Front MatterSource: Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America,Vol. 78, No. 8, [Part 1: Physical Sciences] (Aug., 1981), pp. i-viPublished by: National Academy of SciencesStable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/10964 .

Accessed: 08/05/2014 07:03

Your use of the JSTOR archive indicates your acceptance of the Terms & Conditions of Use, available at .http://www.jstor.org/page/info/about/policies/terms.jsp

.JSTOR is a not-for-profit service that helps scholars, researchers, and students discover, use, and build upon a wide range ofcontent in a trusted digital archive. We use information technology and tools to increase productivity and facilitate new formsof scholarship. For more information about JSTOR, please contact support@jstor.org.

.

National Academy of Sciences is collaborating with JSTOR to digitize, preserve and extend access toProceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America.

http://www.jstor.org

This content downloaded from 169.229.32.137 on Thu, 8 May 2014 07:03:20 AMAll use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions

AUGUST 1981

VOLUME 78

NUMBER 8

pp. 4649-4667

C1'S 0 F tf

OF THE UNITED STATES OF AIWER A D of Sciences OF THE UNITED STATES O)F AMERICA

CODEN PNAS A6

PHYSICAL SCIENCES

This content downloaded from 169.229.32.137 on Thu, 8 May 2014 07:03:20 AMAll use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions

Proceedings OF THE

National Academy of Sciences OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA

Officers of the Academy

FRANK PRESS President JAMES D. EBERT Vice President BRYCE CRAWFORD, JR. Home Secretary THOMAS F. MALONE Foreign Secretary ELKAN R. BLOUT Treasurer

Editorial Board of the Proceedings

DANIEL E. KOSHLAND, JR. Chairman HARRISON SHULL Vice Chairman

ROBERT A. ALBERTY K. FRANK AUSTEN PAUL BERG JOHN R. BORCHERT JOHN E. DOWLING RICHARD M. HELD ROBERT E. MARSHAK

PETER H. RAVEN JOHN RODGERS NEVIN S. SCRIMSHAW J. EDWIN SEEGMILLER ROBERT L. SINSHEIMER ELIAS M. STEIN CHARLES H. TOWNES

JAMES B. WYNGAARDEN

Managing Editor: BERNARD K. FORSCHER Associate Editor: GARY T. COCKS Associate Editor: DOROTHY P. SMITH Associate Editor: FRANCES R. ZWANZIG Assistant Managing Editor: STEPHANIE G. PASSMAN

Editorial correspondence: PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES, 2101 Constitution Avenue, Wash- ington, DC 20418.

Business correspondence: Circulation Office of the PROCEEDINGS, National Academy of Sciences, 2101 Constitution Avenue, Washington, DC 20418.

Copyright: The National Academy of Sciences has copyrighted this journal as a collective work and does not own copyrights for individual articles. Requests for permission to reproduce parts of individual articles or for reprints of individual articles should be addressed to the authors. Microforms of complete volumes are available to regular subscribers only and may be obtained from University Microfilms, Xerox Corporation, Ann Arbor, MI 48103.

Subscriptions: All correspondence concerning subscriptions should be addressed to the Circulation Office of the PRO- CEEDINGS. Subscriptions are entered on a calendar year basis only. The 1981 subscription rate is $125. Subscribers are requested to notify the Circulation Office of the PROCEEDINGS 6 weeks in advance of any change of address; also the local postmaster. The Academy is not responsible for nonreceipt of issues because of improper address unless a change of address is on file. The notice of address change should list both the old and new addresses. Claims for replacement copies will not be honored more than 60 days after the issue date for domestic subscribers and not more than 90 days after the issue date for foreign subscribers.

Back Issues: Volumes 73-78, January 1976 and thereafter, are available from the Circulation Office of the PRO- CEEDINGS. The price of a single issue is $15.00.

Second class postage patd at Washington, DC, and at additional mailing offices. PRINTED IN THE USA PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA (USPS 445-680) is published monthly by THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES, 2101 Constitution Avenue, Washington, DC 20418. C) 1981 by THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA.

This content downloaded from 169.229.32.137 on Thu, 8 May 2014 07:03:20 AMAll use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions

OF THE

National Acad y I of Sciences

OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA

August 1981 Volume 78, Number 8 pp. 4649-5260

Table of Contents

INFORMATION TO CONTRIBUTORS iii-vi

AUTHOR INDEX vii

Physical Sciences

APPLIED PHYSICAL SCIENCES

Finite-time thermodynamics: Engine performance improved by optimized piston Michael Mozurkewich and R. S. Berry 4667 motion (Correction) (Otto cycle/optimized heat engines/optimal control)

CHEMISTRY

Heterogeneous platinum-catalyzed hydrogenation of dialkyl(diolefin)platinum(II) Thomas J. McCarthy, Yen-Shiang 4649-4651 complexes: A new route to platinum surface alkyls (catalysis/reaction Shih, and George M. Whitesides mechanisms)

GEOLOGY

Phanerozoic cycles of sedimentary carbon and sulfur (isotopes/sediment cycles/ Robert M. Garrels and Abraham 4652-4656 natural oxygen reservoirs) Lerman

MATHEMATICS

Some isometric embedding and rigidity results for Riemannian manifolds Eric Berger, Robert Bryant, and 4657-4660 (diffierential system/Gauss equations) Phillip Griffiths

Rubel's universal differential equation (approximation theory/polynomial splines) R. J. Duffin 4661-4662

STATISTICS

Selecting the highest probability in binomial or multinomial trials (sequential anal- Bruce Levin and Herbert Robbins 4663-4666 ysis/k-sample problem)

This content downloaded from 169.229.32.137 on Thu, 8 May 2014 07:03:20 AMAll use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions

Contents

Correction

APPLIED PHYSICAL SCIENCES

Finite-time thermodynamics: Engine performance improved by optimized piston Michael Mozurkewich and R. S. Berry 4667 motion (Otto cycle/optimized heat engines/optimal control)

Biological Sciences 4669-5260

.i.

This content downloaded from 169.229.32.137 on Thu, 8 May 2014 07:03:20 AMAll use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions

INFORMATION TO CONTRIBUTORS

(Revised 1981) Purpose and scope

The Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA publishes reports that describe the results of original theo- retical or experimental research of exceptional importance or novelty. Reports are accepted only if contributed by a member or foreign associate of the Academy or communi- cated by an Academy member or foreign associate on behalf of a nonmember and if they are not being submitted for pub- lication or have not been published elsewhere. Communi- cated papers should be of a high scientific quality such as to place them in the top 10th percentile of their field.

Because the PROCEEDINGS publishes papers in all branches of science represented in the Academy, articles should be of interest and intelligible to a broad scientific audience.

Occasionally, preliminary findings of major importance may be published in the PROCEEDINGS without full docu- mentation; in such cases, the author must indicate the pre- liminary character of the paper and where a subsequent de- tailed report will be published.

Upon invitation from the Editorial Board, papers pre- sented at Academy symposia, special Academy lectures, re- views, or papers on subjects of general interest to scientists are also published in the PROCEEDINGS.

Procedures for submitting manuscripts

Manuscripts should be sent, in duplicate, to the PROCEED- INGS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES USA, 2101 Constitution Avenue, Washington, DC 20418. Manuscripts that meet the criteria listed below are usually published within 10-15 weeks. However, as authorized by the Bylaws of the Academy, the Editorial Board reserves the right to subject manuscripts to further review when necessary and to reject those that do not meet the general criteria for publi- cation or are regarded as inappropriate in some significant way.

Members or foreign associates of the National Academy of Sciences who submit manuscripts assume responsibility for the propriety and scientific standards of the manuscripts that they submit. Each one may send (contributed plus commu- nicated) a maximum of 10 papers in any calendar year.

New members or foreign associates may submit manu- scripts as soon as a letter of membership acceptance is re- ceived by the Home Secretary's Office.

In general, no person may be an author or coauthor of pa- pers totaling more than five pages in any one issue.

Before communicating an article on behalf of nonmem- ber(s), an Academy member must obtain signed written opinions of the paper from two qualified referees. Only the member should select the referees; their names need not be divulged to the author. Referees should be chosen solely for their impartiality, and their ability to judge the work. Forms for the referees' comments are provided to members on re- quest to the PROCEEDINGS Office. An author should see all referee comments before the paper is forwarded to the PRO- CEEDINGS Office. Signed copies of both referee reports must accompany the manuscript. The member may communicate a paper for which a referee report is unfavorable, but the rea- sons for so doing should be stated.

Because only members or foreign associates are privileged to communicate manuscripts to the PROCEEDINGS, the letter of communication must come from the member. In the let- ter of communication on behalf of a nonmember, the mem- ber should indicate explicitly that the report is particularly novel, of exceptional importance, or of broad interest to

diverse groups of scientists. In addition, if a nonmember is to be billed for page charge ($130 per page), then the mem- ber should identify which author has agreed to pay the charges; otherwise, the Academy member is responsible for the cost of publication. Authors are also billed for the costs of extensive changes made in proof, for color reproductions, and for other special items.

The name and telephone number of the specific author re- sponsible for reviewing the galley proof should be given.

When reference is made to a personal communication, un- published work, or a paper in press that does not involve at least one author of the manuscript sent to the PROCEEDINGS, it is the submitting author's responsibility to furnish a state- ment that authorizes the citation of such material and is signed by one of the persons cited.

No manuscript in any scientific discipline is exempt from these requirements and the requirements for manuscript preparation noted below. Failure to provide all the neces- sary documentation when the manuscript is submitted may delay publication.

Receipt of each manuscript is acknowledged by the PRO- CEEDINGS Office. Academy members or authors should call the PROCEEDINGS Office if they have questions. The tele- phone number is (202) 389-6871. When calling on manu- script-related matters, an author should mention the manu- script number and scheduled month of publication.

Manuscript preparation Format. Manuscripts must be typed legibly on only one

side of each page, on standard paper (not "erasable" or onion skin). All parts must be double-spaced (blank space between lines ?6 mm) and margins should be generous (at least 4 cm, sides, top, and bottom). One ribbon copy is requested for editing; a xerographic copy will be accepted if it is clean. The pages should be numbered.

Length. Articles should be as brief as full documentation allows. They may not exceed five printed pages (approxi- mately 5000 words). (Review articles may be up to eight pages.) The title, key terms, names of authors and their af- filiation(s), and statement of communication or contribution usually occupy space equal to about 250 words. Appropriate allowance must be made for the space occupied by equa- tions, footnotes, references, tables, and figures with their legends. Final size of figures is decided in the PROCEEDINGS Office to make the best use of space; authors' suggestions will be considered (see Illustrations, below). Instructions for calculating the length of a manuscript are available from the PROCEEDINGS Office. However, responsibility for final mea- surements of manuscript length is retained by the PROCEED- INGS Office.

Articles estimated to exceed five pages will be returned for shortening, without further editorial consideration.

Title Page. Provide a title page containing only the follow- ing information:

Classification. Give any one of the sciences named in the titles of the Academy Sections. Additional headings that may be used but that are not Academy Sections are Biophysics and Statistics.

Title. The title should be brief, specific, and rich in in- formative words. Titles usually should not begin with such general words as "The," "A," "Results," "Study," or "Ef- fect. "

Titles should not include phrases in which more than three words modify another word (e.g., "Ambient tempera- ture base-promoted ester hydrolysis" should be written as

iii

This content downloaded from 169.229.32.137 on Thu, 8 May 2014 07:03:20 AMAll use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions

"Base-promoted hydrolysis of esters at ambient tempera- tures ). The PROCEEDINGS does not use numbered serial ti- tles. A serial title followed by a colon and the specific title may be used. If a paper is part of a series, this may be indi- cated by a symbol at the end of the title and a footnote: "This is paper no. 19 in a series. Paper no. 18 is ref. . " The pre- ceding paper must then be included in the list of references.

Key Terms. These terms should be given below the title, enclosed within parentheses, and separated by a slash (/) mark. Up to five terms, composed of words not used in the title, may be included to alert readers and indexers to other subjects in the paper.

Author Affiliation. The department, institution, city, state, and ZIP code or country for each author should be furnished. If there are several authors with different affil- iations, authors should be matched to their respective in- stitutions by means of superscript symbols after the authors' names in this order: *, t, t, ?, ?, II.

If an author has moved since doing the work described, indicate the institution at which the work was done in the primary affiliation listing and use an additional symbol and footnote to indicate the present address.

If reprint requests are to be addressed to an author other than the first one listed, also indicate this with a symbol as noted above and a footnote. The footnote should state: "To whom reprint requests should be addressed."

Abbreviations Footnote. Nonstandard abbreviations that are used five or more times throughout the paper should be listed in this section. The PROCEEDINGS discourages the use of acronyms, and manuscripts will be edited so that abbre- viations are consistent with recommended international no- menclature. Nonstandard abbreviations should be kept to a minimum and should not be used in the title, key terms, or abstract. Introduce nonstandard abbreviations by defining where first mentioned in the text followed by the abbrevia- tion in parentheses. Subsequently, the abbreviation only should be given.

Abstract Page. The second page of every paper must carry only the abstract. The abstract should be no longer than 250 words. It should state the subject and main conclusions of the article in generally intelligible terms. Abbreviations should be avoided unless used more than five times in the abstract. The abstract must be understandable to the reader before he reads the paper, suitable for reproduction without rewriting, and unambiguous without recourse to any other part of the manuscript.

Footnotes in Text. The number of footnotes should be kept to a minimum and they should be indicated in text by use of a symbol. Symbols should be used in the order *, t, t, ?, $, 11, but should not repeat symbols used earlier, partic- ularly those of the title page.

Acknowledgments. All acknowledgments, including those for financial support, should be cited here rather than in footnotes. Acknowledgments to people usually precede those for grant support. Names of grant sources should be spelled out.

References. Cite references in numerical order as they appear in the text. Tables and figures will be inserted in the text where first cited, so references in these sections should be numbered accordingly. Use Arabic numerals separated by commas (except for sequences of three or more when a dash is used between the first and last numeral) and enclose the references in parentheses. References may not be cited in any other order.

Only papers that are either published or in press may be cited in the reference list. Each reference is given a separate number; multiple citations under one numeral are not used. Other citations are either "unpublished data" or "personal

communication" and are shown directly in the text where first mentioned; the former implies that the data are from one or more of the authors, and no attribution by name is permitted. The designation "personal communication" means a source other than an author, and a name or names must be given.

The full citation is given at the end of the manuscript. The PROCEEDINGS requires inclusive pagination. If a reference is an abstract, then this should be noted in the citation, after the page numbers.

Journal articles are cited as follows: 10. Smith, A. B., Jones, C. D. & Robinson, E. F. (1969)

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 64, 191-195. For the correct abbreviations of journal titles, refer to Chem- ical Abstracts Service Source Index (CASSI) and Biblio- graphic Guidefor Editors andAuthors (1974). Both are pub- lished by the American Chemical Society, Washington, DC.

Articles or chapters in books are cited as follows: 11. Jackson, H. E. & Wetzel, K. J. (1976) in Photonuclear

Reactions, eds. Fuller, E. G. & Hayward, E. (Aca- demic, New York), Vol. 2, pp. 646-672.

Authors are responsible for the accuracy of the citations. Tables. Tables should be prepared so that they are self-ex-

planatory. Vertical rules are not used to set columns apart, and horizontal rules are used sparingly. Tables should have a brief title and be numbered with Arabic numerals. Each table should be a separate page and be typed double-spaced throughout. Nonstandard abbreviations should be used sparingly and must be defined in the legend at the bottom of the table, if not defined in the abbreviations section on the title page. Each vertical column requires a heading. Refer- ence to footnotes should be made by means of the symbols *, t,, ?, , 11, in that order. If more than six footnotes are required, then superscript lower-case letters should be used. For use of powers of 10, see section below.

Illustrations. Either original drawings or high-quality photographs are needed. Xerographic copies of illustrations are not acceptable. When illustrations are reduced for pub- lication, they should (i) fit into a one-column (83 mm) or two- column (175 mm) width and (ii) have letters no smaller than 1.5 mm in height. All illustrations should be identified on the reverse side by marking with a soft pencil. Where nec- essary, the orientation for the illustration should be indicated by an arrow and the word "top. " Legends for the illustrations should be typed double-spaced, in numerical order, on a separate page.

Line drawings should be marked with index lines and la- beled with scales on the x- and y-axes. Scales that involve large or small numbers should use numbers multiplied by powers of 10. The PROCEEDINGS uses the following conven- tion: 3000 cpm is represented as 3 and the axis is labeled cpm X 10-3. For maximal clarity, use both separate symbols and various lines (solid, broken, etc.). Keys to symbols and lines should be included in the legend, not on the figure. It is par- ticularly important that nomenclature, abbreviations, and units used in figures agree precisely with those used in the text of the paper. Do not mount illustrations unless a com- posite figure is required. A composite figure carries a single figure number; the individual parts may be identified by let- ters. Indicate the magnification of photomicrographs in the legend or include a bar in the figure to indicate the scale (or both).

Abbreviations and Symbols. The PROCEEDINCS distin- guishes between standard and nonstandard abbreviations. Standard abbreviations for certain substances and for units of measure do not need to be defined. Most other abbrevia- tions are considered to be nonstandlard, should be kept to a minimum, and must be spelled out on first usage. Nonstand-

iv

This content downloaded from 169.229.32.137 on Thu, 8 May 2014 07:03:20 AMAll use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions

Some Standard Abbreviations

absorbance A acetyl Ac almost everywhere a.e. alternating current ac atomic weight at.wt. audiofrequency af before present B. P. benzoyl Bz body-centered-cubic bcc Bohr magneton BM boiling point bp butyl (n-butyl, sec-butyl, Bu (n-Bu, sec-Bu,

isobutyl, tert-butyl) i-Bu, tert-Bu) center of mass C.M. chemically pure CP circular dichroism CD constant const diameter inside, diam i.d.

outside o.d. direct current dc electromotive force emf electron paramagnetic resonance EPR electron spin resonance ESR equivalent weight equiv. wt. ethyl Et

face-centered-cubic fcc freezing point fp hexagonal-close-packed hcp high frequency hf hyperfine structure hfs if and only if iff infrared IR limit lim linear combination of

atomic orbitals LCAO melting point mp methyl Me molecular orbital MO nuclear magnetic resonance NMR phenyl Ph propyl (isopropyl, cyclopropyl) Pr (i-Pr, c-Pr) protonmotive force pmf quantum electrodynamics QED radiofrequency rf respectively resp (mathematics only) room temperature RT root-mean-square rms standard temperature and pressure STP ultrahigh frequency UHF ultraviolet UV

ard abbreviations should be used only for terms mentioned five or more times in the paper (see Title Page), should be unambiguous, and should not simply be acronyms. Both standard and nonstandard abbreviations should also conform to international standards. Authors should refer to: IUPAC Manual of Symbols and Terminology for Physicochemical Quantities and Units (1970) (Butterworths, London); Na- tional Bureau of Standards Special Publication 330 (1977) (United States Government Printing Office); or Pure and Applied Chemistry (1970) 21, 3-44.

Nomenclature. International standards on nomenclature should be used. The following guides are recommended:

Mathematics. A Manualfor Authors of Mathematical Pa-

pers (1970). American Mathematical Society, 321 South Main Street, P.O. Box 6248, Providence, RI 02904.

Provide a list of special characters used in the paper for the printer, and identify Greek, Hebrew, or script letters in the margin at the line where they first appear.

Physics. Style Manualfor Guidance in the Preparation of Papers Published by the American Institute of Physics (1973). American Institute of Physics, 335 East 45th Street, New York, NY 10017.

Chemistry. Handbook for Authors of Papers in the Jour- nals of the American Chemical Society (1978). American Chemical Society Publications, 1155 16th Street, N.W., Washington, DC 20036.

v

This content downloaded from 169.229.32.137 on Thu, 8 May 2014 07:03:20 AMAll use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions

Abbreviations for Units of Measurement and of Physical and Chemical Quantities

Prefixes to the Names of Units exa 1018 E deci 10-, d peta l0'5 p centi 10-2 c tera lo2 T milli 10-3 m giga 109 G micro 10-6 IL mega 106 M nano 10-9 n kilo 103 k pico 1o- 12 p

femto lo-15 f atto lo-18 a

Units of Concentration molar (mol/liter) M parts per million ppm

Units of Length meter m micrometer (not micron) ,um (not ,u) nanometer nm (not m,u) angstrom (0.1 nm) A

Units of Volume* milliliter ml microliter ,u (not A)

Units of Mass gram g microgram jig (not y)

Units of Time hour hr year yr minute min month mo second s, sec week wk

Units of Electricity ampere (milliampere) A (mA) ohm Q siemens (mho) S volt v

Units of Energy and Work joule J calorie cal

Units of Temperature degree Celsius ?C thermodynamic temperature (kelvin) K

Units of Radioactivity counts per minute cpm curie(s) Cit disintegrations per minute dpm

Miscellaneous Units candela cd cycles per second (hertz) Hz lumen lm lux lx pascal (newton/meter2) Pa revolutions per minute rpm Svedberg unit of sedimentation

coefficient (10O'3 s) S

Physical and Chemical Quantities retardation factor RF acceleration of gravity g partial specific volume v sedimentation coefficient s equilibrium constant K molecular weight Mr rate constant k

Other Words standard deviation of series SD standard error of mean SEM probability P

The PROCEEDINGS uses units that are part of the Systeme International (SI). When such units are not used, the SI equivalent should be given in parentheses where first mentioned. * Liter should not be abbreviated unless used with a prefix. t In SI, 1 Ci = 3.7 x 1010 becquerels (Bq); therefore, 1 Bq = 60 dpm.

vi

This content downloaded from 169.229.32.137 on Thu, 8 May 2014 07:03:20 AMAll use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions