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Parthenon GREEK ARCHITECTURE

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TOPIC: GREEK ARCHITECTURE PARTHENON
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Page 1: Parthenon GREEK ARCHITECTURE

TOPIC: GREEK ARCHITECTUREPARTHENON

Page 2: Parthenon GREEK ARCHITECTURE

Type Greek TempleArchitectural style ClassicalLocation Athens, GreeceCurrent tenants MuseumConstruction started 432 BCCompleted 447 BCDestroyed Partly on 26 September 1687Height 13.72 m (45.0 ft)

Technical detailsSize 69.5 by 30.9 m (228 by 101 ft)Other dimensions Cella: 29.8 by 19.2 m (98 by 63 ft)

Design and constructionOwner Greek governmentArchitect Iktinos, KallikratesOther designers Phidias (sculptor)

INTRODUCTION

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HISTORYThe single greatest building constructed during the Greek

Classical period. Built as a temple to worship Athena who was the patron goddess of the city of Athens. The architects of the Parthenon intended the brilliant white marble to be the ultimate expression of Athens grandeur. Even in ruins, it crowns the Acropolis. The Parthenon remained relatively intact until 1687 when it was severely damaged in an explosion.

The Parthenon was heavily damaged in 1678 by Turkish bombardment. It is currently being carefully reconstructed.

In addition to damage in wartime, it has lost many of its sculptures. Some are in the British Museum, some in other museums.

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CLIMATEEncompasses the statistics

of temperature, humidity, atmospheric pressure, wind, precipitation, atmospheric particle count and other meteorological elemental measurements in a given region over long periods. Climate can be contrasted to weather, which is the present condition of these elements and their variations over shorter periods.

A region's climate is generated by the climate system, which has five components: atmosphere,hydrosphere, cryosphere, land surface, and biosphere.

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The climate of a location is affected by its latitude, terrain, and altitude, as well as nearby water bodies and their currents. Climates can be classified according to the average and the typical ranges of different variables, most commonly temperature and precipitation. The most commonly used classification scheme was originally developed by Wladimir Köppen. The Thornthwaite system, in use since 1948, incorporatesevapotranspiration along with temperature and precipitation information and is used in studying animal species diversity and potential effects of climate changes. The Bergeron and Spatial Synoptic Classification systems focus on the origin of air masses that define the climate of a region.

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CULTUREThe culture of Greece has evolved over thousands of years, beginning in

Mycenaean Greece, continuing most notably into Classical Greece, through the influence of the Roman Empire and its successor the Byzantine Empire. Other cultures and states such as Latin and Frankish states, the Ottoman Empire, the Venetian Republic, Genoese Republic, and British Empire have also left their influence on modern Greek culture, but historians credit the Greek War of Independence with revitalising Greece and giving birth to a single entity of its multi-faceted culture.

In ancient times, Greece was the birthplace of Western culture. Modern democracies owe a debt to Greek beliefs in government by the people, trial by jury, and equality under the law. The ancient Greeks pioneered in many fields that rely on systematic thought, including biology, geometry, history, philosophy, and physics. They introduced such important literary forms as epic and lyric poetry, history, tragedy, and comedy. In their pursuit of order and proportion, the Greeks created an ideal of beauty that strongly influenced Western art.

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GEOGRAPHY Greece is a country located in Southern Europe, on the southern

end of the Balkan Peninsula. Greece is surrounded on the north by Bulgaria, the Republic of Macedonia and Albania; to the west by the Ionian Sea; to the south by the Mediterranean Sea and to the east by the Aegean Sea and Turkey. The country ranges approximately in latitude from 35°00 N to 42°00 N and ′ ′in longitude from 19°00 E to 28°30 E. As a result, it has considerable ′ ′climatic variation, as discussed below. The country consists of a large mainland; the Peloponnese, a peninsula connected to the southern tip of the mainland by the Isthmus of Corinth; and a large number of islands, including Crete, Rhodes, Corfu, the Dodecanese and the Cyclades. According to the CIA World Factbook, Greece has 13,676 kilometres (8,498 mi) of coastline

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80% of Greece is mountainous, and the country is one of the most mountainous countries of Europe. The Pindus, a chain of mountains lies across the center of the country in a northwest-to-southeast direction, with a maximum elevation of 2637 m. Extensions of the same mountain range stretch across the Peloponnese and underwater across the Aegean, forming many of the Aegean Islands including Crete, and joining with the Taurus Mountains of southern Turkey. Central and Western Greece contain high and steep peaks dissected by many canyons and other karstic landscapes, including the Meteora and the Vikos Gorges - the latter being one of the largest of the world and the third deepest after the Copper Canyon in Mexico and the Grand Canyon in the USA, plunging vertically for more than 1,100 metres. Mount Olympus is the highest point of Greece and the fourth highest in relative topographical prominence in Europe, rising to 2,919 m above sea level. The Rhodope Mountains form the border between Greece and Bulgaria; that area is covered with vast and thick forests.

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THE TEMPLE FORMThe Parthenon is a Doric

Temple, named because of the style/order of column used in its construction.

The Parthenon was a Doric temple. The Doric was considered the most ancient and the most dignified order.

The Parthenon’s form grew out of other, earlier Greek temples. The simplest temples had a cella and a pronaos.

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•A Doric temple has 8 columns on each end and 17 along each side.

•The Parthenon is 60 meters in length, 30 meters wide and 18 meters in height.

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Cella

“The inner, main chamber of a temple. Greek term: Naos.

Description: This chamber containing the image of the god was the principal part of the temple. Generally the cella received its light through the open door alone, but sometimes there was also an opening in the roof or possibly windows on either side of the door.”

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“In the Greek temple, the porch, portico, or entrance-hall to the temple proper or cella.”

PRONAOS

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OPISTHODOMOS

The Parthenon had a double cella with a pronaos and opisthodomos (“a porch at the rear of the cella which often served as a rear entrance.”)

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Floor plan of the Parthenon

CELLA PRONAOS2nd CELLAOPISTHODOMOS

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Reconstruction drawing of interior of Parthenon, showing statue of Athena Pantheons

INTERIOR VIEW

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The cella on the west was dedicated to Athena Parthenos, from which the whole building got the name Parthenon. It’s likely that the western cella was used as a treasury. Its doorswere probably reinforced with bronze bars.

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Note that the cella is surrounded by a series of columns, called a colonnade; at each end it also has an additionalset of columns between the outside colonnade and the cella.

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SIDE COLONNADE

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