Part of Speech

Expert English Course Speaking / Grammar Program

LANGUAGEBahasa

Def. Suatu system yang digunakan untuk menyampaikan informasi.Fungsi Sebagai alat komunikasi

Components of Language1. Phoneme 4. Phrase2. Morpheme 5. Clauses3. Word 6. Sentence

EXPLANATION1. Phoneme / huruf / abjad / letter

Def: Bagian yang terkecil dari Bahasa dan tidak bermakna.E.g. A, B, C, D, E, F . . .

2. Morpheme / kata dasar dan imbuhanKinds:

1. Free morpheme (FM)Morpheme yang bebasDapat berdiri sendiriBerpotensi membentuk kata dasar (root word)

2. Bond morpheme (BM)Morpheme yang terikatTidak dapat berdiri sendiriBerpotensi membentuk imbuhan (affix)

AffixPrefix (awalan)Suffix (akhiran)

e.g. ke- sedih-an sadness Bm Fm Bm Fm Bm

(Prefix) (Suffix) (Suffix)

Beautiful-ly Work-ing Fm Bm (suffix) Fm Bm (suffix)

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Study-ing Im-polite Fm Bm (suffix) (prefix)Bm Fm

3. Worddef. Bagian terkecil dari bahasa dan memiliki makna serta berkelas kataE.g.

Kata benda (noun) Chair (kursi)Kata sifat (adjective) Angry (Marah) etc. . . .

4. Phrasedef. rangkaian kata yang bermakna, tetapi tidak berpola S + P tetapi

Polanya:

Head berupa Noun (kata benda)

e.g.Buku tua sangat baik mobil merah

H M M H H M

Old book very kind red car M H M H M H

5. Clause (klausa)def. Rangkaian kata yang bermakna, berpola S + V yang membentuk

kalimat atau membentuk bagian dari kalimat.

Kind:Main Clause (induk kalimat)Dapat berdiri sendiriBerpotensi membentuk kalimatPola:

Sub Clause (anak kalimat)Tidak dapat berdiri sendiriTidak berpotensi membentuk kalimat

Pola:

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H M

Head (inti) Modifier(Penjelas)

S + V

Conjunction + S + V

Kt. Penghubung


e.g.Lely menangis karena kucingnya menangisS v conj s vLely cried because her cat cried S v conj s v

( MC )( SC ) SENTENCE

6. SentenceDef. Rangkaian kata yang bermakna sempurna berpola minimal S + V dan di

akhiri dengan tanda baca pengakhir(.) : Full stop(?) : Question mark(!) : Exclamatory marke.g.1. Abdul belajar Abdul studies s v s v2. Abdul belajar Bhs. Arab Abdul studies Arabic s v o s v o3. Abdul belajar bahasa Arab disini Abdul studies Arabic here S v o adv S v o adv

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VERBAL - NOMINAL

A. Pola kalimat dalam bahasa Indonesia

Verbal (berupa kata kerja) Nominal (selain kata kerja)e.g. saya makan Saya tampan

B. Pola kalimat dalam bahasa Inggris

Verbal (selain “BE”) Nominal (Berupa BE)e.g. I eat I am handsome s v s v compl (Adj, Noun, Adv)

Cara translate dasar1. Verbal : Di translate apa adanya

Pola:

2. Nominal : Sisipkan “Be” di antara S dan Complementnya

Pola:

Anggota “BE”: is, am, are, was, were, been, being, be.

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S + P + O + K

S + V + O + Adv

S + V (non-be)

S + V (be) + 3 Complement (pelengkap)

Adj, Noun, Adv


LATIHAN!1. Eka menangis tadi malam

……………………………………….2. Laily mencuci bajuku

……………………………………….3. Sebuah mobil mahal

……………………………………….4. Nimas sedang sedih

……………………………………….5. Agam memasak nasi di dapur

……………………………………….6. Anes sedang marah

……………………………………….7. Riska bekerja di restoran

……………………………………….

SUBJECT VERB AGREEMENT

Subject BE (is, am, are) V1 V S/ES

I Am

V1You

AreWeTheyBenda JamakShe

Is V s (es)HeItBenda Tunggal

e.g.

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Jey mengunjungi Lely di makam (v) Jey visits Lely at the graveRiska duduk di atas kompor (v) Riska sits on the stoveSofyan dan Ricky ngantuk (n) Sofyan and Ricky are sleepyDia (pr) sangat bahagia (n) She is very happy

WORD(kata)

def. bagian terkecil dari bahasa yang memiliki makna dan berkelas kata (Part of speech)Kind:

A. based on its category / lexical meaning (makna kamus)

1Noun N (U.N) Water, tableKt Benda Kb air, meja

2Pronoun Pron I, youkt ganti Kg saya, kamu

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3Verb V (T.I) Sleep, readkt Kerja kkt/kki tidur, membaca

4Adjevtive Adj Beautifulkt. Sifat Ks cantik

5Adverb Adv Herekt. Keterangan K.ket disini

6 Conjunction Conj And, becausekt. Penghubung K.sam dan, karena

7Preposition Prep Because ofkt. Depan Kd karena

8Interjection Inter Wow!Kt. Seru Exclam / k.seru uh!

Note:A. Noun, Pronoun, Verb (The central core of sentence) _inti pembentuk

kalimatPola kalimat S + V Subject

Noun / Pronoun

e.g. Abdul bertemu Anggun, dia sangat senangAbdul meets Anggun, he is very happy S V O S V Complement (Pelengkap)

Noun Pron

B. Adjective, adverb (Modifying word) _kata penjelasAdj (Modifier) Noun (Head)Adverb (Modifier) Verb, adv, adj, sentence (Head) e.g. Beautiful girl very slowly M/adj h/n M/Adj H/Adv

Very hot come late finally, she comes M/adj h/adj h/v m/adj adv s v

SentenceC. Conj, prep (relative word) _kata penghubung

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Form: Conj : conj + S + VPrep : Prep + O of prepN/pro/np/. . .e.g.

I come because you comes v conj s vI come because of yous v prep o of prep (pron)

D. Interjectiondef. kata yang digunakan untuk meluapkan emosie.g. wow!Ouch!Shit!Prekitew!

B. Based on its function (fungsi)Kind:1. Noun function

def. kata kerja yang difungsikan sebagai nounPosisi: Subject, Object

Berenang membuatku senangSwimming makes me happy s v o pelengkapCategory: V Function: noun

Dede minum oli Dede drinks oil s v o s v o

Cat: n Cat: nFunction: n Function: n

2. Verbal function

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def. kata yang digunakan sebagai verbPosisi: posisi verb (setelah subyek)e.g. Muchlis makan nasi

Muchlis ate rice s v o

Cat: VFunction: Verb

Alief merawat burung ituAlief mothers the bird s v oCat: N, VFunction: verb

3. Adjective functionDef. kata yang difungsikan sebagai adjPosisi: modifier of noune.g.Cowok jahat book storeh/n m/adj m/adj h/n

A cruel boy cat: nm/adj m/adj h/n function : adj

Cat: adjFunction: adj

Cewek yang mencintaiku pergi ke USA s v adv

The Girl Loving Me goes to USA Adj n adj v adv

S Cat: vFunct: adj

4. Adverbial functionDef. kata yang difungsikan sebagai adv

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Posisi: modifier of adv, adj, verb, sentencee.g.Dengan sangat indah walking, I go hereVery beautifully adv s v advm/adj h/advCat: adv cat: vFunction: adv Function: adv

I book a book in the book stores v o m/adj h/nCat: n, v cat: n, v cat: n, vFunction: v function: n function: adj

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PHRASE

Def. rangkaian kata yang bermakna, tidak berpola S + V tetapi Head – ModifierPola:

Kinds of phrase1. Noun phrase

6. To infinitive phrase2. Adjective phrase 7. Participle phrase3. Adverbial phrase 8. Prepositional phrase4. Verb phrase 9. Exclamatory phrase5. Gerund phrase

Explanation!1. Noun phrase

Def. Phrase yang Head-nya berupa NounPola:

e.g.Rumah tua old househ/n m/adj m/adj h/n

Guru yang tinggi tall teacher H m m/adj h/n

2. Adjective phraseDef. Phrase yang Head-nya berupa Adj

Pola:

E.g. very good so hotm/ adv h/adj m/adv h/adj

3. Adverbial phrase

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Pre – M H Post – M

Modifier Head modifier

M H M

Adj n adj

M H M

Adv adj adv


Def. Phrase yang Head-nya berupa AdvModifier: advPola:

e.g.Very beautifully Slowly enoughm/adv h/adv h/adv m/adv

4. Verb PhraseDef. Phrase yang Head-nya berupa VerbModifier: Adv

Pola :

e.g.Run fast! study

hard!h/v m/adv h/v m/adv

She always comes late s m/adv h/v m/adv

v.p5. Gerund Phrase

Def. Phrase yang Head-nya berupa GerundBentuk: VingKelas kata: Noun subject / object

Pola:

e.g.Studying English is

easy enough h/g m of gerund v h/adj m/adv

Nimas avoids speaking English s v h/g m (o of g)

O –Gp

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M H M Adv adv adv

M H M

Adv v adv

H M

G m of gerund


6. To infinitive phraseDef. Phrase yang Head-nya berupa To infBentuk: to + V1Kelas kata: N, adj, Adv

Pola:

e.g.To study Grammar is importanth/ to inf m (of of to inf) v compl

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H M

To inf m of to inf


7. Participle PhraseDef. Phrase yang Head-nya berupa PCPBentuk: Ving – V3Kelas kata: V, adj, AdvPola:

e.g.Eating stone, I go to EECh/Pcp m(o of Pcp) s vPcp – P/adv sent

Laily is cooking the rice Aux ord o – np Vp/v – Pcp

The girl loving me is Juiet Acm h/n m/Pcp – P vcomplAdj

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H MPcp m of Pcp


Perbedaan GTP

1. The girl washing the car is LelyN adj-pcp m of pcp Pcp phrase / adj

2. Washing the car is Abdul’s hobbyG m of g Gp / s3. Washing the car, she is tiredPcp m of pcp s lv complAdv / pcp. Phrase

4. The car washed by Lubad is brokenn adj – pcp m of pcp Adj / pcp phrase

5. To wash the car needs much waterh/to inf m of to inf to inf phrase

6. They anticipate studying Grammars vt g m of g O = Gp7. Prepositional PhraseDef: Phrase yang di awali oleh preposisiPola:

e.g.:We are in the classPrep o of prep Prep phrase8. Exclamatory PhraseDef.: phrase yang di awali oleh exclamatory wordExclamatory word: what, how (alangkah/betapa)Pola:

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prep + o of prep

N / pro/ np. . .

What + np + s v!

How + adj/adv + s v!

Exclamatory phrase

Exclamatory sentence


e.g.:He is handsome How handsome he is!s lv adj Excl. phraseShe runs fast How fast she runs!adj Excl. phrase

You are a pity What a pity you are!Np excl. Phrase

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KASUS “ENOUGH”

Enough: adj formcukup np

e.g.:

Enough moneym/adj h/nEnough waterm/adj h/nadv form

e.g.:Cukup cantik Dengan cukup cepatm/adv h/adj m/adv h/advBeaufitul enough fast enoughh/adj m/adv h/adv m/adv adj phrase adv phrase

Kesimpulan1. Noun phrase

2. Adj Phrase

3. Adv Phrase

4. Verb Phrase

5. Gerund PhraseBentuk: VingKelas kata: Noun

6. To inf PhraseBentuk: to + V1

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M H

Enough n

Adj

H M

ad/adv enough/adv

M H M

adj n adj M H M

Adv adj advM H M

Adv adv adv M H M

Adv v adv

H M

G m of Gerund

H M

To inf m of to inf


Kelas kata: noun

7. Participle PhraseBentuk: ving – v3Kelas kata: v1, adj, adv

8. Prep Phrase

9. Excl Phrase

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H M

Pcp m of pcp

Prep + O of prep

n/np/pron. . .

What np + S + V!

How adj/adv + S + V!

Excl. Phrase

Excl. sentence


Part of speechJenis kata dalam bahasa Inggris digolongkan (diklasifikasikan) ke dalam 8 golongan yaitu (PANCAVIP):No

Part of speech

Examples Example

1 PronounsShe, ourselves, each other, that, everyone, who, whom. . .

Jack is the boy who loves Marry

2 Adjectives

The, a, this, my, Naswin’s, many, few, some, any, several, every, first, two, kind, handsome, big, old, warm, round, red, American. . .

we only need several times to practice our spoken English

3 Nouns

House, happiness, water, egg, man, child, mouse, ox, fish, deer, books, dishes, branches, potatoes, stories, boys, knives, wives. . .

Naswin has two wives

4 ConjunctionsFANBOYS, both, not only but also, either or, neither nor, while, when. . .

she is absent, for she is dizzy

5 Adverbs

slowly, beautifully, fast, hard, late, well, here, in, on, at, because of, above, under, yesterday, right now, soon, just, always, seldom, not, exactly, actually, example, such as, how, where, when, why, moreover.

Abdul walks on the water

6 VerbsSleep, forgot, to study, given, drinks, eating, fried, will, have, been, does, make, feel, get, am. . .

Azam drinks Baygon

7 Interjection Oh! Wow! Yes! Wow! That's great!

8 PrepositionsBeside, next to, in the front of, after, for, with, in, of, at, for, care, up, on. . .

Basir is interested in Jamilah

Hi, w e need a big lamp and a broom here befor e Sunday7 1 6 2 3 4 3 5 8 5

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P RONOUN S Kata ganti

Def.: Kata yang digunakan untuk menggantikan Noun.

e.g. : Lihat! Dede sedang nangisDia sedihLook! Dede is cryingHe is sadS (Pronoun)

A. Kindsa. Personal Pronounb. Reflexive Pronounc. Reciprocal Pronound. Demonstrative Pronoune. Indefinite Pronounf. Interrogative Pronoung. Relative Pronoun

a.Personal PronounDef.: Kata yang digunakan untuk menggantikan nama orang / benda.

Note : Poss. Adj selalu di ikuti Noun.Poss. Pron tidak di ikuti Noun.

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Pronoun PossessiveReflexive

Subj Pro Obj Pro Adjective PronounI Me My book Mine Myself

You You Your ….. YoursYourself/ Yourselves

We Us Our ….. Ours OurselvesThey Them Their ….. Theirs ThemselvesShe Her Her ….. Hers HerselfHe Him His ….. His HimselfIt It Its ….. Its Itself


e.g. : Bukumu mahal______Kepunyaanmu itu mahalYour book is expensive_______yours is expensive

Milik kita itu bagus_____Ours are good

b. Reflexive Pronoundef. : Kata ganti yang merujuk pada diri sendiri (pantulan)

Fungsi:1. Menekankan pada subject (makna “sendiri”)

e.g.:Saya sendiri yang menjemput Nimas di stasiun.I myself pick up Nimas at station

2. Bermakna sendirian (menggantikan “alone”)*Melibatkan prep. Bye.g.:Anggun pergi kerumah Abdul sendirianAnggun goes to Abdul’s house by herselfAlone

3. Menjadi object jika subject dan Object samae.g.:I love myself John buys himself a new carI like myself__John himself buys himself a new car by himself__

c. Reciprocal PronounDef.: kata yang menunjukan adanya hubungan / interaksi antara 2 hal / lebih.Makna : SalingKinds : a. Each other (untuk 2 orang)

b. One another (untuk lebih dari 2 orang)e.g. : Azam and Ana love each otherThe students of EEC help one another

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d. Demonstrative PronounDef.: kata tunjuk yang digunakan sekaligus sebagai kata ganti.

Anggota:Tunggal This(ini) That (itu)

Jamak These(ini) Those(itu)

e.g.:Ahmad mempunyai sebuah mobilAhmad has a carIni sangat mahalThis is very expensiveDemonstrative Pro

Mobil ini mahalThis car is expensiveDemonstrative Adjective

e. Indefinite PronounDef.: kata ganti yang menyatakan jumlah yang tidak jelas.Anggota:

One Body Thing+, -, ? Some Someone Somebody Something-, ? Any Anyone Anybody Anything

+, -, ?Every Everyone Everybody Everything

+, -, ? No No one Nobody Nothing

Note:No one penulisanya dipisahIndefinite Pronouns di anggap singular

e.g.:Setiap orang mengenalkuEverone knows me

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Tak seorangpun mencintaimuNo one loves you

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f. Interrogative Pronoundef.: Kata ganti yang digunakan untuk menanyakan bendaAnggota: Who, Whom, What

e.g.:Ana comes lateWho comes late?

She finds a walletWhat does she find?

g. Relative PronounDef.: kata ganti yang digunakan sebagai conjunction dalam rangkaian Adjective clauseAnggota: who (s), whom (o), which that (non person) ______yang

e.g.:Orang yang kamu kenal adalah temankuThe man whom you know is my friend

Mr. Ramdhan menjumpai cewek yang saya ajarMr. Ramdhan meets a girl whom I teach

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ADDITIONAL.

1.I bring my book for me myself because this book is mine.2.You bring your book for you yourself because this book is yours.3.We bring our book for us ourselves because this book is ours.4.They bring their book for them themselves because this book is theirs.5.She brings her book for her herself because this book is hers.6.He brings his book for him himself because this book is his.7.It brings its book for it itself because this book is its.

Exercises :isilah titik-titik yang kosong dibawah dengan kata ganti (Pronoun) yang tepat.

They take their bag for them themselves because this bag is theirsShe………………………………………………………………………………We……..…………………………………………………………………………You………………………………………………………………………………He…………………………………………………………………………………It…………………………………………………………………………………I……………………………………………………………………………………

Ganti pronoun yang digaris bawahi menjadi pronoun yang tepat apabila pronoun itu salah!!One day he hi s self 1 goes to the library to read a book, and the teacher looks at his 2 . A view minutes letter her 3 comes in to the library and looks for he 4 , but her 5

doesn’t find himself 6 in the library.They have many books, one of them 7 book is blue color, and others are red. In the night their 8 go to the book-store to sell they 9 books, but just one of them 10 book that sold, others book are still in they 11 home.He has a girlfriend, and every him 12 has spare of time,himself 13 always calls h e r 14 , but she 15 always refuses he 16 calling, one day him 17 goes to she 18 house to meet hers 19 , and he is very shocked when his 20 sees her 21 with a boy, and he 22 immediately asks to break him 23 relationship, after that he 24 goes to him 25 house.

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Translate into English !1. Saya meneleponmu tadi malam.2. Dia (pr) pergi kerumahnya (lk).3. Apakah bukunya (pr) bagus.4. Dia (lk) tidak ganteng, tapi dia (lk) jelek.5. Apakah kamu punya pacar?6. Mereka menjual buku-buku mereka.7. Kemana kamu akan pergi?8. Kamu suka jus apa?9. Apa yang dapat saya bantu?10. Apakah ini membuat anda senang?

Demonstrative Pro : This, that, these,those.Contoh :

1. This is a book : Ini sebuah buku.2. That is your latter : Itu Surat kamu.3. These are your shoes : Ini semua sepatu kamu.4. Those are their pencils : Itu semua pencil mereka.

Indefinite PronounOne Body Thing

Any Anyone=Seseorang Anybody=Siapa Saja Anything=Apa saja

NoNo one=Tak satupun (person)

Nobody=Tak seorangpun

Nothing=Tak satupun (thing)

Some Someone=Seseorang Somebody=Seseorang Something=Sesuatu

EveryEveryone=Setiap orang

Everybody=Setiap orang

Everything=Segala2nya

- Another : yang lain.- Much : bayak.- Each : masing-masing.- Each one : satu persatu.- One : seseorang.

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Contoh :1. Someone is waiting for you.2. Something is better than nothing.3. Everything is gonna be OK.

Ada beberapa dari indefinite pronoun yang bisa diperlakukan sebagai kata tunggal dan bisa pula sebagai jamak, tergantung pada arti yang dimaksudkan dalam kalimat, antaranya:

a. All : semua.b. Any : yang mana saja.c. Most : kebanyakan.d. None : tak satupun.e. Some : beberapa.

Contoh :1. All works are not dull, some is pleasanttidak semua pekerjaan

menjenuhkan, sebagian ada yang menyenangkan.2. All of EEC students are smartSemua siswa EEC cerdas.

Interrogative Pro : Who, whom, which, what, whose.Reciprocal Pro : Each other (Saling, two people), One another

(Saling, more than two people)Relative Pro : who, whom, which, that, where, when.Definite Pro : The Others (yang lainnya).

Penggunaan pronouns:- Subject pronoun diletakan sebelum verb: I buy a book. They visited me last night.- Object pronoun diletakan setelah verb: Budi gives me a book. Our teacher will invite us to take a walk tomorrow.- Possessive adjective selalu diikuti kata benda: This is my book. I need you r dictionary.- Possessive pronoun tidak boleh di ikuti kata benda: This is mine book. (wrong)- Reflexive pronoun:

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Menegaskan subject : I myself saw you last night. Jika O dan S Sama : She cooks herself the noodle. By + Reflexive alone : I came here by myself last night.- Demonstrative pronoun (kata ganti penunjuk): This is a good picture. That is my new car. These are books Those are my pens- Relative pronoun (kata ganti penghubung). I met the lady whom you called yesterday. (R. object person) The book which you will sell is from Australia. (R. subject noun) The student who is sitting there will sing a song. (R. subject person) I have a book that is blue color. (R. object noun) He calls Sinta whose mother is sick. (R. possessive adjective) I’m from Bandung where I was born. (R. adverb of place) I forget the day when you came. (R. adverb of time)- Reciprocal pronoun (kata ganti saling) We must forgive each other (two people). We must forgive one another (more than two people).- Definite pronoun (kata ganti tertentu). You’ve two books. You give me one book. Where is the other?- Indefinite pronoun (kata ganti tak tentu) You’ve 5 books. You give me one. It is broken, give me another!

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ADJECTIVES

Def.: Kata yang digunakan untuk menjelaskan Noun (Kata sifat)e.g.: Beautiful, handsome . . . .

Kinds:A. Limiting Adjectives (LA)__Adjectives yang membatasi Noun

e.g.: a, an, some, many . . .

B. Descriptive Adjectives (DA)__Adj yang menggambarkan Noune.g.: Ugly, cruel, kind, polite. . .

Note: Adjective + Noun____Membetuk pola__Np (noun phrase)Pre – M H Post – M

NpTiga Cewek Yang Galak 3 cruel girls NpLA H/n DA LA + DA + N

A. Limiting Adjectives (LA)Anggota:

1. Article2. Demonstrative Adjective3. Possessive Adjective4. Indefinite Adjective5. Numeral Adjective

1. Article _Kata sandang_Kinds :a. Definite Article (Jelas)Anggota: “The” Un, Cn _Sing / Pl _Makna umum “itu”b. Indefinite Article (Tidak Jelas)

Anggota: “a, an” Cn _sing _makna “se”

Note: Proper noun tidak didahului Article_Cn Singular harus di dahului article / LA yang lain_

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LA + DA N LA DAN


_ a di ikuti bunyi Konsonan_ an di ikuti bunyi vocal

(a, an) University (a, an, the) Book(a, an) Umbrella (a, an, the) Books(a, an) Hour (a, an, the) Water(a, an) Expensive

2. Demonstrative Adjective _Kata tunjuk_Kinds:

Singular This(ini) That (itu) Un, Cn _sing

Plural These(ini) Those(itu) Cn _Pl

(This / these) books Cn _Pl(This / these) news Un(That / those) information Un(That / those) oil Un

This / these (ini) Untuk benda yang dekatThat / those (itu) untuk benda yang jauh

3. Possessive AdjectiveKind:A. Possessive Adjective _Kepemilikan yang berasal dari pronoun

Pronouns Possessive Adjective

I My

Cn, Un

You Your

We Our

They Their

She His

He Her

It Itse.g.: Bukunya mereka Mobil-mobilku

H/n M/LA3 H/n M/LA3

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Their book(s) My CarsM/LA3 H/n M/LA3 H/nNp Np

B. Possessive Genitive _Kepemilikan yang berasal dari Benda Benda Hidup

a. Tidak berakhiran “S” + ‘se.g.:Tanya Aswan Aswan’s bagH/n M/LA3 M/LA3 H/nUlarnya Abdul Abdul’s snakeH/n M/LA3

b. Berakhiran “S” (Murni) + ‘s / ‘e.g.:Burung-nya muis Muis’s birdH/n M/LA3 Muis’ bird

c. Berakhiran “S” (Penanda Jamak) +’e.g.:Buku-nya Para siswa Student s’ booksH/n M/LA3 M/LA3 H/n

d. Benda MatiForm: N + N The class windowM H M/LA3H/n N of N The window of classH M H MJendela-nya kelas iniH/n M/LA3

Boneka-nya adiknya tetangganya LelyH M/LA3M/LA3 M/LA3

Lely’s neighbor’s sister’s dollM/LA3 M/LA3 M/LA3 H/n

Jendela (nya) kelas-nya Mr. RamdhanH M/LA3 M/LA3

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The window of Mr. Rmadhan’s classH/n M/LA3

4. Indefinite Quantity _menyatakan jumlah yang tidak jelas_Banyak Many Cn Pl

Much Un(Many / much) Water Un(Many / much) Homework Un(Many / much) Lice Cn. pl(Many / much) Police Cn. pl(Many / much) News Un

Sedikit Few Cn. plLittle Un(Few / little) deer(Few / little) teeth(Few / little) bikes(Few / little) money(Few / little) petroleum (Bensin)

Beberapa

I don’t have (some / any / several) booksI have (some / any / several) cheeseNimas gets (some / any / several) presents

Setiap every Cn. singEache.g.:

Every (Louse, lice)Each (Man, men)Every (Woman, women)Each (Person, people)

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Some +, -, ? Cn. Pl , Un

Any -, ? Cn. Pl , Un

Several +, -, ? Cn. Pl


5. Numeral (Bilangan, Angka) Ordinal Number _Bilangan bertingkat

e.g.:First 1st Third 3rd

Second 2nd Fourth 4th

Cardinal Number _Bilangan pokok / biasae.g.:One 1 Cn. SingTwo 2 Cn. PlThree 3 Cn. PlEtc.

e.g.:Istri-nya Yuswo yang kedua Yuswo’s second wifeH/n M/LA3 M/LA5 M/LA3 M/LA5 H/n

B. Descriptive Adjective (DA)Kind: Cha, Qu, SI, A, T, Sha, Co, Na

1. Character (Sifat) Humble, kind, cruel. Etc. . . .2. Quality (Kualitas) Ugly, handsome, beautiful. Etc.3. Size (ukuran) Slime, big, fat, thin, tall. Etc. . .4. Age (Umur) Old, young, new, ancient, classic. Etc. . .5. Temperature (Suhu) Cold, warm, hot. Etc. . .6. Shape (Bentuk) Square, triangle, circle, round. Etc. . .7. Color (Warna) Red, greenish, light blue, dark blue. Etc. . .8. Nationality (Kebangsaan) Javanese, American, Indonesian. Etc. . .

Pola: Np

LA 1,2,3,4,5 + DA 1-8 + NPre-M H

Npe.g.:

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Seorang gadis cantik yang baik hati membeli sebuah rokok yang mahalA kind beautiful girl buys an expensive cigarette.

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LIMITING ADJECTIVE

1. A / an Cn. sing2. The Un, Cn3. This / that Cn. Sing / Un4. These / those Cn. pl5. Many / few Cn. Pl6. Much / little Un7. Any / some Cn. Pl / Un8. Several Cn. pl9. Every / each Cn. sing10. First, second,. . . Cn. Un11. One Cn. sing12. 2, 3, 4 Nc. Pl

ADDITIONAL:

Possessive adjective (untuk kepunyaan . disimpan sebelum kt.benda ) My book, your bag, our course, their school . . . . ..

Interrogative adjective (kata Tanya sebagai kata sifat) what lesson, which pen, whose car, how many ladies . . . . . .

Demonstrative adjective (sebagai kata penunjuk) : this dictionary, that boy, these books, those tins . . . . . .

Distributive adjective (bersifat distribusi) : each student, every mother, either you or I . . . . . ., neither she nor he . . . . . . .

Numeral adjective (bilangan sebagai kata sifat ) : one stick, two cans, the first love, the second chance . . . . . .

Quantitative adjective (jumlah) : much money, many teachers, little water, few words . . . . . .

Descriptive adjective (menggambar kan ) : she is good, pretty, polite, kind, humble, cute . . . . . .

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N OU N Def.: Kata yang digunakan untuk menamai benda.Kind:

ClassificationA. Bedasarkan WujudB. Berdasarkan jumlahC. Berdasarkan Penamaan

1.Berdasarkan Wujuda. Concrete noun / NyataDef: Kata benda yang dapat dideteksi oleh panca indraEg: house, cake, book. . .

b. Abstract noun / Tidak nyataDef: kata benda yang tidak dapat di deteksi oleh panca indra.Eg: Spirit, Happiness, sadness. . .

2. Berdasarkan JumlahUncountable Noun Un _Benda yang tidak dapat di hitungEg: Water, Money, Air, Sand, Sugar, etc . . .

Countable Noun Cn _Benda yang dapat dihitungEg: Table, egg, car, etc. . .

Countable Noun Di bagi Menjadi:1. Singular (Tunggal) _Egg, Pen, Card. Etc. . .2. Plural (Jamak)a. Irregular (Tidak beraturan)Man - MenChild - ChildrenMouse - miceOx- oxenFish -Fish / FishesDeer -deer. Etc. . .

b. Regular (Beraturan)

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1. Noun berakhiran [-konsonan, -e, -ee + s]Book - BooksTree - TressTable - Tables

2. Noun berakhiran [-sh, -ch, -ss, -x, -o +es]Dish -DishesBranch -BranchesClass -Classes

Box -BoxesPotato -Potatoes

3. Noun Berakhiran [Konsonan + y]Kons + y + iesStory -StoriesArmy -Armies

4. Noun yang berakhiran [Vocal + y + s]Boy -boys

Key -Keys5. Noun Berakhiran [f / fe f / fe + Ves]

Knife -KnivesWife -Wives

Note: Hati – Hati dengan irregular Noun!Studio Photo

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Noun _Verb Agreement

Noun Be (is, am, are) Verb

Un (sing) Is V s/es

Cn (sing) Is V s/es

Cn (Pl) Are V1

Eg:1. The (deer / deers) are cute2. The (deer / deers) is mine3. The police (is, are) on the street4. The news (make, makes) me sad5. The (music / musics) (is, are) melodius6. A girl and boy (play / plays) badminton7. The babies (sleep / sleeps) soundly

3. Berdasarkan Penamaan1. Common Noun _Benda yang bersifat umum

Boy, girl, fruit, country. . .2. Proper noun / nama diri _Benda yang bersifat khusus (Di awali huruf Kapital) tidak ti awali: a, an, the.

Abdul, Chaca, Nimas, Indonesia, Bandung, Pare. . .3. Material Noun _ Benda yang berasal dari alam

Water, gold, sand, iron, etc. . .4. Collective Noun _Kumpulan benda yang di anggap sebagai 1 kesatuan.

Family, group, team, class. Etc. . .

Note: AmericanCollective Noun SingularBritish Collective Noun Plural

Eg: The family (is, are) happy is Toefl

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ADDITIONAL:Macam-macam nouns:

Concrete nouna. Common nouns (bentuk umum) : book, pen, table . . . .b.Proper nouns (nama diri) : jacky, London, Bandung . . . .c. Collective nouns (kumpulan) : a group band, a team football . . .d.Material nouns (alami) : gold, stone, silver . . . .

Abstract nouns, dibentuk dengan beberapa cara:a. Akhiran - ment e. Akhiran - y

-amazeamazement -deliverdelivery-agreeagreement -injureinjury

b. Akhiran - ion/tion f. Akhiran – ness-Actaction -clevercleverness-Preparepreparation -happyhappyness

c. Akhiran – ance/ence g. Bentuk-bentuk lain-Attendattendance -ableability-Differdifference -bravebravery

e. Akhiran – t -boreboredom-Complaincomplaint -freefreedom-Flyflight -hopehope

Noun berdasarkan jumlah ada tunggal ada jamak: Umunya di tambahkan s/es:

-Friendfriends -foxfoxes Akhiran “y” yang di dahului konsonan:

-ladyladies -babybabies Akhiran “y” yang di dahului vocal:

-boyboys -toytoys Akhiran “o” di tambahkan es:

-potatopotatoes-tomatotomatoes Akhiran “o” di tambahkan s:

-memomemos -radioradios Akhiran “o” yang bisa di tambahkan s/es:

-mosquitomosquitos / mosquitoes-volcanovolcanos / volcanoes

Akhiran “f” atau “fe” menjadi ves:-calfcalves -knifeknives

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Bentuk tunggal dan jamaknya sama:-Deer -fish -means - sheep - species -series

Bentuk jamaknya tidak beraturan:-Manmen -Womanwomen -Childchildren -goosegeese-Footfeet -Louselice -Toothteeth -mousemice

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CONJUNCTIONKata Penghubung

A. Def: Kata yang digunakan untuk menghubungkan hal-hal yang setara / tidak setara.

B. Kinda. Coumpound Conjunctionb. Complex Conjunction

ExplanationA. Compound conjuntionDef: kata yang menghubungkan hal-hal yang setara.Noun Conj NounPhrase Conj PhraseClause Conj Clause

Kind: 1. Coordinative Conjunction2. Correlative Conjunction

1. Coordinative Conjunction _ 1 Conjunction yang sendirianAnggota FANBOYS

For (Karena)And (Dan)Nor (Pun. . . tidak) (and. . .not)But (Tetapi)Or (Atau)Yet (Tetapi)So (Sehingga)

Note: And, but, or menghubungkan antar word, clause.For, not, yet, so menghubungkan antara ClauseFor, yet, so penulisanya didahului komaEg:

a. dia tidak masuk karena dia pusingShe is absent, for she is dizzyMC MC

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b. Faris dan Sofyan sedang memancingFaris and Sofyan are fishingn n

c. I love you but I hate youMC MC

d. kita dapat pergi kesana hari minggu atau sabtuWe can go there on Sunday or Saturdayn n

e. He is clever but naughtyadj yet adj Tidak pake “yet” karena bukan Clause

I love you, yet I hate youMc Mc

f. dia ramah karena dia punya banyak temanShe is friendly, so she has many friends

g. Nor (and . . .not)Form

Mereka tidak tidur dan mereka tidak makanThey do not sleep and they do not eat nor

They do not sleep nor do they eat

1. Correlative ConjunctionDef: Conjunction yang bentuknya berpasanganAnggota:a. both S1 and S2 (Keduanya)

keduanyab. Not only S1 but also S2 (tidak hanya . . . tetapi juga . . . .) c. Either S1 or S2 (Jika bukan . . . berate. . . .) None

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S + V nor S + V Susun balik

V + S Inversi


d. Neither S1 nor S2 (Baik . . . . maupun. . . . tidak. . . .) salah satu

Aturan:A. Apabila menghubungkan subjectBoth. . . . and . . . . Selalu bertemu dengan V. pl _V untuk Seb Pl.Selain both. . . . and. . . . Verbnya mengikuti Subject kedua

Eg:1. Tidak hanya Kia tetapi juga Agung memanjat pohonNot only Kia but also Agung (Climb / Climbs) the treeS1 S2

2. Both Ana and Azam (Play / plays) in the movieS1 S2

3. Either Mr. Ramdhan or I (Repaire / repaires) the carS1 S2

4. Neither Jey nor Eka (cut / cuts) the grassS1 S2

5. Either Jamrud or Harun and Rosyid (meet / meets) AnaS1 S2

B. Apabila menghubungkan antar ClauseKhusus

Eg:1. Betty tidak hanya menyanyi tetapi juga menangis

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Not only S + V but also S + V

V + S inversi

Neither S + V nor S + V

V + S V + S

Inversi


Not only Betty sings but also she criesNot only does Betty sing but also she criesV S

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2. Dia tidak hanya baik tetapi juga tidak sombongNot only she is kind but also she is not arrogantNot only is she kind but also she is not arrogantV S inversi

3. Muchlis tidak sedang merokok dan tidak sedang minumMuchlis is not only smoking and he is not drinkingMuchlis is not smoking nor is he drinking InversiNeither is Muchlis smoking nor is he drinking Inversi

B. Complex ConjunctionDef: Conjunction yang menghubungkan hal yang tidak setara (SC dan SC)Anggota: while, when, before, after. . . . (Selain compound conjunction)Pola

Eg:She is absent, for she is sicks lv s.cpl comp s lv c.plmc mc

She is absent because she is sicks lv s.cpl complex s lv c.plmc sc

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S+ V Complex conjunction S + V

Subordinative Coj____

MC SC


ADDITIONAL:Ada 2 jenis conjunction:

A. Coordinate conjunction.- Kata penghubung yang sederajat.- Kata-kata yang menghubungkan dua kalimat atau kata-kata yang

bersangkutan satu sama lain dan sama tingkatannya.1. Cumulative (menunjukkan arti tambahan): and, both….and, as

well as, and also, not only….but also, furthermore, likewise, besides, again, moreover, in addition, similarly.Contoh :

Dinda is beautiful and clever. She is both singer and dancer.

2. Alternative (menunjukkan pilihan): or, neither…..or…., or else…., otherwise, neither, neither……nor.Contoh :

Do you like pop or dangdut? Either Fatimah or farida will finish the duty.

3. Adversative conjunction adalah (berlawan)/ kelompok kata penghubung yang mengandung arti pertentangan antara satu bagian kalimat dengan bagian kalimtat yang lain. Yang termasuk bagian adalah: but, however, still, yet, in spite of, despite, notwithstanding, although, though, nevertheless, on the other hand, on the country, in the contrast, conversely.Contoh :

Amir is poor but he is honest. She has tried although she is not successful.

4. Illusive conjunction adalah (menunjukkan kesimpulan/sebab akibat): therefore, accordingly, hence, consequently, so, because, for this reason, as a result, regardless of.Contoh :

The rain began to fall, so we must go home. He is ill, therefore he must go to hospital.

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B. Sub-ordinate conjunction- Kata penghubung antara induk kalimat dengan anak

kalimat.Misalnya :that, because, in order that, that, as, such…as, as long as, on condition that, whenever, however, no matter, provided, lest, so that, as….as, as soon as, before, till, though, whatever, notwithstanding, since, than, unless, in case, after, while, when, until, although, whether, if, suppose.Contoh :

They said that English is so necessary. She didn’t come here lastnight because her mother was sick.

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ADVERBDef: kata yang berfungsi menjelaskan Adjective, Verb, Adv, sentence.

Kinds:1. Base on its meaning (Berdasarkan maknanya)

a. Adverb of mannerDef: adv yang menyatakan CaraAdv adj + “ly” dengan

Slow + ly slowlyBeautiful + ly beautifullyCareful + ly carefully Etc. . .

Adj dan adv sama bentuknyaFast fastHard hardLate late(adj) (adv)

Adj dan adv berbedaGood well(adj) (adv)

Posisi final (akhir)Eg:1. She is (beautiful / beautifully) girl2. She played (good / well)3. He digs a (good / well) sumur (noun)4. They run (fast / fastly)5. She has (beautiful / beautifully) dolls

KesimpulanV AdvLv adj…n AdjNote: tidak semua yang berakhiran –ly adalah adverbFriendly (adj) _ramah_

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Lovely (adj) _yang disayangi_

b. Adverb of place and directionDef: adverb yang menyatakan tempat dan arahForm:Terdiri dari 1 kata here, therem overthere, in, . . .Eg: please, come in!

adv

Terdiri lebih dari 1 kataForm: (pp)

Prep in, on, at, under, above, because of . . .Eg: Abdel walks on the waterPrep O of prepPp/advPosisi: Final

c. adverb of timeDef: adverb yang menyatakan timePosisi: initial, middle, final.Kinds: Definite time (waktu jelas)Yerterday, tomorrow, now, right now, today. . .Posisi: initial, final

Eg: Yesterday, she cameIndefinite time (waktu tidak jelas)Soon, already, just. . .Adverb of freq (menunjukan keseringan)Always, seldom, sometimes, often . . .

Eg: Qien always goes to Pare adverdShe has already doneS V.aux adv V.ord

He will be a (success, successful, seccessully) man

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Prep + O of Prep

n/np


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d. intensifying adv (adv yang menegaskan pada suatu hal/adv penegas)Kind:Adv of degree (tingkatan)Eg: very, so, too, rather,. . . menjelaskan : Adj, Adv, Verb, sentence.

Distinguishing adv (emphasize) _penekananAnggota: not, even, exactly, just . . . menjelaskan: Adj, adv, Verb, sentence, Noun, Pron, Prep, Conj . . .

Eg:Laily is (very/so/too) fat

Nimas sings a very (melodious/melodiously) song Adv menjelaskan AdjAdv Adj noun

Bukan karna layli aku datang kemariNot because of Lauly, I come hereAdv prep

She just wants to help me menjelaskan VerbAdv v

Bahkan Eka mencintaikuEven Eka loves me Adv menjelaskan noun

2. Based on its functionKinds:a. Sentence adverbb. Explanatory Adverbc. Exclamatory Adverbd. Introgative Adverbe. Relative Adverbf. Conjunctive Adverb

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A. SentenceadverdDef: Adverb yang menjelaskan keseluruhan kalimat.Anggota:Probably : mungkinMaybe : mungkinFortunately : UntungnyaUnfotunately : sayangnya, sialnyaActually : sebenarnya

Posisi: Initial (depan)Middle : tengahFinal : akhir

Eg: Tadi malam, rumah agung kebakaran.Untungnya dia masih hidup

Last night agung’s house was burnt.Fortunately he is still alive.Initial/advsentHe fortunately is still alive

MiddleHe is still alive fortunatelyFinalSebenarnya, aku masih mencintainyaActually, I still love her

B. Explanatory adverbDef: Adv yang menjelaskan sesuastu berupa contoh / rincian.Anggota: exampleNamelySuch asExample gratia. . .Posisi: sebelum sesuatu yang di jelaskan

Eg: ada banyak cewek cantik disini, seperti:Nimas, anggun, ana, azizah . . . .There are many beautiful girls here, (such as/example/ namely) Expl. Adv

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C. Exclamatory AdverbDef: adverb yang menyatakan luapan emosi/perasaan (berasal excl, phrase)Anggota: How

Note: what tidak termasuk dalam excl. advKarena tidak dapat menjelaskan NounPola: what + np + s + v!Adv

Eg: Laily runs fast How fast Laily runs!S v adv adv adv

What a pity you are! Bukan!Adv np

D. Interrogative adverbDef: adv yang digunakan sebagai kata Tanya untuk menanyakan advAnggota: when, where, why, how.

Eg: Lely loved abdul last yearS v o advWhen did Lely love Abdul?

E. Relative adverbDef: adv yang di fungsikan sebagai conjunction dalam rangkaian Adjective clauseAnggota:When timeWhy reasonWhere placeWhich That Eg: rumah dimana kamu tinggal itu besarThe house where you live is bigAdj n conj s v Sc: adj clause

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How + Adj/adv + s + v!

Adv


____________________ __ ___S: n lv s.cpl

F. Conjunctive adverbDef: adv yang sekaligus di fungsikan sebagai conjunctionAnggota: moreover, like wise …..

Pola:

Eg:Dia itu sakit sehingga dia tidak masukShe is sick, so she is absentShe is sick; hence, she is sickShe is sick. Hence, she is absent

Contoh relative adverbI understand the reason why you are lateV adj n conj s lv s.cplSc/adj clause_ _________ _______________________S v o = n

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S + V; CA, s + v

S + v. CA, S + v


ADDITIONAL:Macam-macam adverb :

1. Adverb of manner (keterangan cara) He runs quickly. He can speak English well.

2. Adverb of place and Direction (keterangan tempat dan arah). She will go there. I come to your home.

3. Adverb of time (keterangan waktu).a. Definite time (tertentu): yesterday, now, Saturday, night,

today, tomorrow, last week etc.b. Indefinite time (tak tentu): recently, soon, already, just, still,

nowadays, first, next, later etc.Contoh :

I am studying English now. She will come here soon.

4. Adverb of degree (keterangan tingkatan/seberapa jauh hal itu).a. Yang menunjukkan how much berkenaan dengan adjective

atau adverb. Misalnya : very, too, rather, extremely, fairly, exceedingly, quite,etc.

This coffee is so hot. He always walks rather quickly.

b. Yang menunjukkan how complete (seberapa sempurna). Misalnya : almost, nearly, partially, wholly, utterly, practically, entirely, etc.

1. Yang berkenaan dengan verb. he has almost finished working.

2. Tingkat kesempurnaan yang berkenaan dengan adjective. They are practically ready to begin the show.

5. Adverb of frequency (keterangan sering/tidak melakukan pekerjaan): usually, always, seldom, never, ever, often, sometimes, rarely, etc.

She seldom comes late. They always speak English. She often studies in the night.

6. Adverb of quantity adalah kata keterangan yang menjelaskan jumlah atau berapa kali suatu pekerjaan dilakukan.

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They study English every day. He has won the prize twice.

7. Interrogative adverb (penanya) : why,where, how, when, what, etc

Where did you buy this book? How did she come here?

8. Relative adverb adalah kata keterangan yang berfungsi sebagai penghubung dalam kalimat. Misalnya : therefore, accordingly, moreover, besides, however, where, why, nevertheless, etc.

I don’t know why she come late today. Weny wanted to go out although it was raining.

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VERBDef: kata yang digunakan untuk menyatakan aktifitas / kegiatanEg:Aktifitas : sleep, eat, studyKeadaan : forget, love, hate

Kinds:A. berdasarkan bentuknyaB. Berdasarkan kedudukanya

A. based on its form/bentuk1. Infinitive form To inf (To + V1) : to study, to sleepPresent form Bare inf (V1) : study, sleepAdditional inf (V1 es/s) : studies, sleeps2. Past form v2 Regular verb (V1 + d/ed) : studied, walkedIrregular (oxford)

Go WentEat AteDrink Drank

3. Participle form Present participle (v1 + ing) : eating, sittingPast participle (v3) : gone, eaten, drunk

To inf Add infBare inf

Past tensePast participle

Present participle

To v1 v1 s/es v1 v2 v3 v ingto draw draws draw drew drawn drawing

irregularto give gives give gave given givingto speak speaks speak spoke spoken speakingto sing sings sing sang sung singing

to write writes write wrote written writingto like likes like liked liked liking

regularto cry cries cry cried cried cryingto play plays play played played playing

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to tie ties tie tied tied tyingto do does do did done doing

irregularto be is/am/are be was/were been beingto have has have had had havingto begin begins begin began begun beginning

B. Based on its position/kedudukan posisi

1. Ordinary verdMain verb kata kejra utama _harus ada dalam kalimat jumlahnya 12. Auxiliary verb kata kerja Bantu _tidak harus ada dalam kalimat, jumlahnya bisa lebih dari 1Eg:Laily will have been studying EnglishS aux aux aux ordVUstadzah Ana will have been here

S aux aux ordUstadzah Ana been herewas V2

V3 isV1 /v s/es

1. Ordinary VerbA. Transitive verd v (t)Kind:1. MonotransitiveDef: yang membutuhkan 1 objectEg: Azam drinks baygonS vt o2. Distransitive verbsDef: kata kerja yang membutuhkan 2 objectForm:

Note:

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S + v + io + do

S + v + do + to/for + id

Prep


IO Indirect Object (object yang tidak langsung)DO Direct object (umumnya non-person) (object yang langsung berhubungan dengan subject)Eg:Agung membelikan Nely seekor kucings v IO DOAgung buys Nely a cats v-dit IO DO

Agung buys a cat for Nelys V-dit DO IO

Certain Verb

B. intransitive verb V (i) kata kerja yang tidak membutuhkan objectKinds:1. Complete predication kata kerja yang sudah lengkapForm:

Eg: zamrud tidur setiap malam Zamrud sleeps every nights vi adv2. Incomplete predication kata kerja yang belum lengkap, sehingga butuh pelengkapForm:

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ask bring buy cost get giveleave lend make offer owe passpay play promise read refuse saysell send show sing take teachtell wish write

S + V1 + Adv

S + lv + Complement

Vord 3C (ANA) Adjective, Noun, Adverb


LV: linking verbs vebr yang menhubungkan antara Subject dan pelengkapEg:I feel confused adjectives lv Subjective Complement

I am a student nps lv s.cpl

I am here adverbs lv s.cpl

Certain Linking Verb1. Berupa “be” adjective, noun, adverbIs, am, are been, beingWas, were bee Nominal

Non – “be”

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becameadj/n

verbal

remindturnappear

adj

feelgetgrowkeeplookproveseemsmellsoundstaytaste


Eg:They get happys lv s.cpl (adj)

They get mush moneys vt o

She becames a lectures lv np

He appear sads lv s.cplPola kalimat :

Perbedaan linking verb dengan verbEg: I get much moneys vt o

Mendapat

They get happys lv s.cpl (adj) Menjadi

2. Auxiliary / kata kerja bantuKind:A. Primary auxiliaryTidak mempunyai makna kamus (dalam kalimat) menujukan karakter tenseApabila sendirian makna bisa menjadi VordAnggota BE: is, am, are,was, were, been, being, be.Have: have, has, had, haveDo: do, does, did, do (-,?)Eg: I am eating bread I am handsomeV-aux V-ord V-ordI do not read it I do it

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S + V + O + (adv)

1. S + vt + O + (adv)

2. S + vi + O + (adv)

3. S + lv + O + s.cpl + (adv)


V-aux V-ord V-ordB. Modal AuxiliaryMempunyai makna kamus (dalam kalimat)Selamanya auxiliaryMembentuk karakter tenses (Can, will, must, may, should. . . .)Eg: Muis can help Retno (Muis dapat membantu Retno)Vaux Vord

C. Emphasize auxiliaryMemberikan penekananMakna (sungguh-sunguh, benar-benar)Anggota:Do, does presentDid pastEg: I do love youVaux Vord

C. Based on its function1. Finite verb (f)Def: kata yang menempati posisi Verb (di fungsikan sebagai Verb)2. Infinite Verb (i)Def: kata kerja yang tidak menempati posisi verb (di fungsikan selain verb)Pola kalimat:

Eg:He helps meS V O

Dringking oil is Ridho’s hobbyS lv s.cplI F

Reading a book, she sleeps

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S + V + O + Adv

V V V V

I F I I


Adv s VI FThey forget avoiding the problemS V OF I

Swimming is niceS lv s.cplI F

The kissed by Abdul criesI F

Eka avoids meeting AhmadF I

Kissed, Alief runs fastI FThey will is sleepThey will be sleepFaris will am with NimasFaris will be meeting Nimas

SYARAT FINITE VERB

1. To infinitive (To + V1)Selalu infinitiveEg: I want to know your hobbyI2. V. bare infinitive (V1)A. Berdiri sendiriEg: we punish herFB. Terletak setelah modal

Form:

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M + V1


Eg: Alief will love SofyanM V1

3. V (s/es) Selalu finite Eg: He drinks OilF4. V2 selalu finite Eg: He ate stoneF5. V3

A. terletak setelah “have”Form:

Eg: Dede and Eka have done itFb. Terletak setelah “BE”

Form:

Eg: Lubab is kissed by PepiF6. V-ing

Terletak setelah “BE” Form:Eg: Ricky is looking for knowledgeF

Kesimpulan 1. Simple : O 5. Perfect : Have + V3

2. Present : V1 /Vs (es) 6. Continuous : be + Ving

3. Past : V2 7. Passive : be + V3

4. Future : will / shall + V1

Eg:Betty will has is read a book Betty will have been reading a bookHarun has are bring a car Harun has been bringing a car

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Have + V3

Be + V3

Be + Ving


ADDITIONAL:Verb : Adalah kata yang menunjukkan perbuatan yang dilakukan oleh subject, namun juga menunjukkan keadaan.

He writes a letter. She studies in japan.

Macam-macam bentuk verb berdasarkan jenisnya :1. Transitive verb.

Adalah kata yang memerlukan object untuk menyempurnakan arti kalimat.

You push the door. He brings his bag. A dog bites the man.

2. Intransitive verb.Adalah kata kerja yang tidak memerlukan object, karena sudah dapat menunjukkan arti yang sempurna.

The sun shines. The cat slept. The water boils.

Macam-macam verb berdasarkan bentuknya :1.Regular verb(kata kerja beraturan)

2.Irregular verb(kata kerja tidak beraturan)

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V1 v2 v3 v-ing meaningask asked asked asking bertanyacall called called calling memanggilhelp helped helped helping menolongstudy studied studied studying Belajarinvite invited invited inviting mengundangplay played played playing Bermain

V1 v2 v3 v-ing meaningdo did done doing melaukukandrink drank drunk drinking Minumeat ate ate eating Makango went gone studying Pergicome came come coming Datangmeet met met meeting Bertemu


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INTERJECTIONDef: kata yang digunakan untuk meluapkan perasaan / emosi(Penulisanya di akhiri tanda seru)Eg:

Damn it! : Sialan! What a pity : Kasihan! Oh God! : Oh tuhan! Alas! : Kesal! Bravo! : persetujuan! Hush! : Perhatian! Pshaw! : ketidaksabaran! Heigh-ho! : kejemuan! Fie!fie! : Celaan! Oh! : Help! Hurrah! : Well!

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PREPOSITION.Def: kata yang mengawali Prepositional Phrase (kata depan)Pola: PpForm:

Terdiri dari 1 kata (single word) in, on, at, above, to, under, etc. .terdiri lebih dari 1 kata because of, next to, in front of, in the middle of, etc. . .Eg:Laily sits on the stoves v prep O. of prepSent pp /adv

Nimas is happy because of mes lv s.c prep. . . O. of prepSent pp /advKind of prep: free prep (tidak terikat dengan kata lain)After, before, for. . . . etcBound prep (terikat dengan kata yang lain)Together with interested inAdv prep adj prep

Kata-kata yang dapat mengikat prep1. Noun + prep attention to objection toN prep N prepPlease! Attention to me!2. Adj + PrepAngry with, afraid of, interested in. . . I’m afraid of RidoAdj prep3. Adv + prep together with,. . . .4. Verb + PrepTidak membetuk makna baruEg:Look look at : melihat

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Prep + O. of prep

N, pron, np, g,nc

Pp


Believe believe in : percayaLive Live in : tinggalMembentuk makna baruEg:A. Unspareable (tidak bisa dipisah oleh Object)Eg:Look for : mencariTake care : merawat

B. sparable (dapat dipisah oleh object)Eg:Pick up : menjemputTake up: membawaEg:Ramdhan lives in Bandung Ramdhan lives Bandung inAbdul looks for a wife S v oAbdul looks a wife for Unsparable

Ridho picks up Laily in the JungleS v oRidho picks Laily up in the jungle (v)

Ridho picks her up in the jungle (v)

Ridho picks up her in the jungle (x)

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ADDITIONAL:Macam-macam preposition :

a. Free preposition.On Untuk hari-hari dalam sepekan. Untuk tgl saja/lengkap : on march 5, 2010. Untuk hari : on Saturday. Sarana informasi : on television, on internet. Diatas (benda) : on the table,on the floor. Diatas (menempel) : on the wall.

In Untuk bulan saja : in march, in July. Untuk tahun saja : in 1970, in 2009. Desa, kota, negeri : in pare, in t.agung, in Indonesia. Ruang/bangunan : in the class. Tempat terbuka : in the field.

At Untuk menunjukkan jam : at 7 o’clock. Titik/nama jalan : at the corner, at kauman street. Tempat tertentu : at home, at school.

b. Bound preposition. (terikat) He was always angry with me lastnight. They are jealous of me. He is interested in her.

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