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Part 1, Computing FundamentalsChapter 1, Computer Basics
Lesson 1-1, What is a computer
Robert Crawford, MBAWest Middle School
Describe the four operations of a computer Contrast analog and digital computers Explain why data and instructions for
computers are coded as 0’s and 1’s
UNIT O BJECTIVES
Bit Byte Computer Input Output Processing Storage
KEY TERMS
What is a computer?◦ try to think in general terms:
don’t just form a answer that describes a computer as it exists today
Try too think of an answer that would work both into the past (think in terms of about 500
years). The first use of the word “computer” was
recorded in 1613 in a book called “The yong mans gleanings”
Into the future
Computer basics
What is a computer?◦Originally It referred to a person who carried out calculations, or computations, and the word continued with the same meaning until the middle of the 20th century.
◦From the end of the 19th century the word began to take on its more familiar meaning, a machine that carries out computations.
Computer basics
What is a computer?◦This takes us to where we are today with this definition. . .
A machine that changes information for one form into another.
Computer basics
What is a computer?◦A machine that changes information for one form into another.
◦It does this by performing four basic operations.
Computer basics
What is a computer?◦A machine that changes information for one form into another.
◦It does this by performing four basic operations. Input Processing Output Storage
Computer basics
Computer basics
AnalogDigital
◦ Measures data in a scale with many values Mercury
Thermometer Gas gauge on
a car
Works with data that has fixed values◦ Typically 1 and 0◦ The computers you are
using right now are digital computers.
Computer basics
Analog
Digital
The raw (unaltered) information that is entered into the computer.◦ Simple
Letters Numbers
◦ Complex Photographs Videos Music
◦ How do we get information into the computer?
Input
The raw (unaltered) information that is entered into the computer.◦ Simple
Letters Numbers
◦ Complex Photographs Videos Music
◦ We input information into the computer using a variety of devices.
Input
Information is stored, and processed, in the computer in a very basic format.◦ 1’s and 0’s
Input
Information is stored, and processed, in the computer in a very basic format.◦ 1’s and 0’s◦ A single unit of information is a Bit
Short for “Binary Digit”
Input
Information is stored, and processed, in the computer in a very basic format.◦ 1’s and 0’s◦ A single unit of information is a Bit
Short for “Binary Digit”◦ These Bits are grouped together in “words” called
“Bites” For example (i.e.)
A = 01000001 1 = 00110001
This is the only way the computer sees information.
Input
Processing is the second step in the information processing cycle.
Processing
Processing is the second step in the information processing cycle.◦ Remember, the four operations of computers
are: Input Processing Output Storage
Processing
Processing is the second step in the information processing cycle.◦ In this step the computer manipulates (does
something with) the data.
Processing
Processing is the second step in the information processing cycle.◦ In this step the computer manipulates (does
something with) the data. This stage is largely dependent on two
things:◦ Coded Instructions◦ Speed of processing
Processing
Processing is the second step in the information processing cycle.◦ In this step the computer manipulates (does
something with) the data. This stage is largely dependent on two
things:◦ Coded Instructions
These are the instructions given to the computer, the program. High Level Code (C++, Pascal, Python) Low Level Code (machine code, assembly language)
◦ Speed of processing
Processing
Motorola MC6800 Assembly listing, showing original assembly language and the assembled form
Processing is the second step in the information processing cycle.◦ In this step the computer manipulates (does
something with) the data. This stage is largely dependent on two
things:◦ Coded Instructions
These are the instructions given to the computer, the program. While this class is not a programming class, there will be
more about these in future units
◦ Speed of processing
Processing
Processing is the second step in the information processing cycle.◦ In this step the computer manipulates (does
something with) the data. This stage is largely dependent on two
things:◦ Coded Instructions◦ Speed of processing
Speed is measured in units of cycles per second, which is called a Hertz (Hz). Computer boards and CPUs run at rates of millions and billions of Hertz, megahertz (MHz) and gigahertz (GHz). A good speed for a PC microprocessor in 2004 was 4
GHz.
Processing
The third step of the information processing cycle is output.◦ After the computer adds two numbers the
computer then presents the result; this is output.◦ Output can take many forms.
Output
The third step of the information processing cycle is output.◦ After the computer adds two numbers the
computer then presents the result; this is output.◦ Output can take many forms.
Image Monitor
Sound Speaker
Printed text Printer
Tactile feedback PS4 vibrating controller
Output
The four the operation is storage.
Storage
The four the operation is storage.◦ What would happen without computer storage?
Storage
The four the operation is storage.◦ Without computer storage all of the work you do
on the computer would be lost.◦ By storing the data you can access it and use that
data at a late date. We will talk more about storage in the next, and
other future, units.
Storage
Things to remember
Work with the person next to you and try to think of things that you should expect to see on an examination.
Things to remember
Use a sequence chart to place the four operations of computers in their correct order
Activity