Part 2

Italian scholars turned to classical Greek and Roman

literature to study grammar, history, poetry, and rhetoric.

The studies are called the humanities, and the people

who specialized in them were humanists.Critical approach to

learning and scholarship. Looked for most authentic manuscripts!!!!

Humanists• Displayed a critical approach to learning—that

is, they sought to verify through investigation. Example: most authentic manuscripts

• As they studied classical manuscripts—they came to believe that it was important to understand how things worked.

• Huge emphasis on education.• Involved in practical affairs, such as supporting

the arts.

• NOTE: most humanists were Catholics who remained committed to Christian teachings—they sometimes felt a tension between their studies and their religion.

The First Printing Press• • •In 1041, movable clay type was first invented in China.• Johannes Gutenberg invented the printing press with replaceable/moveable wooden or metal letters in 1436 (completed by 1440). • This method of printing can be credited not only for a revolution in the production of books, but also for fostering rapid development in the sciences, arts and religion through the transmission of texts.•Show video

Falling in love at first sight, Petrarch would be haunted by her beauty for the rest of his life.

Francesco Petrarch (1304-1374)

Laura

Studied the classical writers.The study of ancient Greek and Roman literature came to be called classical education.He thought in important to lead a full and active life here on For her he perfected the sonnet and wrote the Canzoniere. (366 Poems) some of the greatest love poems in literature

DanteBorn in Florence, Italy (1265-1321)PoetCalled the “Father of the Italian Language”The Divine Comedy—his greatest work

An imaginary journey through the three realms where a Christian soul might go after death.

Dante placed his friends and supporters in heaven and his political enemies in hell. He used his descriptive narrative to point out the faults that he saw in Italian society.

Erasmus ( 1466-1536)

• Most influential humanist of northern Europe

• Learned the ideas of the Italian humanist from printed books

• Unlike Italian humanist, he was interested in the early Christian period as well as early Greek and Roman culture.

• Believed the ideas of Christianity and of the classical civilization could be harmonized.• Used critical method of the Italian humanists to

study the Bible• Criticized the church’s lack of spirituality

(Christian faith more complicated and ceremonial)

• His most famous book was entitled The Praise of Folly

• German monk and theologian Martin Luther challenged Catholicism

• Luther attacked the

sale of indulgences, certificates sold to the faithful and intended to limit the time the dead spent in purgatory.

• Luther gave the radical notion that the individual could communicate directly with God and seek his or her own salvation, without the intermediating authority of the church or priests

The Reformation

Reformation Started in Germany

Formed the core of the Holy Roman Empire but was made up of 300 independent states

Pope Leo X, rebuilding St. Peter’s Basilica in Rome. He needed money—sold indulgences, or pardons from punishment for sin.Misuse of indulgences outraged northern humanists. (vid)

Causes of the ReformationHumanists believed:

Church more interested in money than saving souls

Popes acted as political leaders instead of setting an example of moral leadership

Some priests engaged in vice (immoral conduct; depraved or degrading behavior) and misconduct instead of encouraging spiritual and moral behavior.

The Printing

PressLuther took advantage of the printing

press to spread his

ideas.

EXCOMMUNICATEDBY THE POPE

Luther’s works and ideas continued to spread.

He eventually established a new church—Lutheran Church

Luther’s belief in the “priesthood of all believers”

Luther’s ministers were less important that Catholic priests

Luther believed Christians were capable of interpreting and understanding scripture for themselves. (vid)

1450 –Johannes Gutenberg of Mainz, Germany• First European to use movable type to print

books• Used his printing press to print copies of the

Bible

By 1475—printing presses operated in England, France, Germany, Italy, and several other European nations.

The books that these printing presses produced helped spread new humanist ideas to a large audience.

The Gutenberg Bible

John Calvin (1509-1564)

He founded a Protestant church in Switzerland

1536—The Institutes of the Christian Religion—it explained what the faithful should believe on every major religious questions

His followers—called CalvinistsEmphasized predestination—the

idea that at the beginning of time God had decided who would be save

“The Elect”—those who were predestined—or chosen beforehand—for salvation

Expected to follow the highest moral standards—completely dedicated to God’s wishes.

Moved to Geneva

Calvinism becomes the official religion

Geneva became a theocracy

Calvinist churches established in Europe

Henry VIII (ki England)

The English Reformation He caused the break between England

and the Roman Catholic ChurchHe wanted to divorce his wife,

Catherine of Aragon—unhappy because she had not given him a son to succeed him. (Had a daughter, Mary)

He wanted to marry Ann Boleyn

Pope Clement VII would not permit the divorce

Henry VIII created the Church of England, with the king as the head (instead of the Pope)

Also known as the Anglican Church—kept the organization and ceremonies of the Catholic Church

Adopted some Protestant doctrines Granted Henry VII a divorce. (He

married six times!!!) Henry video

King

The Girlfriend

The Wife

The Counter Reformation or The Catholic Reformation

Council of Trent (1545)

Defined the official church position on the matters of doctrine

Attempt to return the church to an emphasis on spiritual matters.

Campaign to stop the spread of Protestantism.