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8/11/2019 PART 16-Elec Buk(Final)
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8/11/2019 PART 16-Elec Buk(Final)
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1()2 Computers
II. CLASSI*ICATIONS
1. Accordng to De+gn
a. ,enera# P-ro+e Performs variety of operations
%ersatile enough to process diversified tass
/. Seca# P-ro+e Performs specific operations
E6ample is .utomatic $ire .lignment
2. Accordng to A#caton a. Scent0c
1mall volumes of data
Performs comple6 calculations using sophisticated formulas
/. -+ne++ 7arge volumes of date and involve simpler calculations
3. Accordng to +e a. Mcroco-ter+
3ften referred to as 2personal computers4
"ormally used by one person at a time #an be used independently or as terminal device
Te+
D e + 5 t o .
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L a . t o . c o 3 . - t e r
T o " e r C a + e
8/11/2019 PART 16-Elec Buk(Final)
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Computers 1(- 3
/. Mnco-ter+ May refer to 7." server
'idely used in retail businesses
1upports 0 to /8 computers
c. Man0rae Co-ter+ #apable of processing data at very high speeds-millions of instructions per
second and have an access to billions of characters Principal use is for processing vast amounts of data quicly
5sually used as a server for ban9s .$M
M a n * r a 3 e C o 3 . - t e r
d. S-erco-ter+ 7argest and most po!erful computer
Process billions of instructions per seconds
Its customers may involve agencies in the federal government
:equire for mammoth data manipulation of !orld!ide !eather forecasting and
!eapons research $ypically house in special rooms
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1()4 Computers
III. PARTS o0 t6e COMPUTER SYSTEM
1. 7ARD8ARE Physical components that mae up the computer system
a. In-t De!ce+ Interface or group of devices !here people tal to the computer
9e/oard $he eys on the computer eyboard are arranged in much the same !ay as
those on the type!riter
Mo-+e &evice that loos lie a little bit lie a mouse
$hose !ith ball inside is rolled on a flat surface usually the des on !hich the
computer sits !ith the rolling movement causes a corresponding movement onthe screen through the pointer or cursor
Scanner &evice that uses a light source to read te6t and images directly to the computer
1. Flatbed 7oos and behave lie a photocopier
;ou lay the item to be scanned on a glass plate and the scanning head passes
belo! the glass2. Sheetfed 7oos and acts lie a fa6 machine
$he page or item is fed into the machined scanned, then spit out on the other
end3. Hand 7o! cost alternative
Manual device you move over a flat surface <ust as you do !ith your P#9s
mouse
ar Code Reader &evice that uses a laser beam or reflected light to read special letters, numbers
or symbols of 5niversal Product #odes(5P#) and other type of bar codes
To-c6 Screen+
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Computers 1(- :
Input directly from the source !ith human simply point to a selection in the
screen
/. O-t-t De!ce+ &evice that give out information coming from the computer
&evices !here computer interacts !ith the user
Montor;Screen Indispensable output device similar to a television
#:$ screen uses a technology called raster-scan technology
#omputer display screen that can be used for graphics is divided into dots
called addressable because they can be addressed individually by the graphics
soft!are #olor screen standards include C,A (color graphics adapter) !ith 08 6 088
pi6els, sharper E,A (enhanced graphics adapter !ith =8 6 /8 pi6els V,A(%ideo >raphics .rray) has =8 6 ?8 pi6els and SV,A (1uper %>.) offers ?886 =88 pi6els
Prnter+ &evice that produces printed paper output, no!n in the computer industry as
hard copy because it is tangible and permanent
1. Impact Printer 5se some sort of physical contact !ith the paper to produce an image,
physically striing paper, ribbon and print hammer together Dot atr< is an e6ample !hich uses print head to strie an ined ribbon
against paper lie a type!riter creating characters out of series of dots High quality impact printers print only one character at a time
2. Non –Impact Printers Places an image !ithout physically touching the page
La+er Prnter+ use light beam to help transfer images to paper producing
e6tremely high quality results and also it combines a magnetic roller !ithpo!dered in called toner to transfer high quality characters or image onto thepapers
In5)=et Prnter+ by spraying in from the multiple <et no@@les can print blac
and !hite and several different colors of in to produce e6cellent graphics
Ot6er+ Include speaers and other peripherals
c. Centra# Proce++ng Unt >CPU? #ontrol center that converts data input to information output
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1()( Computers
Highly comple6, e6tensive sets of electronic circuitry that e6ecutes stored
program instructions #ommunicates !ith the InputA3utput devices and storage devices lie the
primary and the secondary storage . microprocessor on a chip is called #ogc c6 Main parts includes the #ontrol 5nit and the .rithmetic 7ogic 5nit
C P U C 7 I P
T O P 1 o t t o 3 > . n + ?
Contro# Unt #ontains circuitry that uses electrical signals to direct the entire computer
system to carry out, or e6ecute, stored program instructions #ommunicate !ith both the .rithmetic logic unit and the memory
Art6etc Logc Unt >ALU? #ontains circuitry that e6ecutes arithmetic and logical operations Mathematically, it can perform addition, subtraction, multiplication and division
7ogically, it is use in comparison
$he computer can tae an action based on the result of the comparison
7o" CPU E<ec-te+ Progra In+tr-cton+@
* $he control unit fetches (gets) the instruction from memory0 $he control unit decodes the instruction (decides !hat it means) and directsthe necessary data be moved from memory to .75 $hese first 0 steps are calledinstruction time, I-time $he .75 e6ecutes the arithmetic or logical instruction .75 stores the result of this operation in memory or in a register1tep and are called e6ecution time, E-time
d. Meor Part of the computer that holds data and instructions for processing
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Computers 1(-
Read On# Meor >ROM?
Permanent memory 1tores some operating system soft!are of the computer
1. Basic Input Output Sstem !BIOS" 3nly soft!are built in to the computer system
Provides control to all devices that require services of microprocessors
2. #omplementar $etal O%ide Semiconductor !#$OS" 'here the various parameters needed by the BI31 to perform its tased are
permanently saved3. #hipset Enables a set of instructions so the #P5 can communicate !ith other parts of
the motherboard
Rando Acce++ Meor >RAM? 'oring storage of the computer system
%olatile memory
Cac6e :elatively small amount of very fast memory that stores data and instructions
that are used frequently resulting in an improved processing speed
e. M+ce##aneo-+ Part+
Mot6er/oard $he main board of the computer
Manage all transactions of data bet!een #P5 and peripherals Houses the #P5 and the second level cache, the chipset, the BI31, main
memory, IA3 chips, ports for the eyboard, serial IA3, parallel IA3, diss andplug-in cards
Po"er S-# #onvert high voltage .# to a lo!er &# voltage to po!er up the computer9s
electronic components C/ % supplies electronic circuits on motherboards, adaptor cards and peripheral
devices C*0% is used mainly to po!er motors of dis device systems such as hard dis,
#&-:3M and floppy dis drive
Mode+ .llo!s transfer of data over standard telephone !ires !ith other computer
users
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1()B Computers
P O R T C O N N E C T I O N S
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Computers 1(-
2. SO*T8ARE :efers to all programs !hich can assist users of a particular type of computer
to mae the best use of their machines
a. Re#ated Terno#oge+
Progra &etailed list of steps or instructions !hich must be follo!ed to accomplish a
certain tas
ranc6ng .llo!s us to !rite one program that can do different things at different times
De/-ggng :unning the program to detect, locate and correct mistaes (logic errors)
De+5 C6ec5ng Mental checing or proofreading of the program before it is run
*#o"c6art Pictorial representation of the step by step solution or diagrammatic
representation of sequence of events
Loo . section of a program repeat over and over again
Strag6t Lne Progra . program in !hich each step is follo!ed by the ne6t !ithout any alternate
routes or paths
S-/ro-tne
. portion of the program !hich is called upon to perform a specific tas 'hen the tas is finished, the main part of the program is returned to
8a#5t6ro-g6
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1()1 Computers
Process in !hich a group of programmers-your peers revie! the program and
offers suggestions in a collegial !ay
/. Prograng Lang-age+ 1et of rules for instructing the computer !hat operations to perform
Mac6ne Lang-age 7o!est level of programming language
:epresents data as *9s and 89s
A++e/# Lang-age 5se letters as mnemonic codes to replace the *9s and 89s of machine language
.ssembler program translate the assembly language into the machine
language
7g6 Le!e# Lang-age+ 5se advance commands
'ritten in English lie manner
. compiler converts high level into machine language
1. FO&'&(N Dormula $ranslation
$he first high level language introduced by IBM in *+/
&esign to e6ecute comple6 formulas
2. #OBO) #ommon Business 3riented 7anguage
Introduced in *+/+ by #3&.1;7
It has four divisions identification, environment, data and procedure
3. B(SI# Beginner9s .ll Purpose 1ymbolic Instruction #ode
Introduced in *+=/ by &art-mouth
&esigned to be easy for non professional programmers to learn and use
*. Pascal "amed after Drench mathematician Blaise Pascal
&eveloped by "iclaus 'irth
&esign to encourage the programmer to adhere to !hat is consider as 2
correct4 programming practice+. (,( #ountess .da 7ovelace
Introduced in *+?8 as standard language for !eapon systems-. # Invented at Bell 7abs
3ffers high level language features such as structured programming
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Computers 1(- 11
Efficient as assembly language
Ver 7g6 Le!e# Lang-age Dourth generation language
"on procedural because it defines only !hat the computer should do
Fuery language is used to retrieve data from databases
*0t6 ,eneraton Lang-age+ "atural language because they resemble natural human language
Gno!ledge based system
c. So0t"are Entrerene-r+
Ste!e =o/+ #urrently the #E3 of .pple computers
Dormed .pple #omputer together !ith 1teve 'o@nia
.pple introduced increasingly po!erful line of computers !hich is current
popular as Macintosh 7ost control of .pple #omputer in *+?= but !ent out and started "e$
#omputer, Inc
## ,ate+ $he !orld9s richest man
$oo a la! degree in *+ in Harvard
$ogether !ith his friend Paul .llen, they dreamed of personal computers thatdoes not e6ist yet
$hey !rote soft!are to MI$1 and they eep the rights to their !ors and formed
their o!n company called Microsoft Microsoft at first has employed 0 people
>ates purchased an operating system !hich he and his cre! re!ored to
produce M1-&31 J Microsoft &is 3perating 1ystem M1 J &31 sent Microsoft to its meteoric rise
Mtc6 9aor Drom dis <ocey to a piano teacher to counselor to programmer
In *+?, he introduced a soft!are pacaged called 7otus *-0-
7otus added the term integrated pacage that describes the soft!are identity as
a combination of spreadsheet, graphics, database program
IV. *ILE OR,ANIATION and PROCESSIN,
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1()12 Computers
1. *ILE OR,ANIATION
a. SeF-enta# *#e Proce++ng :ecords are in order according to a ey field
If a particular record in a sequential file is !anted , then all the prior records o
the file must be read before reaching the desired record
/. Drect *#e Proce++ng &irect access
.llo!s the computer to go directly to the desired record by using a record ey
:equires a device called &irect .ccess 1torage &evice
7a+6ng or randong is the name given to the process of applying a
formula to a ey to yield a number that represents the address
c. Inde<ed *#e Proce++ng 1tores record in the file in sequential order but the file contains an inde6 of eys
2. *ILE PROCESSIN,
a. atc6 Proce++ng $echnique in !hich transactions are collected in groups or batches to be
processed at the time !here the computer has fe! online users . master file is a semi permanent set of records
. transaction file contains all the changes made to the master file
/. Tran+acton Proce++ng $echnique of processing in any order they occur
Rea# Te Proce++ng means the transaction is processed fast enough for the
result to come bac an be acted upon right a!ay On Lne Proce++ng means that the terminals must be connected directly to
the computer
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Computers 1(- 13
TEST YOURSEL* 16 Re!e" G-e+ton+
* 1tep by step instructions that runs the computer areKKKKKKKKa hard!areb #P5c documentsd programs
An+"er d programs
0 &estop and personal computers are other names ofLa microcomputersb minicomputersc mainframesd peripheral equipment
An+"er a minicomputers
$he ra! material hat is to be processed by the computer is calledKKKKKa programb soft!arec datad information
An+"er c data
. bar code reader is an e6ample of a processing deviceb input devicec output device
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Computers 1(- 1:
** 'hich is not a computer classification
a ma6icomputer b microcomputer c minicomputer d mainframe
An+"er a ma6icomputer
*0 'hen all access and processing is done in one location, a computer system is said to beLa net!oredb centrali@edc distributedd lined
An+"er b centrali@ed
* .n input device that translates motion of a ball rolled on a flat surface to the screen is theLa !and reader b bar code reader c eyboardd mouse
An+"er d mouse
* $he most po!erful computers are theKKKKKKKKKa superinisb supermainframesc supermicros
d supercomputers
An+"er d supercomputers
*/ 7aser beam technology is used forKKKKKKKa terminalsb optical disc eyboardsd magnetic tape
An+"er b optical dis
*= $his is a small amount of very fast memory deigned for the specific purpose of speeding up theinternal transfer of data and soft!are instructions
a baes
b cachec flashd stane
An+"er b cache
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1()1( Computers
* $he comple6 set of electrical circuitry that e6ecutes program instructions is called theL
a register b accumulator c central processing unitd bus line
An+"er c central processing unit
*? . bus line consist ofKKKKKKKa registersb parallel data pathsc accumulatorsd arithmetic operators
An+"er b parallel data paths
*+ $he primary storage units are also no!n asLa storage registersb mass storagec accumulatorsd memory
An+"er d memory
08 &ata and instructions are put into primary storage byLa memoryb secondary storagec the control unitd the .75
An+"er c the control unit
0* :egisters that collect the results of computations areKKKKKKKKa general purposeb storage registersc main storaged accumulators
An+"er d accumulators
00 &uring E-time, the .75KKKKKKKa e6amines the instructionb e6ecutes the instructionc enters the instructionsd elicits the instructions
An+"er b e6ecutes the instruction
0 'hen the control unit directs the .75 to perform an operation on the data, the machine cycle isinvolved I itsKKKKKKK
a first step
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Computers 1(- 1
b second step
c third stepd fourth step
An+"er c third step
0 #omputer operations are synchroni@ed byLa the #P5 clocb the binary systemc the octal systemd E-time
An+"er a the #P5 cloc
0/ 'hat is a logic chipa P:3M
b microprocessor c memoryd :3M
An+"er b microprocessor 0= &ata is represented o a computer by means of a t!o-state onAoff system calledKKKKKKK
a a !ordb a bytec the binary systemd :.M
An+"er c the binary system
0 Memory capacity may be e6pressed inKKKKKKKa microsecondsb bitsc ilobytesd cycles
An+"er c ilobytes
0? . type of computer that is faster because it has fe!er instructionsLa symbolicb .1#II-?c :I1#d :3M burner
An+"er c :I1#
0+ .n emerging technology that provides non-volatile memory chips isL
a flash memoryb #M31c P:3Md #I1#
An+"er a flash memory
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1()1B Computers
8 $he data coding scheme that is .merican 1tandard isL
a .1#IIb 1IMMc GBd gigabyte
An+"er a .1#II
* .n organic chip is called a KKKKKKa storage chipb microchipc biochipd silicon chip
An+"er c biochip
0 Entering data into the system as a by product of the activity that generates the data is calledLa source data automationb discrete !ord systemc #.&A#.Md MI#: entry
An+"er a source data automation
$he rate of screen refreshment is calledKKKKKKKKa pi6el speedb bit-map speedc raster rated scan rate
An+"er d scan rate
Imaging uses !hat device to input dataa scanner b bar code reader c icond tablet
An+"er a scanner
/ . printer that forms characters from a series of dots is calledKKKKKKKa dot matri6b MI#:c scanner d plotter
An+"er a dot matri6
= $he density of data stored on magnetic tape is e6pressed asLa units per inchb tracs per inch
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Computers 1(- 1
c pacs per inch
d bytes per inch
An+"er d bytes per inch
.ssigning more sectors to outer dis tracs is calledLa @one recordingb data transfer c randomi@ingd sectoring
An+"er a @one recording
? $he ability to return a changed dis record to its original location is calledLa magneto opticalb multimedia
c rotational delayd updating in place
An+"er d updating in place+ Processing transactions in groups is calledL
a data transfer b transaction processingc head s!itchingd batch processing
An+"er d batch processing
8 Hashing to get an address is the process of applying formula to aKKKKKKKa eyb file
c recordd character
An+"er a ey
* $he time required for the access arm get into position over a particular trac isKKKKKKKa rotational delayb see timec data transfer d head s!itching
An+"er b see time
0 $he speed !ith !hich a dis can find data being sought is calledLa access timeb direct timec data transfer timed cylinder time
An+"er a access time
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1()2 Computers
. !ay of physically organi@ing data on a dis pac to minimi@e see time usesKKKKKKKK
a sequential fileb the cylinder methodc removable hard dis cartridged 'inchester technology
An+"er b the cylinder method
#entrali@ed processing but !ith the access from terminals is no!n asa teleprocessing systemb telecommutingc ring net!ord dial up system
An+"er a teleprocessing system
/ $he presence of both data and its related instructions in an ob<ect isKKKKKa #CCb orientationc encapsulationd inheritance
An+"er c encapsulation
= &uring the development of a program, dra!ing a flo! chart is a means toLa plan the solutionb define the problemc code the programd define the problem
An+"er a plan the solution
$he process of detecting, locating and correcting logic errors is calleda des checingb debuggingc translatingd documenting
An+"er b debugging
? $he ability of an ob<ect to interpret a message using its o!n method is calledKKKKKKa polymorphismb inheritance
c encapsulationd messaging
An+"er a polymorphism
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Computers 1(- 21
+ $he lo!est level of programming language is theKKKKKKKK
a non procedural languageb B.1I#c assembly languaged machine language
An+"er d machine language
/8 $he language 1malltal isKKKKKKKKKa procedural orientedb problem orientedNc document orientedd ob<ect oriented
An+"er d ob<ect oriented
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