe3s4HAAg&psig=AFQjCNFup2A9T3YUiV29v4fBHaikqIlOeQ&ust=1374666236347083


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Have ever anchor to concrete

Collapse? Yes, lets se e

Boston's Big Dig the most expensive highway
http://www.google.com/url?sa=i&source=images&cd=&cad=rja&docid=3I66IonhCDTmeM&tbnid=aiu8nqSIWlQpaM:&ved=0CAUQjRw&url=http://retecool.com/post/het-bestaan-van-de-paus-is-een-aanval-op-gezond-verstand&ei=nGnuUfCXDc6ErAeuroCQAQ&psig=AFQjCNHMjgigdb80m5TsrhIs3BMHp4FkzA&ust=1374665389223620http://www.google.com/url?sa=i&source=images&cd=&cad=rja&docid=jM9TzCHbtDFL6M&tbnid=Vxr2h_Caq-H75M:&ved=0CAgQjRwwADhf&url=http://www.accutechusa.net/projects.php&ei=fGzuUZ-PD8XsrAe3s4HAAg&psig=AFQjCNFup2A9T3YUiV29v4fBHaikqIlOeQ&ust=1374666236347083http://www.google.com/url?sa=i&source=images&cd=&cad=rja&docid=3I66IonhCDTmeM&tbnid=aiu8nqSIWlQpaM:&ved=0CAUQjRw&url=http://retecool.com/post/het-bestaan-van-de-paus-is-een-aanval-op-gezond-verstand&ei=nGnuUfCXDc6ErAeuroCQAQ&psig=AFQjCNHMjgigdb80m5TsrhIs3BMHp4FkzA&ust=1374665389223620http://www.google.com/url?sa=i&source=images&cd=&cad=rja&docid=jM9TzCHbtDFL6M&tbnid=Vxr2h_Caq-H75M:&ved=0CAgQjRwwADhf&url=http://www.accutechusa.net/projects.php&ei=fGzuUZ-PD8XsrAe3s4HAAg&psig=AFQjCNFup2A9T3YUiV29v4fBHaikqIlOeQ&ust=1374666236347083http://www.google.com/url?sa=i&source=images&cd=&cad=rja&docid=3I66IonhCDTmeM&tbnid=aiu8nqSIWlQpaM:&ved=0CAUQjRw&url=http://retecool.com/post/het-bestaan-van-de-paus-is-een-aanval-op-gezond-verstand&ei=nGnuUfCXDc6ErAeuroCQAQ&psig=AFQjCNHMjgigdb80m5TsrhIs3BMHp4FkzA&ust=1374665389223620http://www.google.com/url?sa=i&source=images&cd=&cad=rja&docid=3I66IonhCDTmeM&tbnid=aiu8nqSIWlQpaM:&ved=0CAUQjRw&url=http://retecool.com/post/het-bestaan-van-de-paus-is-een-aanval-op-gezond-verstand&ei=nGnuUfCXDc6ErAeuroCQAQ&psig=AFQjCNHMjgigdb80m5TsrhIs3BMHp4FkzA&ust=1374665389223620http://www.google.com/url?sa=i&source=images&cd=&cad=rja&docid=jM9TzCHbtDFL6M&tbnid=Vxr2h_Caq-H75M:&ved=0CAgQjRwwADhf&url=http://www.accutechusa.net/projects.php&ei=fGzuUZ-PD8XsrAe3s4HAAg&psig=AFQjCNFup2A9T3YUiV29v4fBHaikqIlOeQ&ust=1374666236347083


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http://failures.wikispaces.com/Big+Dig+( I+90+Connector+Tunnel)http://www.militaryphotos.net/forums/showthread.php?85890-Failure-in-the-Big-Dig-Boston

Boston s Big Dig , the most expensive highwayproject in the United States : 2006 Ceiling PanelCollapseNearly three decades and14.8 billion dollars later, theBig Dig would own claimas the most expensivehighway project in theUnited States

Big Dig project director Michael Lewis,who has spent 12 years on the project.

The official planning phase started in 1982 ;the construction work was done between1991 and 2006

Boston's Big Dig the most expensive highway


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Boston s Big Dig , the most expensive highwayproject in the United States : 2006 Ceiling PanelCollapse

Boston's Big Dig , the most expensive highway


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Boston's Big Dig , the most expensive highway


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Similar in US, Missing anchor bolts could be to


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blame for Japan tunnel ceiling Collapse 2012(possibly the tunnel opened in 1977.)

http://tunnellingjournal.com/news/missing-anchor-bolts-could-be-to-blame-for-japan-tunnel-ceiling-failure/

Similar in US, Missing anchor bolts could be to


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blame for Japan tunnel ceiling Collapse 2012(possibly the tunnel opened in 1977.)


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What is design code for post

installed anchor?

Code for Post-installed Anchor


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'f A432.0P c pc

ut b s f A9.0P

ut b ss f V A75.0

cb f Vc 'A4.66

Tension

Shear

Difficult to apply even for simpleanchor configurations.

Less predictive of specificmaterial failure.

Previously, anchor design is based on the provisions of ACI 349

(PCI) as incorporated in UBC 1997

Complexities in this design method lead ACI, in 1998, to thederivation of a new design approach.

Code for Post installed Anchor



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The new ACI design approach was developed using the principles

of fracture mechanics and simple engineering models as earlierdeveloped in the University of Stuttgart (kappa method).

Supported by regressionanalyses of large bodiesof test data.

kappa method

Highly accurate and easy to apply. Calculation of load bearing capacities at

different load cases and different anchor

configurations.

Highly descriptive of the critical failuremode.

Concrete Capacity Design Method




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In Appendix D of the 2002 Edition of ACI 318 , the Concrete

Capacity Design Method (CCD) was incorporated.

, kappamethod

ConcreteCapacity Design

Method

(ACI 318 Appendix D)




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1. ACI 318-11 Appendix D

ACI 318-11 : Building Code Requirements forStructural Concrete

Appendix D : Anchoring to Concrete

2. ETAG 001 Annex C

ETAG 001 : Guideline for European Technical Approval ofMetal Anchors for use in Concrete

Annex C : Design Methods for Anchorages



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Euro codesAmerican

codes

JapaneseStandards

Codes and Standards % of Used

American Codes (ACI) 95%

Euro Codes (ETAG) 4%

Japanese Standards (JIS) 1%

Common practice is to translateddirectly into Thai language andthen adjust the codes to fitThailand.

The origin of The Codes and Standards ofconstruction in Thailand.



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ACI

ACI 318-89 ACI 318-02 ACI 318-05 ACI 318-08

ACI 318-11

American Codes

EIT. Standard1972

ACI 318-63

Thai Code and Standard

EIT. Standard1999 to 2002

ACI 318-26

ACI Standard American Concrete Institute

New 2014 has beenrevised since 2012,

Raftered (ACI 318-11)

Revising

ACI 318-14


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Before starting post-installed design,there are many things you need to know!

Base materials : Anchors can be installed indifferent base materials being concrete the most


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gcommon

Anchors need to be selected, designed and approved according to the basematerial. Concrete is the root of all the design considerations and analysisand, as such, it will be studied in more detail.

Concrete Hollowconcrete

blocks

Lightweightconcrete

Natural stoneHollow claybricks

Solid clay

bricks

Hollowconcrete

slabs

Timber

Base materials : Concrete Compressive Strength


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Concrete test samples

150

150

150

20 N/mm 225 N/mm 2

Development of concrete

compressive strength

Concrete : Cracked or Un-cracked concrete


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Compression

Tension (cracks)

Tensile Zone

Defining where concrete is cracked its as easy as searching where the

concrete could be in tension . If the concrete is in tension it is or will bedefinitely cracked! Non-cracked concrete consideration must be shown bycalculation for the different load combinations.

Concrete : Cracked or Un-cracked concrete


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Effects of Cracking

Cracked concrete : Defining where concreteshould be considered cracked may not be as


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simple as it seems

Defining where concrete is cracked its as easy as searching where theconcrete could be in tension . If the concrete is in tension it is or will bedefinitely cracked! Non-cracked concrete consideration must be shown bycalculation for the different load combinations.

Wind load

Distributed loads

Single load

Singleload

What is reasonably easy for asimple beam or cantilever

can be fairly complex for areal structure load scenarios

Cracked concrete : For seismic actions theconcrete shall be always considered cracked!


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concrete shall be always considered cracked!

Earthquake shaking leads tension and compression in the concretemembers to change compared to static loads. In the case seismic actionis considered, concrete shall be considered as cracked concrete (unlessproven otherwise by a specific report)!

For all cases, the designer is always responsible to define if the anchor isset in cracked or non-cracked concrete! We should focus on explaining

what this implies for the anchors selection and performance


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Material & Corrosive resistance


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Ceiling over swimming pool collapsed due to corrosion!!!

Load

Types of Loading


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Time

Load

Load

Load

Load

Load

Shock Load

Pulsating Load

Seismic Load

Static Load

Alternating Load

Time

Time

Time

Time

Time

Hole surface conditions & Moister condition


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Diamond cored hole Saturated concrete

&

Water filled hole

Thai Climate Temperature


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37 C

Fixing directionDesign criteria Other requirements

Anchor Design Criteria


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Floor

Wall

Ceiling

Fixing direction

Hole surface conditions

Moister condition

Temperature condition

Corrosive condition

Types of anchor

Types of base material

Cracked or Non cracked

Controlled failure mode

Shock load

Fatigue teat

LEED certify

FM certified

NSF

Fire resistance

Design criteria Other requirements

Load & direction

Moment & direction

Type of load


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Now you know many things aboutanchors

Lets start the design with

ACI 318 appendix D

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Part 1 CEAT - Post Installed Anchor - Design 2013Rev

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