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PhD project: Spatial Expansion of the Oil Amazon Frontier and Environmental
Conflicts in Ecuador
Università degli Studi di PadovaUniversità degli Studi di PadovaScuola di Dottorato in Scienze Storiche
PhD Student: Eugenio Pappalardo Supervisor: Dr. Massimo de MarchiDipartimento di Geografia “G. Morandini”
Indirizzo “Geografia Umana e Geografia Fisica
Research Path
• investigating the human-environment interaction within the MTF biome in the Ecuadorean Amazon in f(t) and f(s) • mapping the modernizing processes for substution of land cover• investigating the environmental conflicts (multi-actor, multi-scale)• evaluating the biodiversity conservation and local development projects
• bibliographic and cartographic research• quantitative and qualitative research on the field• GIS and Remote Sensing analysis• ground truth
• environments of conflicts• cases study
General Objectives
Territorialization processes for substitution of land cover
The Amazon Basin
deforestation rate: 2 milioni ha/year (Myers, 2004)
hydrographic basin: 7 million km2
flow rate: 100-300.000 m3/srainfall: 2000-4000 mm/year
Hydrographic network
Amazon Basin: high density networkEnvironmental System
Dep. of Geography, University of Padova - Eugenio Dep. of Geography, University of Padova - Eugenio
Pappalardo, PhD studentPappalardo, PhD student
TERRITORIALIZATION PROCESSES IN AMAZON
Modernizing territorializations:
- Exploitation of hydrocarbon reserves
- Large scale agriculture activities
- (il)legal wood extraction activities
Based on terrestrial communication infrastructures
Local territorializations:- traditional agriculture activities- community based ecosystem managementBased on hydrografic basins
External actors
Internal actors
(NASA, World Wind software)
Geographical framework and study site
- one of 17 Countries with the biggest biological diversity (WCMC, UNEP, 2004)
- the biggest species number of vertebrate on 1000 Km2 (IUCN, 2001)
- the biggest number of endemic species endemiche su 1000 Km2
- 25.000 species of vascular plants. 75% native species and 27.3% di endemism(IUCN, 2001)
- between the first Countries for absolute number of species of amphibian, birds e butterflies
Biodiversity Biodiversity HotspotsHotspots (Myers, (Myers,
2000): 2000): - West Ecuador - Tropical Andes
Megadiverse CountryMegadiverse Country (Myers, 2000) (Myers, 2000)
Geographical and territorial framework
Area: 256.370 Km2
• 52.5% indigenous people• 40% metice• 8% afro and creols
indigenous communities• Quichua• Siona/Secoya• Cofàn• Wuaorani• Shuar• Achuar
Population:12.5 millions (INAC, 2006)
•Local communities
•Oil blocks
•Protected areas
•Indigenous reserve
•Untouchble zone
study site
Biodiversity conservation and sustainable development
Biodiversity Hotspots (WCMC, Myers, 2000)
Classification System: protected areas categories IUCNClassification System: protected areas categories IUCN
CITES, RAMSAR, CONVENTION ON MIGRATORY SPECIESCITES, RAMSAR, CONVENTION ON MIGRATORY SPECIES
Biosphere Reserve (MAB, UNESCO)Biosphere Reserve (MAB, UNESCO)
ZoningZoning
Species Species dispersion and dispersion and genetic fluxgenetic flux
(Primack, 2004)
CONVENTION ON BIOLOGICAL DIVERSITY (Rio, 1992)
open system
MAB (UNESCO, 1971): RISERVE DELLA BIOSFERA
Integrating the fieldwork research of Natural Sciences with Social Sciences
Compatibility models between ecosystem protection and sustainable development projectBenefit to local community
The Auca Road
• road extension (1985-1986): from 1830 to 7250 (400% rate)
• every linear km = 120 ha
deforestation
One of the 14 bigger deforestation front at global level (Myers, 2000)
(Sierra, 2006)
AR
EA
DI
ST
UD
IO Ecuadorean Amazon Region
MATERIAL AND METHODS
Vasca di raccolta idrocarburi (San Carlos, 2010)
Pompa d’estrazione, rilievo GPS (Via Pindo, 2010)Sversamento petrolio, (Dayuma, 2009)
MS Channel, QuickBird, 2003)
Espansione spazionale
Extractive Industry (not renewable)
driveropening road (deforestation)
landcover change
Territorial dynamicsOverlapping of different territories (different projects)Confrontation of different model of developmentWater logics vs terrestrial logics (Bertoncin)
agrarian colonization(non traditional activity)(colonos, agroindustry)Oil infrastructures
landuse change
opening road (deforestazione)
use of territory • petroleum colonization
• agrarian colonization
Parallel processes in f(t)
Convergence processes in f(s)
Footprint of territorial processes of substitution of land cover
territorial macro-models
Territorialization for “sampling”Territorialization for substitution
Cartographic and bibliography investigation
• Scientific and sector letterature• Gray letterature• Conference, seminars, workshop
• IGM cartography• satellite images• thematic cartography
Materiali e metodi
• Quantitative and qualitative information (spatially explicit)
• Georeferenced photos
• Georeferenced interviews
San Carlos, attività di campo 12/01/2008
ParticipatoryGIS (PGIS)
• acquisition of cartography on the field• participation in the GPS survey• sharing of all the geographical information• participative ground truth
• participatory approach in collecting, processing and managing data• access to geodata and technology• social learning • community empowerment• conflict management(Rambaldi, 2004; Chambers, 2006)
“Truckble”
GIS ANALYSIS Km lineari
Totale km percorsi 1980
Tracciati MAE (2009) 280
Tracciati GPS survey 381
Differenza 101
Rilievo GPS:• paved roads: 55%
• unpaved roads: 30%
• viable roads: 15%
FIR
ST
RE
SU
LT
– G
IS A
NA
LY
SIS
PR
IMI
RIS
UL
TA
TI
– A
NA
LIS
I G
IS• PNY limits• buffer zone• land ownerships
Local actor: colonosStatal actor: GMO, INDA
Local actor: wuaorani Statal actor: MAE (PRAS)
indigenous reserveuntouchble zoneoil productionillegal wood extraction
PR
IMI
RIS
UL
TA
TI
– A
NA
LIS
I G
ISBiosfera Yasuni: conservation and conflicts
• acquisizione sul campo carta catastale INDA• rilievo GPS: limiti del PNY • interviste semistrutturate comunità Nueva Esperanza •operazioni di georeferenziazione• analisi GIS
Rilievo GPSM
AT
ER
IAL
I E
ME
TO
DI
GPS device: garmin e-trex error: 4-6 mt su strade (90%)
10-15 mt sotto land cover (10%)
Mezzi di trasporto:
• risoluzione spaziale più fine• agilità e praticità• evoluzione spaziale
canoa
moto enduro
• comunità indigene autoctone (Quechua, Wuaorani)• accesso alla RBY
missioni sul campo1. missione (Ecuador, febbraio, 2010):• esplorazione ed organizzazione logistica• indagine bibliografica (FLACSO, Università)• indagine cartografica (IGM, MAE)• definizione area di studio (frontiera, aree degradate, ambienti di conflitto) • mappatura attori• attivazione contatti
2. 2. missione (Ecuador, aprile, 2010)• logistica e accessibilità sul campo• attività di campo (El Coca, Via Auca)• indagini qualitative
3. missione (Ecuador, luglio-agosto 2010)• indagini quantitative e qualitative: espansione della frontiera agricolo-petrolifera• attività di campo: rilievo GPS, ground truth, interviste semistrutturate, osservazione partecipante• analisi GIS sul terreno
4. missione (Messico, dicembre 2010)• Conference of Party (COP16) on Climate Change• interviste a organizzazioni indigene e contadine (CONAIE, Via Campesina, ONIC)
Mercato indigeno, barbecue di gusanos (El Coca, settembre 2010)
thanks for paying attention