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1 PARTICIPACIÓN ESPAÑOLA EN LOS EXPERIMENTOS R3B y MATS de FAIR Junio 2015
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PARTICIPACIÓN ESPAÑOLA EN LOS
EXPERIMENTOS R3B y MATS
de FAIR
Junio 2015
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FAIR/NUSTAR
A) INFRASTRUCTURE REPORTS ABOUT THE EXPERIMENT OF INTEREST
The Facility for Antiproton and Ion Research, FAIR, will provide worldwide unique accelerator and experimental installations allowing for a large variety of unprecedented fore-front research opportunities in physics and applied science. Indeed, it is the worldwide largest basic research center in the Nuclear Physics field. FAIR will be an international accelerator facility of the next generation (see layout of the Facility in Figure 1). Technics and developments are built on the existing GSI facility and will benefit from its long-term experienced employees in science, technology and administration. The GSI facility – once upgraded and together with a new proton linear accelerator – will serve as pre-accelerator and injector for the new complex. Latest technological concepts will enable the construction of a state-of-the-art, multipurpose accelerator facility. Its core, a double-ring accelerator (SIS100 heavy ion synchrotron) with a circumference of 1100 meters, will be associated with a complex system of cooler and storage rings and experimental setups. The synchrotron will deliver ion beams of extraordinary intensities and energies. Thus also intensive secondary beams can be produced, providing antiprotons and exotic nuclei for groundbreaking experiments.
Figure 1: Layout of the FAIR facility
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The system of storage and cooler rings allows for a drastic improvement of the quality – e. g. energy spread and emittance - of the secondary beams in order to use them for high precision experiments. Moreover, in connection with the SIS100 synchrotron an efficient parallel operation of all four scientific programs (NUSTAR, CBM, PANDA and APA) can be realized. The whole project is characterized by many technological innovations. This justifies expectations for brilliant beam properties including
highest beam intensities,
brilliant beam quality,
highest beam energies,
highest beam power,
parallel operation. FAIR will offer to scientists from the whole world an abundance of outstanding research opportunities, broader in scope than any other contemporary large-scale facility. FAIR research focuses on the structure and evolution of matter on both a microscopic and on a cosmic scale – deepening our understanding of fundamental questions like: • How does the complex structure of matter at all levels arise from the basic constituents and the fundamental interactions? • How can the structure of hadronic matter be deduced from the strong interaction? In particular, what is the origin of hadron masses? • What is the structure of matter under the extreme conditions of temperature and density found in astrophysical objects? • What was the evolution and the composition of matter in the early Universe? • What is the origin of the elements in the Universe? There are many available reports explaining in great detail the project. Interested readers can consult the FAIR - Baseline Technical Report, published in 2006. For an overview of the project would be sufficient the brochure: ¨FAIR - Facility for Antiproton and Ion Research, An international science center in Europe for studying the building blocks of matter and the evolution of the Universe¨. Both reports can be downloaded in the webpage http://www.fair-center.eu/for-users/publications/fair-publications.html
The NUSTAR (NUclear STructure, Astrophysics and Reactions) collaboration at FAIR is a collaboration with more than 800 participants from 180 institutes located in 38 countries http://www.fair-center.eu/for-users/experiments/nustar.html
The main goal of NUSTAR is to understand the underlying physics of the structure, decay properties, and reactions of nuclei leading to an understanding of the origin of the elements in the universe. This goal is achieved by organizing the collaboration in various experiments (nine sub-collaborations) with a desired overlap in physics questions raised and in the equipment used to address these questions.
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Technical details about the NUSTAR sub-collaborations can be found in the fourth volume of the FAIR - Baseline Technical Report http://www.fair-center.eu/for-users/publications/fair-publications.html
The combination of the unique (high-intensity and high-energy) radioactive-ion beams provided by FAIR and the novel experimental apparatus will place NUSTAR at the international forefront of this branch of science. Seven of the nine NUSTAR sub-collaborations are part of the MSV (modularized start version). For completeness see FAIR Green Paper - The Modularized Start Version. English, October 2009 (http://www.fair-center.eu/for-users/publications/fair-publications.html). The relevant physics cases and detailed conceptual layout of the experiment, including its instrumental parts, have been laid out in the Conceptual Design Report for FAIR 2001 (http://www.fair-center.eu/for-users/publications/fair-publications.html ) and at a more in-depth level in the different experiment Technical proposals (i.e: R3B see http://www-win.gsi.de/r3b/Documents/R3B-TP-Dec05.pdf). NUSTAR follows a distinct evolutionary approach with continuously improving detection equipment and exploitation of new components at existing facilities, as soon as they become available. This facilitates maintaining excellence and leadership on a worldwide scale over decades to come. The experimental setups to be used by the sub-collaborations are all well underway. In the coming years up to 2019, experimental setups will be installed on site at GSI or elsewhere, not only to commission the equipment, but also to perform the first physics experiments with radioactive isotopes. The fact that the instrumentation will be commissioned and tested, with the analysis tools already at hand, will guarantee readiness of the NUSTAR experiments right at the start-up of FAIR. In the present schedule of GSI, this includes beam time already in 2017-2019, which fits with the timeline of the Spanish community. The NUSTAR collaboration is preparing a construction MoU that will contain the basic terms of the collaboration between the parties. This MoU has to be signed by the corresponding funding agencies. For the moment and until FAIR delivers its first beams, NUSTAR is not considering the payment of collaboration fees. The NUSTAR management will approach the Spanish Ministry in due time. We include attached to this document a draft of the NUSTAR MoU (Annex 1) in order to keep this committee informed. The different sub-collaborations will have an addendum to this MoU that will cover their specific aspects. We include also for completeness, the draft of the R3B MoU addendum (Annex 1) and the latest pre-construction MoU for MATS and LaSpec (Annex 1).
R3B
R3B is a major branch of the NUSTAR pillar of the FAIR experimental program. The design and construction of the R3B facility is being pursued within the R3B collaboration, a large international consortium comprising more than 200 scientists from over 20 countries. R3B was designed to be the first experiment to allow for kinematically complete measurement of peripheral reactions with heavy ion beams, including coincident detection and identification of the heavy residues in addition to neutrons and photons. There exist other facilities worldwide that have developed similar experimental concepts, however the uniqueness of R3B will be preserved, being the sole installation that will
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allow the study of extremely heavy and fully striped ion beams, in particular those approaching the r-process path.
Detailed conceptual layout of R3B can be found in the R3B Technical Proposal (http://www-win.gsi.de/r3b/Documents/R3B-TP-Dec05.pdf) of 2005. Since then, an extensive R&D program has been pursued, leading to the final design of the different detection components. Key instruments in R3B include the neutron detector NeuLAND, the silicon tracker R3B-Si-TRACKER the super-conducting large-acceptance dipole R3B-GLAD and the calorimeter
CALIFA. In addition, several charged-particle detectors are used for beam tracking, E and time of-flight measurements. The Technical Design Report corresponding to the NeuLAND detector was approved in January 2013 together with the CALIFA B-TDR (for medium and backward angles). http://www.fair-center.eu/for-users/publications/experiment-collaboration-publications.html#c4908 The CALIFA-Endcap, TDR for the forward angles, was submitted for evaluation in November 2014. The first evaluation report from the ECE (Expert Committee Experiments) panel was very positive, although few minor issues are being clarified (see report attached to this document). The Spanish groups participating in R3B have focused their interest in the development of
the calorimeter CALIFA (CALorimeter for In Flight detection of -rays and high energy charged pArticles). This detector system, surrounding the reaction target of the R3B set-up, down-stream from the Super FRS, is a unique detector. It will serve as high resolution
-ray spectrometer, high efficiency -ray calorimeter and provides also information on the energy of protons emitted from the target. CALIFA is compact but highly segmented, subtending the angular region spanning from the opening acceptance of the beam line to 140o. The different detection units are supported by a minimally interacting mechanical structure, which maximizes the calorimetric properties of CALIFA. All these characteristics contribute to CALIFA acting as a key instrument for the realization of the ambitious physics program of R3B, enabling the investigation of nuclear reactions with an unprecedented precision. What concerns R3B, the construction of the different detectors (Neuland, Si-Tracker and CALIFA) of R3B started in 2013 and are presently in the state of 20% completeness (Demonstrator Phase). GLAD superconducting dipole magnet is completed and ready for installation at GSI Cave C for the first beams that will become available at the restart of GSI in 2017.
The intention of the Spanish R3B community is to ask to the Spanish Ministry for the contribution of the R3B collaboration fees starting from 2018 (they amount for 1.000 € per PhD and year).
MATS
MATS stands for Precision Measurements of Short-lived nuclei using an Advance Trapping System. It is a Penning-trap facility conceived to perform high-accuracy mass measurements, in-trap conversion electron and alpha spectroscopy, and trap-assisted spectroscopy. The Penning-trap technique has the potential to provide high accuracy and sensitivity even for very short-lived nuclides. MATS is built together with LaSpec, for
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precision laser spectroscopy, at the low-energy beamline of FAIR. The MATS collaboration is made out today of 90 researchers from 30 institutes from 11 countries (Belgium, Canada, Finland, France, Germany, India, Russia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland and the US). Precise mass values are important for many applications, ranging from nuclear-structure studies like the investigation of shell closures and the onset of deformation, tests of nuclear mass models and mass formulas, and nuclear astrophysics, to tests of the weak interaction and of the Standard Model. The required relative accuracy ranges from 10-5 to below 10-8 for radionuclides, which most often have half-lives well below 1 s. The experimental setup of MATS is a combination of an electron beam ion trap for charge breeding, ion traps for beam preparation, a multi-reflection time-of-flight system and a high precision Penning trap system for mass measurements and decay studies. Spain joined MATS in October 2006 and the contribution to the facility with a Penning trap and detection systems for trapped ions is responsibility of the University of Granada. More specifically, the University of Granada is responsible for the construction of a preparation Penning trap and for a single-ion detection system. Other institutes in Spain might contribute by using existing setups and taking the advantages of synergies with other experiments within NUSTAR. A detailed description of MATS (together with LaSpec was given in the technical design report: MATS and LaSpec TDR: Technical Design Report for high-precision experiments with traps and laser son exotic isotopes at FAIR (see the TDR at http://www.fair-center.eu/fileadmin/fair/experiments/MATS/documents/ MATS_LASPEC_TDR_23_September_2009_final.pdf and the review article by Daniel Rodríguez et al., Eur. Phys. J. ST 183, 1-123 (2010). Documents and presentations can be found at http://www.fair-center.eu/for-users/experiments/nustar/experiments/mats/documents.html. The TDR was submitted in September 2009 and approved by the FAIR steering Committee in May 2010 with the following (extracted) comments from their reports: • Reviewer 1: Let me start by stating that these are both superb projects, with extraordinarily high physics impact, essential to the success of the GSI/FAIR scientific program…I give this TDR my strongest possible rating and look forward to the exciting physics it will produce.
• Reviewer 2: The technical design report describes two healthy projects, MATS and LaSpec, which will be important parts of the experimental programme at the NuSTAR… It is important that these projects get adequate funding now so that they can start to do real work.
• Reviewer 3: In conclusion, MATS and LaSpec will be state-of-the-art setups with unprecedented experimental capabilities… Both facilities will be of top quality and will become key players in the field of low energy nuclear physics. They therefore deserve to be given full support within the deployment of the FAIR project.
• Reviewer 4: The physics cases for MATS are outstanding, and are built upon the recent past accomplishments of Penning trap mass spectrometry at ISOLDE and GSI…LaSpec is a complete collection of well-developed techniques.
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Within these years, the masses of many nuclei have already been measured with relative uncertainties of 10-8 using Penning traps (PT), but the production rate and/or half-life is still a constraint if one goes towards the neutron-rich region, where the r-process becomes significant, present measurements lack the stamina. In addition, with the MATS setup one will be able to extend the measurements of some isotopic chains like e.g. the zirconium one by measuring 107−110Zr, in the very neutron-reach side, and also to 79-80Zr in the neutron-deficient side. The doubly magic nuclei 78Ni (neutron rich) and 100Sn (neutron deficient) could also be investigated with MATS at FAIR on Day-1 using multi-reflection time-of-flight or a single-ion PT mass spectrometry technique, respectively. The production rate of 100Sn expected at FAIR is several orders of magnitude higher compared to other facilities and thus high enough to overcome the losses in the thermalization and preparation processes. In-trap and trap-assisted spectroscopy experiments with dedicated set-ups are also foreseen in later stages. New techniques have been developed and others are under completion, which is the main work at the University of Granada.
B) B.1 INTERNATIONAL COMMUNITY PRIORITIES
The most recent FAIR project evaluation dates from February 2015. This review process
was triggered by the German Ministry. GSI and FAIR management contacted the different FAIR
collaborations for scientific input.
The NUSTAR collaboration, represented by the NUSTAR Board prepared the document
“Exploring the extremes with NUSTAR@FAIR”, outlining the ambitions and plans for NUSTAR,
submitted on January 12 to the joint GSI and FAIR Scientific Councils (Annex 2). Other
complementary documents were also prepared by the NUSTAR Board and presented in due
time to the review panel:
Scientific uniqueness and competitiveness of NUSTAR@FAIR (an addendum to
"Exploring the extremes with NUSTAR@FAIR") (Annex 2)
Exploring the extremes with NUSTAR@FAIR: Status Report (organizational,
administrative and financial aspects – template provided by BFC)
The FAIR evaluation took finally place in February 16-18 2015. The output of the evaluation
was extremely positive for the NUSTAR collaboration (all the above mentioned documents and
the report from this committee are attached to this document (Annex 2)).
The NUSTAR collaboration met recently (annual meeting, September 2014) in Valencia. Many international collaborators attended this meeting that was very successful from the scientific point of view. A special session was dedicated to present the different Spanish contributions to NUSTAR. The NUSTAR Board sent a letter to the MINECO to outline the scientific and technical impact of the Spanish community in NUSTAR and the large investment in terms of human resources and instrumentation already achieved (Annex 2). In October 2014, took place the International Conference on Science and Technology for FAIR in Europe 2014 (supported by the EPS) with a special session dedicated to present the status of the NUSTAR experiments (see http://indico.gsi.de/conferenceDisplay.py?confId=2443 ).
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B.2 ) NATIONAL COMMUNITY PRIORITIES
The participation of the Spanish community in FAIR concentrates on NUSTAR. The Spanish groups are involved in different sub-collaborations organized around the Super-FRS; the High-Energy branch with R3B, the Low-Energy branch with HISPEC/DESPEC and MATS and the Ring branch including EXL and Elise. The participation and visibility of the Spanish community in FAIR and NUSTAR has been very important since the beginning. Many Spanish colleagues are or have been in the most important management and technical bodies of FAIR and NUSTAR.
FAIR Scientific Council: Dr. Benlliure and Dra. Moya
The NUSTAR collaboration board: Dr. Benlliure, Dra. Rubio, Dra. Cortina and presently Dr. Fraile.
Spokesperson of sub-collaboration: Dra. Rubio (HISPEC/DESPEC) and Dr. Rodríguez (MATS)
Technical Director of the sub-collaboration: Dr. Tengblad (R3B)
Detector Conveners: Dra. Cortina (CALIFA/R3B), Dr. Cano (MONSTER/DESPEC), Dr. Calviño (BELEN/DESPEC), Dr. Taín (DTAS/DESPEC), Dr. Fraile (FATIMA/DESPEC).
Table 1 summarizes the importance of this participation, with all the Spanish groups working in experimental nuclear physics participating in the R&D of different NUSTAR collaborations
NUSTAR SubCollaboration
USC IEM UCM UVIgo UPC IFIC USal Use Ciemat UGR UH
HISPEC/DESPEC X X X X X X X X
R3B X X X
MATS/LasPEC X
Super-FRS X
Table 1: Participation of Spanish experimental nuclear physics groups in the different NUSTAR
sub-collaborations.
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SUB-COLLABORATION EVALUATION
1. R3B/FAIR IMPORTANT ASPECTS TO RANK NEW INITIATIVES OR FOLLOW UP OF EXISTING ONES 1.1 IMPACT:
• Scientific Impact: R3B has an extended scientific program comprising measurements of ground-state properties (radii, masses of unbound nuclei beyond the drip line, single-particle structure, fission barriers), nuclear excitations (giant and pygmy resonances), reaction mechanisms including fission, and astrophysical reaction rates. It will also study asymmetric nuclear matter by measurements of the neutron-skin thickness or the dipole polarizability of neutron-rich heavy nuclei and by studying nucleon-nucleon short-range interactions and in particular tensor-force induced correlations in nuclei as a function of isospin. For 208−222Pb and the tin isotopic chain beyond N = 82, extended experimental campaigns are planned addressing several of the topics mentioned above. Fission barriers of heavy neutron-rich nuclei, which are of utmost importance for r-process modeling, will be measured in (p, 2p) fission reactions. In the lighter mass region, quasifree scattering reactions at high beam energies and large momentum transfer with nuclei of extreme N − Z will be measured to study many of the above-mentioned effects. The R3B program takes advantage of the fact that all these reactions will have been studied with lower luminosities at an earlier stage before the Super-FRS is operational. Through concentrating on reactions with high-energy radioactive beams up to 1 GeV/u, provided only by FAIR, and by optimizing the detection system covering very large parts of the available phase space, the R3B program is in a unique position with little competition. The modular implementation of the R3B setup has allowed the collaboration to undertake a common scientific program since 2010. The complete scientific production of the last 5 years can be found in
https://www.gsi.de/en/work/research/nustarenna/nustarenna_divisions/kernreaktionen/information/publications.htm The Spanish participation in this scientific program is, on average, 40% of the total activity. It is important to mention that in the nuclear physics collaborations not all the members sign all the publications but only those directly involved on them. Studying the Spanish case, we find more than 60 works published in international journals (SCI) for the period 2010-2014. These works are directly related with our activities in the GSI/FRS and GSI/ALADIN-LAND and the R&D work of FAIR/SuperFRS and FAIR/R3B.
• Technical Impact The R3B setup is optimized for kinematically complete measurements with an efficiency close
to 100% and 4 acceptance in the center-of-mass frame. Reactions can be studied with beam intensities down to 1 ion/s and with a high resolution despite relativistic beam energies.
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The superconducting dipole magnet, GLAD, with 15 Tm bending power and a huge (+120, −50 %) momentum acceptance, together with a high-performance tracking system (Si-Tracker)
allow for momentum measurements of heavy fragments with a precision p/p = 10−3. Unprecedented multi-neutron detection (NeuLAND) with high resolution down to 20 keV is another unique feature of R3B. A granular calorimeter CALIFA consisting of several thousand crystals in conjunction with a three-layer silicon tracker surrounding the target allow for particle and gamma detection with highest efficiency and precision. Figure 2 displays a schematic representation of how the set-up would look like
Figure 2: Schematic representation of the R3B setup The Spanish contribution to R3B concentrates on the CALIFA calorimeter. CALIFA, the R3B calorimeter, is a versatile device that will play a key role in the realization of full kinematics measurements. It will surround the target in order to detect (normally in
coincidence with other R3B detectors) the emission of -rays from 100 keV to 30 MeV and light-charged particles (mostly protons with energies up to 700 MeV) arising from reactions induced by relativistic radioactive beams impinging on the R3B target. The particular kinematics of high-energy reactions (strong forward-focusing due to the Lorentz boost and accompanying Doppler broadening and shift) has, to a large extent, determined the geometry of the detector. CALIFA will be used in many of the physics cases of the R3B experiments, even though the required functionality will greatly vary from one case to another. Three different working conditions for CALIFA are foreseen: In some cases it will be employed as a high-resolution spectrometer, used for the detection of
relatively low-energy -rays (0.1 to 2 MeV in the projectile frame), consequently with low multiplicity (2-3). The energy resolution will be in this case the most critical parameter of
CALIFA. This value has been set to be of E/E < 6% (for a 1 MeV -ray), which allows to
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distinguish most of the simple -ray cascades that originate from the de-excitation of exotic heavy nuclei in the vicinity of the shell closures or light exotic nuclei.
Another case requires using CALIFA as a -ray calorimeter for the detection of very energetic -rays (up to 10 MeV in the projectile frame), associated with very fragmented decays (high
multiplicity events). In this case the key parameters are the total -ray absorption (intrinsic
photopeak efficiency), the -ray sum energy, and the -ray multiplicity. The most challenging scenario corresponds to the use of CALIFA as a hybrid detector that has to provide simultaneously high-resolution spectroscopic and calorimetric properties to determine the total energy of light charged particles. A typical example of a reaction channel that requires this performance is that of quasi-free scattering (i.e. (p,2p),(p,pn)...). Here, the detection of high-energy light charged particles (protons up to 700 MeV) has to be possible at
the same time as the detection of the prompt -ray de-excitation of the residual fragment. Both processes need to be measured with good energy resolution over a very large dynamic range. At this stage it should be noted that the recoiling protons and also other target-like fragments are to be measured by CALIFA operating in coincidence with the R3B SiliconTracker, which fulfills the required angular precision. The demanding requirements are summarized in Table 2
Table 2: Nominal specifications of the R3B calorimeter (at =0.82c) CALIFA consists of two sections (see Figure 3), a cylindrical `Barrel’ spanning an angular range from 140 to 42 degrees and an `Endcap’ covering the angular range up to 7 degrees. The Barrel is formed by 1952 long CsI(Tl) coupled to APD devices and equipped with a digital readout system. The design of the CALIFA Barrel was subject to a Technical Design Report accepted by the FAIR management in January 2013 and is presently under construction. CALIFA Endcap has to provide the detection of the most energetic particles in an angular region strongly populated by the light reaction products and gammas. Larger polar angles in the Forward Endcap will make use of high performance CsI(Tl) crystals coupled to Large Area Avalanche Photo Diodes employing the so called iPhos readout concept. Smaller polar angles, below 19 deg, are covered by a ring of Phoswich detectors made from a stack of 7 cm LaBr3 and 8 cm LaCl3.
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Figure 3 : Profile of the CALIFA calorimeter The design and construction of the CALIFA calorimeter demanded many technical challenges. The Spanish groups (USC, IEM and UVigo) are part of the R3B collaboration since its inception. The members of these teams have assumed important management responsibilities within the FAIR project and technical responsibilities in R3B /CALIFA. As a result of this involvement, the Spanish groups have developed within the project an important number of technical contributions that are summarized in the following lines.
Contribution to the general conceptual design. We have been deeply involved since the beginning of the process on the conceptual design that is in a big extent dominated by the strong Doppler effects suffered by particles emitted by relativistic sources. The kinematics of the process and the characteristics of the reaction and detection technique impose an important granularity in the detector. The dimensions of the crystal entrance faces evolve with the polar angle to better adapt to these effects. The length and in consequence the total volume of the detectors also varies to optimize the efficiency according to the expected Doppler energy boost. Figure 4 shows the dimensions of the different detector optimized to match to the intrinsic resolution of the scintillator material used.
CALIFA Barrel Technical Design Report, The CALIFA Working Group, D. Cortina (Convener)
CALIFA Endcap Technical Design Report , The CALIFA Working Group, D. Cortina (Convener)
H. Alvarez with D. Cortina et al, Design studies and first crystal tests for the R3B calorimeter, Nucl. Inst. and Met. B 266 (2008) 1259
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Figure 4 : Evolution of the scintillator detection units polar angle coverage with the polar angle to match to the intrinsic energy resolution of the materials selected in different areas. Left: case of Endcap. Right: Case of Barrel
Contribution to the definition of the detection units: A broad R&D program leaded by the Spanish groups was accomplished to define the nature and specifications of the different scintillators and photo-sensors to be used in CALIFA. This program led to the election of finger-like CsI(Tl) crystals coupled to Large Area APD sensors (and developed in partnership between USC and Hamamatsu) for the Barrel and backward angles for the Forward Encap (up to ~20 degrees) (see Figure 5 Left). The most forward angles (8-20 degrees) in the Forward Endcap will be covered by an array of Phoswich detectors composed by LaBr3/LaCl3 and readout by metal-package PMT (see Figure 5 Right). This system was developed by the IEM group and the St Gobain crystals company.
Figure 5 : Left: Picture of a bunch of 4 Cs(Tl) (22 cm long) wrapped with VM2000 and couple to the customized LAAPD (S- 8622 of Hamamatsu). Right: Picture of a bunch of four LaBr/LaCl phoswich (St. Gobain). In this prototype the first stage has a length of 4cm and the second one of 6 cm.
M. Gascón with H. Álvarez, J. Benlliure, D. Cortina et al., Optimization of energy resolution obtained with CsI(Tl) crystals for the R3B calorimeter, Trans. on Nucl. Sci. 55 (2008) 1259.
M. Gascón with H. Álvarez, J. Benlliure, E, Casarejos, D. Cortina et al., Characterization of Large Frustum CsI(Tl) Crystals for the R3B Calorimeter, Trans. on Nucl. Sci. 56 (2009) 962.
M. Gascón with H. Álvarez, B. Pietras, D. Cortina, D. González et al. Characterization of a CsI(Tl) array coupled to Avalanche Photo-diodes for the Barrel of CALIFA Calorimeter at the NEPTUN tagged gamma beam facility.
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B. Pietras with H. Álvarez , D. Cortina et al., CALIFA Barrel prototype detector characterisation, NIM A 729 (2013) 77-84.
M. Bendel et al. RPID - A new digital particle identification algorithm for CsI(Tl) scintillators. The European Physical Journal A, 49(69) 2013
O. Tengblad et al., Nucl. Instr. and Meth. A 704 (2013) 19.
E. Nácher et al, Proton response of CEPA4: A novel LaBr3(Ce)-LaCl3(Ce) phoswich array for high-energy gamma and proton spectroscopy, NIM A 769 (2015) 105-111.
B. Pietras with H. Álvarez , E. Casarejos, D. Cortina, E. Nacher, A. Perea, O. Tengblad et al. First petals testing of the CALIFA Demonstrator submited to NIM A.
Simulation: Our team have participated in the development of the analysis and simulation software for the R3B experiments, R3BRoot (Dr. Alvarez is the convener of the Analysis and Simulation WG and the R3BRoot project coordinator). The analysis and simulation framework, based on ROOT and connected via virtual Monte Carlo to the Geant4 or Geant3 tracking engines, allows the calibration, reconstruction and physical evaluation of the detectors data, preserving in common data structures and parameters both the simulation and the data analysis. A particular effort has been devoted to the simulation of the CALIFA detector. It is very important to determine the capability of the detector design to fulfill the specifications. But it is also relevant to evaluate the effect of the support and wrapping structures on the detector efficiency. .
o H. Alvarez with P. Cabanelas, E. Casarejos, D. Cortina, E. Nácher, B. Pietras, O.
Tengblad , Performance analysis for the CALIFA Barrel calorimeter of the (RB)-B-3 experiment, NIM A 767 (2014) 453-466.
It is important to notice that this project has opened the collaboration with the mechanical engineering group of UVigo. This technical group has given support in the important step of going from the conceptual design to realistic and versatile mechanical structures.
• Mechanical design: The mechanical design of CALIFA has to deal with the functionality
of the detector, the integration of the different systems, and the constrains of its use.
The overall constrains for the active core made of almost 2000 CsI(Tl) crystals (BARREL)
include:
- a robust and safe structure,
- a minimum of structural material, and
- a tight definition of the static positioning and orientation of the crystals.
The designed solution is an alveolar structure made of carbon fiber (CF) reinforced
composites to support the crystals. A three layer concept is proposed, based in the
internal CF-structure, a cover structure surrounding the CF-structure, and the external
structure to support the active core, as a gantry, allowing for the partition of the
system in two autonomous and symmetric halves with relative movements (see Figure
6).
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Figure 6: The 3 layers concept. The crystals are hold and positioned within a honeycomb-like CF structure. The cover layer surrounds the crystals and holds the CF-structure. An external structure sustains the system, and allows its displacements. For the external support several possibilities are under study. Figure 7 shows an example of external structure ¨bridge¨ that allows all the functionality demanded (different movements, accessibility,…), leaving the target area as clear as possible.
Figure 6 : Example of a solution for the CALIFA external structure
- Development of Carbon Fibre internal structure: One of the major issues is the definition of a support system able to stand the weight of the detector and guarantee the position precision required introducing a minimum quantity of matter. This has been achieved by using thin wall carbon fiber structures, honeycomb-like. Figure 7 shows a picture of a bundle of the pieces made of CF, after mounted into a mechanical cage. The first prototypes holding up to 64 detection units have been produced and successfully tested (Figure 7 Right). The ratio of the mass of the CF-structure and the mass of the active crystals (about 1300 Kg) is below 0.7%.
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Figure 7: Left: Picture of the Carbon Fibre Honeycomb structure produced by the UVigo group. Right: Example of the First prototype structures used for transport and experiments.
We have also a very closed collaboration with the Computing (ID) department of GSI. The collaboration focus on:
- A common program to handle the online, off line analysis and simulation package of the CALIFA detector in particular and for the R3B experiment in general (R3BRoot)
- A common data-base to handle the R3B and CALIFA detector calibration and laboratory measurements parameters.
The development of the USC group in APD has also been the origin of a productive collaboration with the CNMB (U Barcelona) group working in semiconductor sensors. 1.2 VIABILITY ANALYSIS OF THE PROPOSALS USC TEAM Team 1. José Benlliure Anaya D-I : Full Professor, Experimental nuclear physics, nuclear reactions, dynamic and nuclear structure, more than 190 SCI publications, h-36, supervision of 10 PhD works. 2. Dolores Cortina Gil D-I : Professor Experimental nuclear physics, nuclear reactions, nuclear structure, more than 140 SCI publications, h-34, supervision of 4 PhD works. 3. Héctor Álvarez Pol D-I : Professor, Experimental nuclear physics, nuclear structure, computing for nuclear physics experiments, more than 120 SCI publications, h-18, supervision of 2 PhD works. 4. Pablo Cabanelas D-C-T : Postdoc 5. Benjamin Pietras D-C-T : Postdoc 6. David González Caamaño L-C-T : Technical support (Licenciado en Fisica) 7.Juan Manuel Boillos L-F-T :PhD Student 8. Jose Luis Rodríguez Sánchez L-F :PhD student 9. Javier Díaz L-F : PhD student 1/3 or the team are Professors in the USC, 1/3 Postdocs or Technical support and 1/3 PhD students The visibility of the PI of the project within the NUSTAR and R3B collaborations is very high.
J. Benlliure has been member of the FAIR council (2008-2012).
J. Benlliure (2008-2015) and D. Cortina(2012-2015) have been members of the NUSTAR Board.
J. Benlliure is member of the NUSTAR Resource Board (2012-…).
D. Cortina is convener of the NUSTAR Calorimeter WG and the R3B/CALIFA WG.
H. Alvarez is convener of the R3B/simulation&analysis WG.
The PI are leader of experimental proposals around the R3B physics program.
17
GRANTS
PGIDIT07PXIB206124PR ¨Diseño y prototipado de un nuevo calorímetro CALIFA para la detección de fotones en vuelo en el experimento R3B de FAIR¨, IP: Héctor Alvarez Pol, Xunta de Galicia, Ene 08-Dic 09, 63.000 €
FPA2009 -14604-C02-01Physics with radioactive ion beams@R3B: CALIFA a next generation calorimeter, IP: Dolores Cortina Gil, Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación , Ene 10-Dic.12, 835.000 €
EU FP7 5050.BN94.64100 European Nuclear Science and Applications Research (ENSAR), Coordinación del JRA04, IP: Dolores Cortina Gil, UE, Sept-10 Aug-14, 85.000€
EU FP7 5050.BN95.64100 European Nuclear Science and Applications Research (ENSAR), Participación en el JRA05, IP: Héctor Alvarez Pol, UE, Sept-10 Aug-14, 72.000€
PRI-PIMUP-2011-1357 GAmma detection with New Advanced Scintillators - GANAS, IP: Dolores Cortina Gil, Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación,Ene 12-Dic 14, 110.000 €,
FPA12-39404-C02-01 Exploring de dripline with radioactive ion beams. Construction of the CALIFA calorimeter for the R3B/FAIR . IP: Dolores Cortina Gil, Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad, Ene 13- Dic 14, 105.000 €,
FPA13- -C02-01 Reacciones con núcleos exóticos relativistas en el experimento R3B IP: Dolores Cortina Gil, Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad,Enero14-Dic15, 205.000€
FPA2007-6265, Física con núcleos pesados ricos en neutrones; construcción de un detector de tiempo de vuelo con RPCs para el experimento R3B de FAIR IP: J. Benlliure, MEC, Noviembre 2007-Octubre 2010, 453 000 €,
FPA2010-22174-C02-01 Physics with medium-mass and heavy neutron-rich nuclei and contribution to the RPC ToF-wall for the R3B experiment at FAIR. IP: José Benlliure Anaya, Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación, Enero 2010-Diciembre 2013, 370.000 € ,
IEM – CSIC TEAM Team 1. Olof Tengblad, Profesor de Investigación CSIC, Experimental nuclear physics, nuclear
reactions, nuclear structure, > 210 SCI publications, h-35, supervision of 4 PhD
2. María José García Borge, Profesor de Investigación CSIC, Experimental nuclear physics,
nuclear reactions, nuclear structure, > 240 SCI publications, h-37, supervision of 10 PhD
3. Enrique Nacher Gonzalez, (Dr) researcher, experimental nuclear physics, 50 SCI publications,
supervision of 2 PhD
4. Alejandro Garzon Camacho, Electronic Engineer (Dr)
5. Irene Marroquin Alonso; PhD student
6. Angel Perea, Electronic Engineer, (Lic) Funcionario de CSIC The PI O. Tengblad is the Technical Director of the R3B collaboration. GRANTS
FPA2007-62170, Dinámica y estructura de núcleos exóticos ligeros. Prototipo de doble cristal para el calorímetro CALIFA del experimento R3B en FAIR, IP: O. Tengblad, Oct 2007 – Oct 2009, 539.902,00 €
18
FPA2009-07387, Dinámicas y estructura de núcleos exóticos. Califa-Db1 un demonstrador del calorímetro de R3B, IP: O. Tengblad, Ene 2010 – Jul 2013, 728.299,00 €
FPA2009-08066-E, Conferencia europea de las perspectivas de la Investigación en física nuclear LRP2010, IP: MJG Borge, Mar 2010 – Feb 2011, 15.000,00 €
FPA2011-13736-E, PARTICIPACIÓN EN LOS COMITÉS DE ISOLDE Y HIE-ISOLDE, IP: MJG Borge, Nov 2011 – Nov 2012, 5.000,00 €
FPA2012-32443 Estudios experimentales del núcleo atómico y I+D para r3b@fair. Ene 2013 -- Dic 2015, 388.440,00 €.
AIC-D-2011-0684, Estudio de la Emisión de Partícula tras la Desintegración Beta, IP: MJG Borge, Dic 2011 – Dic. 2012, 3.000,00 €
AIC10-D-000584, Estudio de la emisión de partículas tras la desintegración beta, IP: MJG Borge, Dic 2010 – Dic 2011, 4.300,00 €
EUI2009-04162, Física de objetos compactos IV: medidas de reacciones de interes en Novae y nucleosintesis explosiva., IP: O. Tengblad, May 2010 – Dic 2013, 58.000,00 €
PRI-PIMNUP-2011-1333 Detección de radiación Gamma utilizando material Centelleo Avanzado y Novedoso, IP: O. Tengblad, Nov 2011 – Dic 2015, 112.000,00 €
UVigo TEAM Team 1. José A. Vilán Vilán D-I : Professor, Mechanical Engineering, 23 SCI publications, h-5, supervision of 6 PhD. 2. Enrique Casarejos Ruiz D-C-T : Postdoc, Experimental Physics, Particle Detectors, 180 SCI publications, h-20. 3. Abraham Segade Robleda D-I: Professor, Mechanical Engineering 4. Pablo Izquierdo Belmonte D-C-T: Postdoc, Mechanical Engineering 5. Pablo Yañez Alfonso, L-F : PhD student GRANTS
PGIDIT07PXIB206124PR ¨Diseño y prototipado de un nuevo calorímetro CALIFA para la detección de fotones en vuelo en el experimento R3B de FAIR¨, IP: J.A.Vilán, Xunta de Galicia, Ene 08-Dic 09, 83710 €
FPA2009 -14604-C02-01Physics with radioactive ion beams@R3B: CALIFA a next generation calorimeter, IP: J.A. Vilán, Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación , Ene 10-Dic.12, 155848 €
FPA12-39404-C02-01 Exploring de dripline with radioactive ion beams. Construction of the CALIFA calorimeter for the R3B/FAIR . IP: J.A.Vilán, Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad, Ene 13- Dic 14, 37440 €,
FPA13- -C02-01 Reacciones con núcleos exóticos relativistas en el experimento R3B, IP: E. Casarejos, Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad,Enero14-Dic15, 65.000€
FPA2010-22174-C02-02 Physics with medium-mass and heavy neutron-rich nuclei and contribution to the RPC ToF-wall for the R3B experiment at FAIR. IP: E. Casarejos, Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación, Enero 2010-Diciembre 2013, 134.900 €
19
R3B COSTS ANALYSIS
Participation in the R3B experiment (costs referred to 2005 money) The cost for the four FAIR experiment (NUSTAR, CBM, Panda and APA) amounts to 180 M€. The R3B experiment, is the largest investment in NUSTAR and the cost estimates goes up to 25 M€. CALIFA is one of the key detectors in R3B and amounts up to 3.7 M€ (R3B Cost matrix). Spain aimed in 2005 for a total contribution of 1.3 M€ to CALIFA. Today, USC has invested ~425 k€ in CALIFA to be added to 30 k€ in UVigo and 165k€ in IEM (50% of the envisaged participation, 16% of the CALIFA cost, 2.5 % of the R3B). Our goal would be to complete the 1.3 M€ Budget originally proposed in the inception of the project. We propose the following distribution that would fit with the present R3B construction plans (Table 3).
2009-2015 2015-2017 2017-2019 TOTAL (2009-2019) USC 425 150 150 725 Uvigo 30 50 50 130 IEM 165 150 150 465
TOTAL= 1320 M€
Table 3: Investment plan of the Spanish groups to the R3B set-up
The signature of the NUSTAR MoU is expected for 2016. From 2017 it will be suitable to start the payment of the NUSTAR and R3B running costs. According to the draft of the MoU (presented attached to this document) this contribution amounts to ~2000 € /(PhD and year). Assuming that the PhD Spanish members of R3B are in average 10, this corresponds to 20000 €/year . 1.3 PROJECT FEEDBACK DIRECT FEEDBACK
The tecnical work developed within this project has allowed an intense transfer and exchange
activity between the international research groups, the spanish research groups and hi-tech
based companies in our country. It is worth to stress the importance of these activities in the
context of a region with a small industrial tradition as it is the case of Galicia.
Activities developed within the research groups
See activities described in the technical impact section
Activities developed with other national research groups
See activities described in the technical impact section
Activities developed with national companies
1. Hamamatsu: The USC and Hamamatsu (through the Spanish-French office) initiate a join
venture more than 5 years ago, consisting on the development of a specific large area APD
based on the excellent performances of the S8664 model. As output of this collaboration a
20
new model of 10x20 mm2 active area APD (the one used as CALIFA Barrel sensor) is included in
the Hamamatsu semiconductors catalog. Partners from other collaborations , i.e: Samurai in
Japan, have also used these photosensors for new devices they plan to build in the inmediate
future.
2. Scientifica: A project funded by CDTI was at the origine of the collaboration of the UVigo,
USC and Scientifica. Nowadays this company has designed for USC a test bench for CALIFA
CsI(Tl) crystals and APD that could be commercially proposed to other R3B collaboration
partners.
3. Delfinox: This local (Santiago de Compostela) company has a long experience with the
manipulation of Aluminium. They accept the charge of USC to investigate (R&D) an optimum
protocol to cut and prefold the VME2000 material that CALIFA crystals use as wrapping.
Nowadays we have transfer this know how to an industrial printer TORCULO, based in Santiago
de Compostela.
4. ATI Sistemas S.L: This company, well known in the nuclear physics community is always
collaborative and ready to help. They have the exclusivity of AMCRYS company in Spain.
5. Quantum S.L: This spin-off of UVigo has been also very helpful, providing engineering
solutions to problems related with the CALIFA project developments.
INDIRECT FEEDBACK
The physics related to R3B has been the basis of many PhD works: 8 PhD ( 2 more in
preparation) since 2010.
R3B has also been the place where two Spanish engineers have received technical
education profiting from the program ¨Formación de personal técnico en International
large scale facilities¨. Both of them are presently engaged in a private company and in
another physics collaborations.
STRATEGIC FEEDBACK
FAIR is a next generation European Large Scale Facility in the field of Nuclear Physics and has
the largest support from the scientific community (NuPECC). Moreover, this infrastructure
appeared in the ESFRI road map for many years. FAIR also got the maximum priority in the
¨Spanish strategy for the participation in international scientific infraestructures¨
(wwww.idi.mineco.gov.es/stfls/MICINN/Investigacion/FICHEROS/Construyendo la ciencia del
siglo XXI con portada.pdf).
The Spanish groups working in FAIR/NUSTAR have received economical support through the
FPA program since the year 2005. CICYT has also collaborated to fund several technical
projects having the design and construction of the different NUSTAR experiment as goal. On
the other hand, a lot of the R&D performed has received support from EU in the FP6 and FP7.
We also got funds from an Eranet initiative from the FP7 (Nupnet).
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APPLICATION SUMMARY R3B/SPAIN
Project survey parameters:
• Publications: Signature of scientific papers in the nuclear physics community is based
on the direct scientific work. In the case of experimental nuclear physics is at least mandatory
the participation in the experimental setup preparation, data taking or a very significant
contribution in the data analysis and/or interpretation. Authors are not organized by
alphabetic order. The ordering is thus directly proportional to the author implication in the
work. Figure 8 displays a summary of the scientific production of Spanish scientists related to
R3B in the last 5 years. The publications leaded by Spanish groups are highlighted in light
green. .
Figure 8: R3B related publications with Spanish authors (in blue). R3B related publications
leaded by Spanish authors (in green).
• Technical development: We have acquired broad expertise in:
- Characterization of scintillation based detectors
- Characterization of different photo-sensors
- Quality tests and acceptance tests control
- Development of precise carbon fiber structures: modeling and manufacturing
- Design of sophisticated mechanical structures
• PhD Thesis: During the last 5 years a total of 8 PhD works related with CALIFA
developments and/or R3B physics were defended in Spain.
• Patents: none
• Funds spent: Approximately 600k€ have been invested (since 2009) in the CALIFA
Barrel –Demonstrator (40% of the aimed amount).
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
18
20
2010 2011 2012 2013 2014
R3B related publicationswith Spanish authors
Leaded by Spanish Groups
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The estimated investment in R&D is at least of the same order of magnitude (including man
power).
• Staff dedication
- José Benlliure Anaya : 100% - Dolores Cortina Gil : 100% - Héctor Álvarez Pol: 100% - Olof Tengblad: 50% - M. Jose G. Borge: 20% - Enrique Nácher: 50% - Enrique Casarejos: 100% - José Antonio Vilán: 100%
Details of the requested funds:
PART 1
• Cost of the initiative (only experimental investment)
700 k€ (to complete a total investment of 1.3 M€ for CALIFA detector) distributed in 4 years
(2017-2019).
• Group Costs per year: Group running costs include travel, material laboratory, material
office, material transport (for tests and experiments).
The experiment investment will be dedicated in first instance to the construction of the CALIFA
Endcap Demonstrator (dedicated to the spectroscopic performances), and to complete the
most backward angles of the CALIFA Barrel (improving the calorimetric properties).
EXPERIMENT INVESTMENT (k€)
GROUP RUNNING COST (k€) PERSONNEL (k€)
USC 75 70 70
IEM 75 35 35
Uvigo 25 15 25
Table 4: Cost estimation per year detailed by items
• Operation and maintenance costs: The NUSTAR and R3B running costs amount 2.000 €
per PhD and year. The contribution of Spain to the FAIR running costs is not discussed in this
application
PART 2
• Collaboration running costs : discussed above
• List of Spanish participants
- José Benlliure Anaya - Dolores Cortina Gil - Héctor Álvarez Pol
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- Olof Tengblad - M. Jose G. Borge - Enrique Nácher - Enrique Casarejos - José Antonio Vilán - ~ 3 Postdocs
• Total cost
Add the collaboration running costs to Table 4.
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2. MATS EVALUATION IMPORTANT ASPECTS TO RANK NEW INITIATIVES OR FOLLOW UP OF EXISTING ONES 2.1 IMPACT:
• Scientific impact.
The number of scientific topics covered with Penning traps (PT) and the relative mass uncertainty requested for these studies is shown in Fig. 9. This figure also shows the time where the different topics started to be addressed together with the PT systems at Radioactive Beam (RIB) facilities and the time they started to be operational. The pioneering ISOLTRAP is located at ISOLDE (CERN). In the late nineties two PT facilities were started in Europe in the framework of European networks EXOTRAPS and NIPNET: JYFLTRAP in Jyväskylä, Finland, and SHIPTRAP at GSI-Darmstadt, Germany. At the same time CPT was built at Argonne National Laboratory in the US. The success at these facilities motivated later the construction of other facilities like LEBIT at Michigan State University in the US, TITAN at TRIUMF in Canada, and TRIGA-TRAP at the TRIGA reactor in Mainz (Germany), and the proposal to build MATS at FAIR.
Figure 9: Physics studies carried out with PT at RIBs. From D. Rodríguez, Int. J. Mass Spectrom. 349-350,255-263 (2013). The names of the PT system at RIB facilities are colored in blue if the scientists working on them take part in the MATS collaboration and in grey if they do not. Despites the continuous developments carried out at the existing facilities, the limiting factor to extend the mass measurements to short-lived isotopes is their low production yield. Figure 10 shows the relative mass uncertainties versus half-life from measurements taken with Penning traps at RIBs. The PT results are divided in two groups: the facilities where the radioactive ion beam is delivered at a few tens of keV (ISOL, IGISOL) and the ions are prepared using an RFQ buncher (ISOLTRAP, JYFLTRAP, TITAN) and the facilities where the radioactive ion beam is delivered at energies from a few MeV per nucleon (CPT, LEBIT, SHIPTRAP). The figure also shows results obtained using the storage rings at GSI-Darmstadt and in Lanzhou (China) operated in the so-called isochronous mode.
25
As observed in the Fig. 10, only a few masses have been measured for isotopes with half-lives below 100 ms, and in all these cases these isotopes have been produced at ISOL facilities. The most remarkable example is the halo nuclei 11Li (with a half-life of 8.8 ms), which mass has been measured with TITAN at TRIUMF with a relative mass uncertainty of 6.3x10-8. The production rate at TRIUMF is about three orders of magnitude smaller compared to the one expected at FAIR. This difference in production can be projected to many nuclei, particularly; key nuclei like the doubly magic 78Ni and 100Sn, which are not practicable at any of the existing PT at RIB facilities and will not be produced with comparable rates in those facilities under construction like FRIB in Michigan State University or the upgrade SLOWRI of RIKEN in Japan. As commented earlier in this document, the rapid neutron-capture process (r-process) flows through a neutron-rich nuclei region where many isotopes will be only or better accessible with FAIR. The uniqueness of MATS (together with all NUSTAR experiments) at FAIR has been requested (last time in January 2015). It has been very well evaluated.
Figure 10: Status on mass measurements with PT at ISOL and in-flight facilities, and within storage rings using Isochronous Mass Spectrometry (IMS). From D. Rodríguez, Int. J. Mass Spectrom. 349-350, 255-263 (2013) It is very important to note that although MATS at FAIR will be operational from 2020, The PT groups integrating the collaboration are carrying out measurements at the different facilities if radioactive beams are available. The group in Granada is working on the new facility at the University (TRAPSENSOR) to perform mass measurements on naturally abundant isotopes, in this case to address specific nuclei of interest for neutrino physics. The group in Granada is in close collaboration also with the SHIPTRAP facility at GSI, where the PI of the project/group made his PhD work (defended at IFIC/CSIC in 2003). In this respect the work for MATS can be firstly proved in Granada independently, and later at SHIPTRAP in line with other developments to access superheavy (SHE) elements. Both facilities are unique since the laser-based technique under development in Granada has not been realized in any laboratory worldwide and SHIPTRAP is the only PT coupled to a superheavy-production facility. The work has been supported by a Starting Grant from the European Research Council (ERC) and has permitted to build up the only PT system in Spain (in addition to lasers). The PI has been connected to the PT activity for more than sixteen years. From 2012
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Half-life (ms)
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PT (In-flight)
IMS (ESR & CSR)
26
he started to build the local facility (TRAPSENSOR). All the people participating in the work carried out in Granada are/were graduate students from the University, together with collaborators from abroad coming to Granada during short-time periods. The local work enforces the Spanish contribution abroad at the FAIR facility and will allow profiting much in the future.
• Technical Impact
As shown in Fig. 9, many physics topics have been addressed sequentially after making many technical developments; the preparation PT, the RFQ buncher, the gas-stopping chamber (ion catchers), implementation of carbon clusters for absolute mass measurements, the operation of many of these devices at cryogenic temperatures, the use of highly-charged ions, or the development of new detection techniques like for example the Phase-Imaging Ion-Cyclotron-Resonance (PI-ICR) technique. For the future at RIBs, it is very important to overcome the current limitations to be able to reduce the preparation and measurement times to deal with very short-lived nuclei, increase efficiency in the thermalization process (the ions in the trap must have energies in the order of eV), and improve sensitivity to perform measurements on nuclei produced with very low production yields. Figure 11 shows the layout of the MATS and LaSpec facilities indicting the different institutes and responsibilities.
Figure 11: 3D-CAD drawing of the MATS/LaSpec setup indicating the different institutes involved. The Spanish contribution (150 keuro) to MATS concentrates
on the construction of the Preparation Penning trap and
on developments to improve sensitivity on single ion detection. The preparation PT has been built following the conceptual design given in the Technical Design Report. It has been built in the context of the project TRAPSENSOR (see Figs. 12 and 13) and it has already yielded important results as shown in the inset of Fig. 13. Cooling resonances have been already obtained for 40Ca+ ions (Fig. 13) and for 187Re+ and 198Au+. It is very important to note that this preparation trap serves the precision PT of the project
27
TRAPSENSOR, which has to meet the same requirements in terms of isobaric separation like at SHIPTRAP, by means of the so-called bugger-gas cooling technique in a PT, and should allow applying later other mechanisms like electron or sympathetic laser cooling. The signal in Fig. 13 is obtained by applying the well-known buffer-gas cooling technique, which combined collision with gas atoms and manipulation of the ion motion using an external quadrupole field around the cyclotron frequency of the mass of the ion of interest. Thereafter the ions are ejected and detected with a micro-channel plate detector. The blue line is a fit to the experimental data. These results have not been published yet. Therefore they should be taken as confidential before the publication is released. These results are part of the PhD thesis of Juan Manuel Cornejo García.
Figure 12: 2D-CAD drawing of the Penning-trap beamline built up at the University of Granada in the framework of the projects TRAPSENSOR (ERC-StG) and FPA2012-32076 (MINECO).
The developments for single-ion detection has been started after the PT was built, coupled to a laser desorption ion source and a transfer section, to simulate injection as it happens in an RIB facility (see Fig. 12). This has been carried out specifically during the project FPA2012-32076 from the Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness. Developments of electronics for Fourier-Transform Ion-Cyclotron-Resonance (FT-ICR) Mass Spectrometry have started 12 2014. This kind of electronics has been always manufactured by a company located in Germany (Stahl Electronics), but the group in Granada open a tender in 2014 and signed a contract in October 2014 with a local company, in order to develop this system for broadband detection and for narrowband detection (single ion). The goal is to improve the signal-to-noise ratio currently limiting the applicability of this technique to single-ion mass spectrometry on heavy or superheavy elements. This is complementary and thus allowing the possibility to use the PT beamline built in the project TRASPENSOR (Fig. 12) to carry out these studies. The system has to be operated later at cryogenic temperature (4 K). This temperature will be provided by two-stage pulsed tube cryocooler, which has been built during the FPA2012-32076
28
Figure 13: Top: Picture of the superconducting solenoid in the PT beamline at the UGR. The ion beam comes from the right to the left. The inset shows a cooling resonance for 40Ca+ ions (red circles). Bottom: Picture of the preparation PT. The electrodes have been machined in Granada, and the gold plating has been done at GSI-Darmstadt (without cost for the team).
Figure 14: Simulations on the electronic circuit response for single ion-detection. Picture from J. Gabriel Ramírez, Seven Solutions S.L (internal document). These results have not been published yet. Therefore they should be taken as confidential before the publication is released.
29
project. The system has been funded through an infrastructure project from the former Spanish Ministry of Science and Innovation. The company presented at the end of January a detailed report with the outcomes of the studies carried out including the layout of the circuit. Figure 2.6 shows the result for single ion detection considering a specific inductance coil. Since February 2015, the company is testing the prototypes and they are expected to come soon to the University to perform the tests at cryogenic temperatures. Since single-ion sensitivity has not been reached yet for high mass-to-charge ratios, the accomplishment of this at the UGR will have a high impact in the community. We expect to complete the system within the FPA2012-32076 project and perform measurements within the next three years. Besides the FT-ICR method, and as mentioned earlier, single-ion detection is also studied with a new proposed method based on substituting the electronic detection by the detection of fluorescence photons from a laser-cooled ion (project TRAPSENSOR). The impact of this technique might be stronger, not only for nuclear physics but also for example for precision laser spectroscopy (laser spectroscopy is starting now at SHIPTRAP) or quantum information. Specific MATS articles
D. Rodríguez et al (review), MATS and LaSpec: High-precision experiments using ion traps and lasers at FAIR, Eur. Phys. J. ST 183, 1-123 (2010).
D. Rodríguez, (invited), The Advanced Trapping Facility MATS at FAIR, Int. J. Mass Spectrom. 349-350, 255-263 (2013).
MATS-related articles 1. Induced image curent technique (collaboration with MPIK)
M. Ubieto, D. Rodríguez et al., A broad-band FT-ICR Penning trap system for KATRIN, Int. J. Mass Spectrom. 288, 1-5 (2009).
M. Heck et al., One- and two-pulse quadrupolar excitation schemes of the ion motion in a Penning trap investigated with FT-ICR detection, Appl. Phys. B: Laser O. 107, 1019–1029 (2012).
M. Heck et al., An on-line FT-ICR Penning-trap mass spectrometer for the DPS2-F section of the KATRIN experiment, NIMA 757, 54-61 (2014).
2. Ion production and trap design (UGR)
J.M. Cornejo et al., Status of the Project TRAPSENSOR: Performance of the laser-desorption ion source, NIMB 317, 522-527 (2013).
J.M. Cornejo, P. Escobedo, D. Rodríguez, Status of the project TRAPSENSOR, Hyerfine Interac. (2014).
3. Mass measurements on radioactive isotopes (highlights-International collaboration)
M. Block et al., First direct mass measurements on elements above uranium: Bridge the gap to the island of stability, Nature 463, 785-788 (2010).
E. Minaya-Ramirez et al., Direct Mapping of Nuclear Shell Effects in the Heaviest Elements, Science 337, 1207-1210 (2012).
4. Improving detection techniques/new methods (UGR-SHIPTRAP collaboration)
D. Rodríguez, A quantum sensor for high-performance mass spectrometry, Appl. Phys. B: Lasers O. 107, 1031–1042 (2012).
E. Minaya-Ramirez et al., Recent developments for high-precision mass measurments of the heaviest elements at SHIPTRAP, NIM 317, 501-505 (2013).
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2.2 VIABILITY ANALYSIS OF THE PROPOSALS UGR TEAM The ion-trapping group at the University of Granada is a very young team, which got the first funded project in the 2010 FPA-call (starting in January 2011). This is the only group in Spain working with ion traps and lasers. 1. Daniel Rodríguez Rubiales D-I: Professor since May 2012. Field of research: Experimental Atomic, Nuclear and Lasers Physics, coauthor in more than 50 SCI publications, among them 5 Physical Review Letters, 1 Nature and 1 Science, h-21, supervision of 1 PhD thesis (in course), and since 2010, supervision of 6 Master thesis (2 of them in course) and 2 bachelor thesis (one of them in course). D.R. has been awarded with an ERC Starting Grant. 2. Juan Manuel Cornejo García: Physicist, doctoral student 3. Martín Colombano Sosa: Physicist, master student 4. Jaime Doménech Piles: Physicist, master student The research work is currently done in collaboration with the group of Michael Block at University of Mainz and GSI-Darmstadt. Michael Block is a full professor at the University of Mainz, spokesperson of the MATS collaboration since March 2015, spokesperson of the SHIPTRAP collaboration, and deputy-spokesperson of the newly formed superheavy elements (SHE) collaboration in NUSTAR. In the past we have maintained a close collaboration with Professor Klaus Blaum, director at the Max-Planck Institute for Nuclear Physics in Heidelberg (Germany) and former spokesperson of the MATS collaboration. In the course of the ERC grant we have become independent. Only one member is permanent and three are graduates (besides collaborators from abroad). This is however the structure of the group regarding ion traps ad laser within the last four years, which has permitted to build up the full laboratory in Granada. In the future and once the construction is fully finished, one permanent and two graduate students will be sufficient for the experiments to be carried out. The visibility of the PI of the project within the NUSTAR and MATS collaborations is very high.
D. Rodríguez has been coordinator of the MATS/LaSpec TDR. The content of the TDR was decided in a workshop held in Matalascañas (Huelva) in October 2008. The TDR was submitted in October 2009.
D. Rodríguez has been spokesperson of the MATS collaboration from December 2010-to March 2015.
D. Rodríguez is currently deputy-spokesperson.
Invited talks (on MATS and/or LaSpec) in the course of funding project from the Spanish Ministry)
MATS & LaSpec: High-precision experiments using lasers and ion traps at FAIR,
NUSTAR India Collaboration meeting, Mumbay (India), February 2011
MATS, NUSTAR week, Kolkata (India), October 2012
Status of the MATS project, 12th International Symposium on Electron Beam Ion Sources and Traps (EBIST'14), East Lansing (US), May 2014
MATS, NUSTAR week, Valencia (Spain), September 2014
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MATS and LaSpec: Status and first experiments, International Conference on Science and Technology for FAIR in Europe 2014, Worms (Germany), October 2014
The PI has been also invited to give talks on the Project TRAPSENSOR. GRANTS (It includes funding for other activities like SHIPTRAP and applications)
FPA2010-14803 ¨Developments for High-Accuracy Experiments Using Ion Traps for Fundamental Physics and Applications¨, IP: Daniel Rodríguez Rubiales, Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación, Ene 11-Dic 12, 192.269,00 € (direct + indirect)
FPA2012-32076 ¨Developments for High-Accuracy Experiments Using Ion Traps for Fundamental Physics and Applications¨, IP: Daniel Rodríguez Rubiales, Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad, Ene 13-Dic 15, 208.143,00 € (direct + indirect)
FP7 EU (ERC StG 2011): ¨High-Performance Mass Spectrometry Using a Quantum Sensor” 1.499.280,00 €, Nov 11-Nov 16.
INFRASTRUCTURE PROJECTS (with the support of the University of Granada. Since those projects are funded with FEDER, the University has to cover a certain percentage of the total amount, 20% or 30% depending on the call. All these projects have permitted to complete the traps and lasers laboratory.
UNGR10-1E-501 Laboratorio de trampas de Iones, Proyecto de infraestructuras del Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación, 365.600,50 €, Ene 10 –Jun 15
INF-2011-57131 Láseres para Ciencia de altas prestaciones, Proyectos de Infraestructura Junta de Andalucía, 164.032,30 €, Ene 14 –Ene 16
UNGR13-1E-1830 Equipamiento para Laboratorio de trampas de iones y láseres, Proyectos de Infraestructura del Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad, 381.656,57 €, Ene 13-Dic 15.
MATS COSTS ANALYSIS Participation in the MATS experiment (costs referred to 2005 money) The cost of the four FAIR experiments (NUSTAR, CBM, Panda and APA) amounts to 180 M€. The MATS experiments is one of the smallest in NUSTAR and the total cost is around 3.2 M€ from where 150 k€ is responsibility of the University of Granada-Spain. From this money, Spain has already invested 30 k€ for the developments of the electronics circuits (running contract with the local company in Granada). The preparation trap has been mainly funded by the ERC grant and will remain for experiments in Granada. Thus, the final contribution of 120 k€ should provide a full PT system with the associated electronics. Prior to apply for the final amount, it is very important now to test the system in Granada and obtain scientific results. The UGR team needs funding to hire a graduate student for the next three years (or better four years through a doctoral fellowship). Thus for the period 2016-2018, the requested amount of money will be for people, consumables and expected modifications to the existing system. The use of the FT-ICR system together with the TRAPSENSOR project and the outcomes from both projects (FPA and ERC-grant) will condition the time to apply to complete the system for MATS at FAIR. There will be money requested to run TRAPSENSOR beyond the ERC grant and to travel to conferences and experiments abroad (if beamtime available). The signature of the NUSTAR construction MoU is expected for 2016. Attached to this document is the MATS annex to the pre-construction MoU dated from June 2011. The running
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costs are very small compared to other facilities (total 77 k€/year). However, since MATS is at the low-energy branch, running costs are not expected before 2020. The SHIPTRAP collaboration does not use MoUs. Each group tries to contribute technically or scientifically to the project. The work in Granada through the FPA projects and through the project TRAPSENSOR is highly appreciated by the collaboration. 2.3. PROJECT FEEDBACK
DIRECT FEEDBACK
Since the beginning of the trapping activity at the University of Granada, starting with the project FPA2010-14803 in January 2011, the group has tried to find companies in Spain capable to provide equipment and to fabricate the ion traps and electronics for the trap or other devices like Acoustic-Optical Modulators (AOM). The PT as well as the transfer section, and TOF section shown in Fig. 2.4, the Paul trap system shown in Fig. 2.7, ion sources, electron guns, detector holders, and structures for the laser-desorption ion source and to hold vacuum systems have been fabricated by a local company in Granada (INGENIERÍA MAQUINARIA Y CONTROL S.L.). The precision to machine the electrodes for the traps is very important and trap surfaces have been checked with an electron microscope at the University of Granada, after much iteration with the local company. Many vacuum chambers, standard or customized, and special flanges, CF ports have been built by a company in Valencia (TRINOS VACUUM S.L.). Currently the group is building up a micro-trap system and the part related to the coating and electroplating of thin electrodes made of fused silica, is done at the INSTITUTO DE MICROELECTRÓNICA in Barcelona. Funding has been obtained through an ERC Starting Grant, two FPA projects and three infrastructure projects. In total it has been possible to get about 2.8 M€1, where a huge percentage from this amount coming from the European Union. The laboratory is now fully equipped with a superconducting solenoid (7-T), identical to the magnet at SHIPTRAP and TRIGA-TRAP and also to the one foreseen in the first stage of MATS at FAIR. There are in total seven turbomolecular pumps with different capacity, six roughing pumps, three ion pumps, two titanium sublimation pumps, eight tunable diode lasers (Fig. 2.8), locked with an ultra-high accuracy wave meter to a precision better than 10 MHz, and a stabilized HeNe laser. There are two very sensitive EMCCD cameras (Electron Multiplying CCD), photomultipliers with two kinds of acquisition systems, the two-stages pulsed tube cryocooler, a pulsed Nd:YAG laser, a cw Ti:Sa laser with a 15 W pump laser, and a second harmonic generation system. A view of the crystal in the Ti:Sa laser is shown in the left side of Fig. 2.8. There are still four tenders in process. Besides the PT experiment shown earlier and directly related to MATS (Fig. 2.4 and 2.5), the laser-cooling experiment is now completed. The fluorescence from a single laser-cooled 40Ca+ ion is shown in the right side of Fig. 2.8 and measurements are now on-going. The PT and the laser experiments can run nowadays simultaneously with independent control system (there are in total seven PCs). TRAPSENSOR is currently the only laboratory in Spain with ion traps and lasers. There was time ago such a laboratory at the ICFO which has been considered Centro de Excelencia Severo Ochoa.
1 This includes direct and indirect costs as well as personnel.
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Figure 2.7: Tunable diode-laser system for laser cooling in a Paul and in a Penning trap built at the UGR. The laboratory has been built in the period 2012-2015 with an average manpower of two to three graduate students. The cryocooler is in a separate room.
Figure 2.8: Left: Inside view of the crystal (orange) of the Titanium Sapphire laser system, which is used with a Second Harmonic Generator (SHG) and a fixed-frequency diode laser for photoionization at the UGR. The light in green (532 nm) comes from the pump laser. Right: Single laser-cooled 40Ca+ ion at the UGR. These results have not been published yet and therefore should be taken as confidential until a publication is released. Contract with companies
Besides manufacturing many of the components locally, in 2014 the group went a step further and opened a tender to build up high-performance electronics for the non-destructive detection of stored ions in a PT. In October 2014 the contract was signed with SEVEN SOLUTIONS S.L, a well-known company on data acquisition, which collaborates among other institutes with CERN. Currently the company is performing tests at room temperature of a prototype for broadband and narrowband detection capable to be operated at cryogenic temperature (4 K). Shortly the company is expected to come at the group laboratory to test
Endcap Endcap
Single 40
Ca+
ion
20 μm
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the circuit at 4 K prior to the installation at the PT. This is the first time a company in Spain carries out these developments. Patents
The group has one patent although it is not commercialized. INDIRECT FEEDBACK
This is young group and thus the first PhD thesis defense (by Juan Manuel Cornejo García) is expected to take place by the end of 2015. The first two years of his contract was funded by the CPAN. Four master thesis has been defended, three of them in the master in Nuclear physics shared by several institutes in Spain (Juan Manuel Cornejo García, Antonio Lorenzo Gutiérrez and Carlos Vivo Vilchez) and one in an Engineering one at the University of Granada (Pablo Escobedo Araque). The contract of Pablo Escobedo was also funded by the CPAN. In 2014 did also Ernesto Ruiz Ortiz defend the first bachelor thesis in the group, and there are currently two master students in Physics (Jaime Doménech Piles and Martín Colombano Sosa). The master in Physics is new at the University of Granada. There is also one Bachelor student, who has a fellowship on initiation on research at the university.
The PI has been spokesperson of the MATS collaboration for more than four years and it is currently deputy-spokesperson. Currently he concentrates in the projects in Granada since the activity is very large. SUPPORT FROM THE INSTITUTION
The University of Granada has been always very supportive providing the large (90 m2) laboratory after the ERC project started. Prior to this, the group could start the activity in a small laboratory, specifically built to house a laser-desorption ion source from the University of Mainz. The University of Granada has provided from 20 to 30% of the money to complete the infrastructure projects, as these projects (FEDER) must be cofounded.
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APPLICATION SUMMARY MATS/SPAIN Project survey parameters: Publications: Signature of scientific papers in the nuclear physics community is based on the direct scientific work. In the case of experimental nuclear physics is at least mandatory the participation in the experimental setup preparation, data taking or a very significant contribution in the data analysis and/or interpretation. Authors are not organized by alphabetic order. The ordering is thus directly proportional to the author implication in the work (page 29). Technical development:
• Design, construction and operation of Penning and Paul traps and associated equipment, ion sources of different types
• Micro-channel plate detectors, EMCCD cameras, PMT with lock-in amplifiers • Tunable diode lasers and solid state lasers, non-lineal optics, modulators, cavities and
stabilization • Slow control system and LABVIEW software package • Vacuum systems and cryogenics • Micro-machinery and coating processes • High-performance electronics
PhD and Master Thesis: There is one PhD thesis in preparation since 2011 and four master these defended in the period 2011-2014. There are two in preparation. Patents: one, but not directly related to this activity Funds spent: 30k€ from the total contribution of 150 k€. Money has been spent for equipment needed for the tests. Staff dedication:
- Daniel Rodríguez Rubiales : 100% in the above mentioned projects - 1 Graduate student specifically for MATS
Next funding application:
- Personnel (1 PhD student) - Commissioning with the PT of the newly developed single-ion detection circuit at the
University of Granada - Maintenance of the laboratory at the University of Granada and experiments on spot.
Experiments at GSI-Darmstadt if beamtime available.
