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www.johnvines.eu John Vines 1
John Vines
Digital Interaction Group Culture Lab, Newcastle University
di.ncl.ac.uk
email: [email protected]
Participatory Design with Older People
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09.35 A brief history of participatory design 09.55 Quick discussion 10.05 The challenges of ageing populations 10.25 Quick activity 10.35 BREAK 10.45 Case study of PD with Older People 11.15 Final discussion 11.30 Finish
outline of talk
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part one
a brief history of participatory design
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a simple definition
‘Participatory Design (PD) represents [an] approach towards computer systems design in which the people destined to use the system play a critical role in designing it.’
- Schuler & Namioka, 1993, p.xi
… but it is often a lot more complicated than this!
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one time, in Scandinavia…
Participatory Design
Co-Operative Design a concern with the politics of system design
no technology is ‘neutral’
dislocation and deskilling of workers
exertion of the management's control over their workforce
- Kensing & Blomberg, 1998
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questioning and alternatives
‘we must use our curiosity and creativity to question solutions […] we must use the insight to help ordinary users raise similar questions to the specific technologies proposed to them. This is an agenda that has many levels – from questioning well-established human-computer interaction paradigms, via questioning IT strategies on a societal level, to helping users in particular organisations participate in technological development. The latter is what we often call participatory design, but I would claim that it does not come without the former.’
- Bødker, 2003, p.88
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traditions and transcendence
a fundamental tension in all ‘user-focused’ systems design is balancing an understanding and incorporation of existing traditions with providing opportunities for individuals to transcend and break existing boundaries
- Ehn, 1989
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a little later, in the United States
‘… to empower users to act as full participants in the design of systems that will have impact on their jobs and their work-lives. … to improve knowledge acquisition for design, and the quality of the resulting system, by involving the people with job expertise (the people who do the job) in the design process. … to improve the flow of the software engineering process by bringing representatives from major components of that process into the design phase a co-owners of the design.’
- Muller, 1991, p.225
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the ‘third space’ of participatory design
- Muller, 2003
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the ‘workshop’
future workshops - Kensing and Madsen, 1991
‘… workshops are usually held to help diverse parties (“stakeholders”) communicate and commit to shared goals, strategies, and outcomes (e.g., analyses, designs, and evaluations, as well as workplace-change objectives). Workshops are often held at sites that are in a sense neutral – they are not part of the software professionals’ workplace, and they are not part of the workers’ workplace.’
- Muller, 2003, p.1060
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resources to support participation
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diversification of participation
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warning: terminological overload!
co-operative design Participatory design (with a big P)
participatory design (with a little p)
co-design (collaborative design)
co-creation
The original term for Participatory Design use in Scandinavia in the 1970s-late 1980s
A view of end-user involvement in design to destabilise power structures and empower workers/users A view of end-user involvement in design to inform more approximately designed systems and provide grounded insight
A balanced and integrative approach to broad stakeholder and user involvement in design As per co-design, but with core principle that all people (and not just designers) are creative and create their own systems
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quick thinking time!
Get together in pairs (or threes) and… 1. … define one potential ‘user’ group of technology that you
believe may benefit from being involved in a participatory design process (don’t choose older people! – but do choose something related to your MSc project if appropriate).
2. … come up with a research question or topic you think might be interesting to explore in some design workshops with this group.
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part two
the challenges of ageing populations
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ageing populations
Ageing demographics - ‘Very’ old fastest growing age group worldwide
By 2050, over 65s will outnumber all children under the age of 14 worldwide
1/7th of all UK government public spending is on pensions
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the challenge for HCI Accessibility is now law: Equality Act 2012
http://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/2010/15/contents
The retirement age has risen and almost inevitably will again in the near future meaning the workforce will include older users
The spending power of the over sixty-five population is enormous
Older users represent the biggest (and maybe the last) untapped source of new internet users (only approx. 20% of over-70s use the internet at
the moment – but this is growing massively)
Some of the services offered on the web are almost perfect for helping with independence in later life (i.e., internet shopping, online banking,
continued family communications)
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the challenge for HCI
Most HCI research on the topic of ageing focuses on age-related functional decline, OR on negative perceptions of ageing:
- Memory - Attention - Visual acuity - Dexterity - Hearing
See: http://www.nngroup.com/reports/accessibility/beyond_ALT_text.pdf See: Vines et al. (in press – but I can send you an unpublished copy)
- Social Isolation - Safety - Risks - Disease and
Health Conditions
- Fun - Enjoyment - Pleasure - Sharing Skills - ?
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the challenge for HCI
“Research on technologies for older people often associates aging with disability and the need for care, and thus focuses on topics such as augmenting memory or the social resources required for older people to remain in their own homes.”
– Gaver et al. 2010, p.2056 “’Designing for older people”, whether focused on disability or development, has the tendency to direct attention to a single dimension of comparison among people who may otherwise have little in common.”
– Gaver et al. 2010, p.2064
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the challenge for HCI
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an even bigger challenge for HCI
Dementia is a global decline in cognitive function – this means that no aspect of your mental faculties is left unimpaired
In the UK in 2010, 800,000 people live with dementia. Predicted to rise to 1m by 2021, and 1.7m by 2050.
If there is approx. 20 of us in this room, 6-9 of us will likely
pass away with dementia (unless a cure is found)
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an even bigger challenge for HCI
Massive strain on healthcare and society
as a whole…
… but what about supporting positive
experiences of dementia?
Wallace et al. 2013
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an even bigger challenge for HCI
Massive strain on healthcare and society
as a whole…
… but what about supporting positive
experiences of dementia?
Lindsay et al. 2012
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question time!
You have been tasked with both arranging and facilitating some participatory design workshops with a group of 80 year olds, some of whom (but not all) have early-onset dementia …
… in pairs or small groups, discuss what you think some of the potential issues and problems you may come across in
both arranging and running these workshops.
5-10 minutes!
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practical issues
finding participants
method of recruitment
turning up for sessions
abstractness & focus on detail
diversity and heterogeneity
deviating discussion
used to ‘get what you’re given’
sensory concerns
‘all of the above’, and…
reviewing and recapping
consistent point of contact
harnessing existing groups
difficulty articulating view
dominated by carers
Lindsay et al. 2012b; Vines et al. 2012a; 2012b Lindsay et al. 2012a
Older people (very generally!) People living with dementia (again, very generally!)
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Break time!
10 minutes!
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part three
case study of participatory design with older people
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case study new approaches to banking for the older old
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case study new approaches to banking for eighty somethings!
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methods used
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methods used
financial biographies
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methods used
financial biographies
stakeholder quote clustering
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methods used
financial biographies
stakeholder quote clustering
group workshops
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methods used
financial biographies
stakeholder quote clustering
group workshops
invisible design films
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methods used
financial biographies
stakeholder quote clustering
group workshops
invisible design films
questionable concept cards
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methods used
financial biographies
stakeholder quote clustering
group workshops
invisible design films
questionable concept cards
provotypes
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methods used
financial biographies
stakeholder quote clustering
group workshops
invisible design films
questionable concept cards
provotypes
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biographies
semi-structured interviews and visits to peoples homes
ask participants to tell us their life
story with occasional focused questions of experiences of the
research topic
as interview develops, ask to be shown relevant ‘artifacts’ and ‘materials’ around the home
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financial biographies “I have a spot here where I save up. I’ll
always have so much for the housekeeping. … I do have a certain
amount of cash which I like by me … I go to the bank and I get so much money out
of the bank. I make sure that I have so much money in.” – Jean, 88
“I write out me carers, me gas, me light, me phone and hair, feet - chiropodist, water, television, St Leonard’s Hospice which I support, church – how much I donate each week and then I give a bit
extra at Christmas, that all goes down.” – Thora, 89
“If I want anything out of the wall, Nigel will get me 100 out if I need it.” – Barbara, 95
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financial biographies
make participants feel at ease and allows them to tell us stories of their life
provides a good understanding of existing traditions, why people do
them based on their life story, and the barriers new systems make
the ‘site’ is peoples homes, meaning
they can access supplementary materials to give more insight
not so useful for ‘transcendence’
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invisible design short films, usually a dialogue
between two characters, about a new technology one of the
characters is using
used in group workshops to prompt discussion
the technology is in the scene but
never ‘seen’ (hence invisible)
created to promote discussion about the experiences and context of use of the technology, and not
physical qualities of the interface or system
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go here to see the video: http://youtu.be/SL2LZ38ihPk
invisible design
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invisible design
“Well I visualise it as a blank note with no sum on.” - Margaret, 82
“Like a cheque in other words.” – Iris, 81
“I don’t trust the banks, I don’t trust the finance institutions, because it’s only one operator filling in one set of numbers, puts in the wrong number, the wrong initial
on a name, and you’re in hock” – Jean, 82
“the Queen’s head disappeared if handed to unauthorised payee. How do we know we are going to buy something e.g. a lady goes shopping for shoes and
may visit 10 shops before she finds what she wants. How does she pay if not one of the authorised payees?” – Rita, 84
“if they’d shown us some of the money that was supposed to be there, and how it
worked, it would be more helpful to me” – Edith, 87
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invisible design
new design suggestions
suggestions of how existing (non-digital) technologies exist negating the
need for the new design
further understanding of existing traditions, practices and desires
through participants concerns about the invisible design
avoids focusing on tangible details – however, can be a significant barrier
to some people to participate
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questionable concepts a collection of cards provided to
participants in a pack to take home with them after a workshop
each card has a pictorial illustration
of an idea – the idea relates to insights from the biographies or
invisible design discussions
the idea is ‘questionable’ – i.e., not entirely practical, feasible, and may in some respects go against the
values of participants
The card also includes a set of questions related to the ideas for
participants to answer
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questionable concepts
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questionable concepts
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questionable concepts
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questionable concepts
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questionable concepts “If this actually came to pass it would
be just a way for the banks and financial institutions to make more money for the “fatcats” and the
shareholders and to exploit the man in the street”- Rita, 83
““hide it in code among telephone
numbers in my diary.” - Agatha, 81
“I like the idea on the front of an iPad type wallet … But you could also, I feel, have a card that you could put into a computer or a screen and you would call up your accounts, and see them.”
- Dolores, 81
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questionable concepts allows the telling of stories and
experiences people have had in their lives relevant to the design context –
again, understanding tradition
supports critique of ideas but also creativity in the form of alternative
suggestions – transcendence reflecting onto existing traditions
is tactile – something that is valued by
many older people – and can be completed at home, offering time for
reflection
uncomplex data – writing on the cards, scribbles of ideas, and discussions
prompted by each card
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references
Bødker, S. 2003. A for Alternatives. Scandinavian Journal of Information Systems . 15, 1, 87-89. Briggs, P., Mark Blythe, John Vines, Stephen Lindsay, Paul Dunphy, James Nicholson, David Green, Jim Kitson, Andrew Monk, and Patrick Olivier. 2012. Invisible design: exploring insights and ideas through ambiguous film scenarios. In Proceedings of the Designing Interactive Systems Conference (DIS '12). ACM, New York, NY, USA, 534-543. Ehn, P. 1989. Work oriented design of computer artefacts. Stockholm, Arbetslivscentrum. Ehn, P., and Kyng, M. 1992. Cardboard Computers: Mockingit-up or Hands-on the Future. In: Design at Work . Lawrence Erlbaum, 169-196. Gaver, W., Mark Blythe, Andy Boucher, Nadine Jarvis, John Bowers, and Peter Wright. 2010. The prayer companion: openness and specificity, materiality and spirituality. In Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems (CHI '10). ACM, New York, NY, USA, 2055-2064. Gaver, W., Andy Boucher, John Bowers, Mark Blythe, Nadine Jarvis, David Cameron, Tobie Kerridge, Alex Wilkie, Robert Phillips, and Peter Wright. 2011. The photostroller: supporting diverse care home residents in engaging with the world. In Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems (CHI '11). ACM, New York, NY, USA, 1757-1766.
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references Lindsay, S., Katie Brittain, Daniel Jackson, Cassim Ladha, Karim Ladha, and Patrick Olivier. 2012. Empathy, participatory design and people with dementia. In Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems (CHI '12). ACM, New York, NY, USA, 521-530. Lindsay, S., Daniel Jackson, Guy Schofield, and Patrick Olivier. 2012. Engaging older people using participatory design. In Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems (CHI '12). Kensing, F., and Madsen, K.H. 1991. Generating visions: Future workshops and metaphorical design. In J. Greenbaum & M. Kyng (eds.), Design at work: Cooperative design of computer systems. Hillsdale NJ US: Erlbaum Kensing, F., and Blomberg, J. 1998. Computer-Supported Cooperative Work, 7 (3-4), 167-185. Muller, M. J. 1991. PICTIVE—an exploration in participatory design. In Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems (CHI '91), Scott P. Robertson, Gary M. Olson, and Judith S. Olson (Eds.). ACM, New York, NY, USA, 225-231. Muller, M J. 2002. Participatory design: the third space in HCI. In The human-computer interaction handbook, Julie A. Jacko and Andrew Sears (Eds.). L. Erlbaum Associates Inc., Hillsdale, NJ, USA 1051-1068. Schuler, D., and Namioka, A. 1993. Participatory design: Principles and practices. Lawrence Erlbaum, New Jersey, USA.
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references
Vines, J., Mark Blythe, Stephen Lindsay, Paul Dunphy, Andrew Monk, and Patrick Olivier. 2012. Questionable concepts: critique as resource for designing with eighty somethings. In Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems (CHI '12). ACM, New York, NY, USA, 1169-1178. Vines, J., Mark Blythe, Paul Dunphy, Vasillis Vlachokyriakos, Isaac Teece, Andrew Monk, and Patrick Olivier. 2012. Cheque mates: participatory design of digital payments with eighty somethings. In Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems (CHI '12). ACM, New York, NY, USA, 1189-1198. Vines, J., Mark Blythe, Paul Dunphy, and Andrew Monk. 2011. Eighty something: banking for the older old. In Proceedings of the 25th BCS Conference on Human-Computer Interaction (BCS-HCI '11). British Computer Society, Swinton, UK, UK, 64-73. Wallace, J., Wright, P., McCarthy, J., Green, D., Thomas, J., and Olivier, P. A design-led inquiry into Personhood in Dementia. 2013. In proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems (CHI ’13), ACM, New York, NY, USA.