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Participatory Rural Appraisal Report of
Chikhali, Tal. Mohol,
Dist. Solapur
Summarized by Krishi Vigyan Kendra, Mohol
Solapur - 413213, M.S.
2012-13
KRISHI VIGYAN KENDRA, MOHOL
CONTENTS
Sr. No. Content
1 Introduction
2 Bench mark survey
Climate and Land Holding Pattern
Soil and water conservation structures
Irrigation/ water Source
Natural Vegetation
Cropping Pattern
3 PRA
Village map
Social map
Soil Map and Village Transect
Time line
Trend analysis
Matrix ranking
Venn diagram
List Of Participated Farmers in PRA
4 SWOT and POIN Analysis
5 Seasonability
6 Major Cropping Pattern
7 Major Problem Identified
8 Problem Cause Diagram
9 Farmers – Scientist interaction for action plan development
10 PRA photo
Mahatma Phule Krishi Vidyapeeth Krishi Vigyan Kendra, Mohol
Tal. Mohol, Dist. Solapur Participatory Rural Appraisal (PRA) - 2012
Chikhali 1. Introduction:
Krishi Vigyan Kendra, Mohol undertaken the Participatory Rural Appraisal Survey
of Chikhali village for identifying the needs, problems, present agriculture situation and
basic information about village.
KVK performing various crop production techniques, training programmes, crop
demonstrations, on farm trials and organizes various programmes for practicing farmers,
rural youth, farm women for increasing crop production and self-employment generation.
KVK also providing various inputs and services to farmers such as Soil, Water, Plant,
Fertilizers Testing, Bio-Fertilizers and Bio-Pesticides, Vermicompost, Vermiwash at
reasonable rate.
Village Chikhali situated on Solapur- Pune National Highway-9 about 10 km away from tahsil place Mohol, Dist- Solapur. Village Chikhali comes under scarcity zone A major crop includes Maize, Sorghum, Tur, Groundnut, Sugarcane, Onion, Tomato, Brinjal, Chilli and Ber.
The Participatory Rural Appraisal Survey of Chikhali village was conducted to get basic information and information regarding cropping pattern, irrigation facilities, changing climate condition, rainfall, soil type, availability of resources, thrust areas, problems and to identify needs of the farmer. The basic information of village was collected by refering records available in Grampnchayat office and also by ineracting with key informants, official members of panchayat, progressive farmers, old age farmers and youths.
Facilitators: 1 Dr. D. R. Nandre. 2 Shri. A. G. Dighe 3 Dr. N.S. Deshmukh 4 Dr. P. G. Chavan 5 Smt. K. A. Jadhav 6 Shri. D. N. Kshirsagar 7 Ms. S. B. Kakade 8 Shri. T. P. Ahire
2. Bench mark survey of Chikhali 2.1 Climate:
The climate of the area is semi-arid tropical. Generally, South-West monsoon starts
from June and peak rainfall occurs in July and August. Usually there are short and long
dry spells occurs between the outset and station of rain.
Annual Rainfall Approximate 537 mm
Period June to Oct
Temperature Maximum 40.40c
Minimum 120c
Distribution:
Month Temperature
(OC) Humidity
(%) Rainfall (mm)
Maxi Min Morning Evening
Jan 30.8 12.32 59.2 28.2 0.0
Feb 35 14.42 54.75 30.25 0.0
Mar 38.2 16.22 33.8 17.85 0.0
Apr 40.26 23.5 53.64 28.28 8.2
May 40.42 23.4 71.5 38 7.6
Jun 36.8 78.625 77.5 46.5 65.3
July 33.36 22.88 79.4 53.6 55.8
Aug 33.62 21.82 79 53.5 39.0
Sept 33 21.9 75.25 51 35.8
Oct 32.32 19.42 72.6 47.2 148.4
Nov 31.57 15.1 61.25 37.5 3.4
Dec 31.7 13.175 58.25 34.5 0.0
Reference: Agril. Research Station, Mohol , year:2012
2.2 Geographical area: 1003 ha
Cultivable area : 877 ha
Irrigated area : 80 ha
2.3 Soil and Water conservation structures:
Nala Bund
Earthen Bund
Percolation tank
Farm Pond
2.4 Irrigation/water source facilities:
Well : 50
Bore well : 260
Nala Bunding
Percolation tank
Farm pond
:
:
:
40
09
02
Hand Pump : 09
2.5 Natural vegetation:
Trees : Neem, tamarind, Babul, Ber, Mango, Chillar etc.
Shrubs : Nirgudi, Cassia, Euphobia, Hiwar etc.
Weeds /floara : Harali, Lavala, Kena, Cocks comb, Parthenium, Kusal, Pathri,
Sarata etc.
2.6 Cropping pattern:
3. PRA at Chikhali, Tal Mohol, Dist. Solapur
The different tools used for PRA Village Map Social Map Soil map Transect walk Time line Trend analysis Venn diagram Matrix ranking
Season Cereals Pulses Oilseeds Fruits Vegetables Fodder crop
Kharif Maize Pigeon Pea,
Groundnut Ber
Pomegranate
Grapes
Onion, Tomato,
Brinjal, Chilli,
Ridge gourd,
cucumber and
Drumstick.
Maize,
Rabi Sorghum,
Wheat
Maize
Gram - Sorghum,
Maize
Summer - - Groundnut Maize,
Annual Sugarcane
3.1 Village map
The village map of the Chikhali was collected from Talathi Office, Chikhali.
3.2 Social map of Chikhali village:
1. Population : 1246
2. Educational facilities
Literacy percentage : 73%
Nursery/ Anganwadi : 01
Z.P. School(1 to 7 std) : 01
Higher Secondary : Angar (7 Km away from Chikhali)
Mohol(10 Km away from Chikhali)
Junior/Senior College : Angar (7 Km away from Chikhali)
Mohol(10 Km away from Chikhali)
3. Drinking water availability : Tap water- 54, Hand pump- 9,
Well- 01, Borerwell- 01
4. Temple : [Hemadpanthi] Siddheshwar Temple,
Shiva Temple, Marimata, Maruti temple
5. Material availability in the village
a. Grocery : 06
b. Seeds/ Fertilizers/ Insecticides and fungicides
Krishi Seva Kendra : 01
6. Farm implements
1. Tractor : 10 2. Seed Drill : 12
3.Thresher : 03 4.Sprayer (Manual) : 250
5.Sprayer (HTP) : 104 6. Rotavator : 03
7. Electric pump : 110
7. Medical facilities
Name of institute /organization In Village Nearby Village Distance from Village
a. Primary Health Center Nil Angar 7 km
b. b. Veterinary Health Center Nil Angar 7 km
8. Marketing facility
Sr. No Market place Distance
1 APMC, Mohol : 10 km
2 APMC, Solapur : 50 km
3 Modnimb : 10 km
9. Availability of technology/ knowledge source
a. Information regarding agricultural
practices
: 1. ZARS, Solapur. 2. ARS, Mohol. 3. Krishi Vigyan Kendra, Mohol. 4. News Paper, Agrowan, Television,
Radio.
10. Dairy Facilities
a. No. of dairies
b. Khoa making unit
: 02
: 01
11. Self help groups : 13
12. Social/ Cultural Group
a. Youth club : 05
b. Mahila Mandal : 02
c. Bhajani Mandal : 02
13. Village Artist : Masonry workers of the village are
famous in the district.
14. Irrigation facilities : 1. wells: 52
2. Borewells: 264
3.3 Soil Map of village:
Soil map indicating type of soils structures available in village.
Soil Map of village Chikhali
3.4 Transect of village Chikhali:
The transect walk was carried out with the help of group of farmers involved
during PRA. The availability of various components was collected by observatory method
in the village as follows.
Topography Leveled Slope 1 to 2 %
Slope 2 to 3 %
Slightly sloppy 2 to 4%
Soil type Medium Medium to light Light soil Shallow
Irrigation source
Well, Borewell Well, Borewell
Borewell Well
Borewell
Crops and Cropping system
Sugarcane, Sorghum, Maize, Wheat, Groundnut
Sorghum, Maize, Gram, Pigeonpea, Groundnut, Pearl-millet, Udid
Maize, Pearlmillet, Mataki
Pearkmillet, Mataki
Trees
Neem, Acasia, Tamarind
Neem, Acasia, Tamarind
Neem, Acacia, chillar
Neem, Acacia, chillar
Fruit trees Ber, Jamun, Mango, watermelon
Mango, Ber, Watermelon
Ber, Watermelon, Lime, Pomegranate
Ber, Pomegranate
Vegetables Tomato, Brinjal, Onion, Cucumber
Tomato, Brinjal, Chilli, Cucumber, Ridgegourd, Drumstick, onion
Tomato, Brinjal, Chilli, Cucumber, Ridgegourd, Drumstick
Tomato
Weeds
Harali, lavala Parthenium, cocks comb, Kena, Pathri
Harali, Lavala, Parthenium, cocks comb, Bilayat, Kena, Pathri, Sarata
Cocks comb, Kusal, Dudhani, Pathri, Bilayat, Sarata
Kusal, Cock comb, Dudhani, Sarata
Animals Cow Khillar, Jerssey, HF Buffalo Pandharpuri Goat Osmanabadi Poultry birds Deshi
3.5 Time line:-
The major event remembered by the villagers was drawn with the help of key
informants.
Year Major events 1940 Bicycle 1945 Z. P. Primary School 1950 Radio 1953 Establishment of Grampanchyat. 1957 Tol dhad infestation on crop 1972 Nala Bund 1972 Percolation Tank 1972 Famine
1973-74 Hybrid seed 1976 Tractor 1977 Electricity 1980 Chemical fertilizers 1980 Motorcycle 1982 Drip irrigation 1982 Drinking Water Well and Pipeline 1985 Telephone 1984 Television 1990 Thresher 1992 Earthquake 2000 Self Help Groups 2002 Mobile 2005 Tempo 2005 Jeep
2010-11 Solar system 2011 Nursery
3.6 Trend analysis: The trend analysis in respect of rainfall, water table, cropping pattern, area of various crops grown during the year, livestock etc. was done with the help of the farmer participants involved in PRA.
Particulars 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010
Rainfall ***** **** **** ** *** *** ***
Kharif cropping area 00000 0000 000 00 0000 0000 000
Rabi cropping area ##### #### ### ### #### #### ####
Horticultural Crops
Tomato - - ^^ ^^^ ^^^ ^^^^ ^^^^^
Pomegranate - - - - - vv vv
Chilli OO OO OOO OOO OO OOO OOOO
Ridgegourd - - - - YY YYY YYY
Brinjal - > >> >> >>> >>> >>>>
Area under various crops
Sugarcane - - $ $ $$ $$$ $$$
Rabi Sorghum @@@@ @@@@ @@@ @@@ @@ @@ @@
Maize - - - X XX XX XX
Attack of Insect /Pest - - ! ! !! !!! !!!
Livestock
Cow
Desi - AA AAA AA AAA AA AA
Crossbreed - - - < << << <<<
Buffalo
Pandharpuri - - B B BB BB BBB
3.7 . Schemes and Projects implemented in village:
Sr. No
Name of scheme year particulars
1 Hariyali 4- MNB, 5 ponds, arden structure, compartmental bunding, ...etc.
2 13 th Finance commission Tree plantation
Matrix ranking:
The Matrix ranking was completed with the help of the participatory farmers in
respect of various crops, varieties is given below.
1. Matrix ranking of crops:
Sr. No.
Particulars/ Crop
Cereal Pulses Oilseed Vegetable Cash crop Fruit crop
1 Food 4 3 2 3 2 3 2 Fodder 5 3 2 2 3 1 3 Expenditure
on fertilizers 2 2 2 5 5 4
4 Market price 3 3 4 4 5 5 5 Income 3 3 3 4 5 3
Rank III V VI II I IV It is observed that cash crop is major crop followed by vegetable.
2. Matrix ranking of Sugarcane:
Sr. No. Particulars / Varieties 671 86032 1 Availability of planting material 3 4 2 Crop duration 4 5 3 Expenditure on fertilizers 3 4 4 Ratoon Yield 2 5
Rank II I 3. Matrix ranking of maize:
Sr. No. Particulars / Varieties Paras Kaveri 1 Grain yield 4 3 2 Fodder yield 4 4 3 Drought resistant 4 3 4 Fodder quality 4 2 5 Market price 5 4
Rank I II 4. Matrix ranking of Wheat
Sr. No. Particulars / Varieties 2189 Lokwan 1 Grain yield 3 4 2 Fodder yield 3 3 3 Drought resistance 3 5 4 Yield 4 4
Rank II I
5. Matrix ranking of Tomato
Sr. No. Particulars / Varieties 501 Abhinav Kno new Seed 5024
1 Plant growth 4 5 3 2 Fruit quality 4 4 3
3 Disease and pest resistant
3 3 3
4 Keeping quality for distance market
3 4 2
5 Market price 4 4 3 Rank II I III
5. Matrix ranking of Chilli Sr. No. Particulars / Varieties Bejo 378 Sitara
1 Plant growth 5 4 2 Fruit size 4 3 3 Disease and pest resistant 3 3 4 Yield 4 3
Rank I II 6. Matrix ranking of Ridge gourd
Sr. No. Particulars / Varieties Naga Mahyco 1 Plant growth 4 5 2 Fruit quality 4 4 3 Disease and pest resistant 3 4 4 Yield 4 4
Rank II I 7. Matrix ranking of Cucumber
Sr. No. Particulars / Varieties Jipsy Swati 1 Plant growth 4 4 2 Fruit quality 4 3 3 Disease and pest resistant 4 3 4 Yield 5 4 5 Market price 5 3
Rank I II 8. Matrix ranking of Brinjal
Sr. No. Particulars / Varieties Mah-10 Manjri 1 Plant growth 4 5 2 Fruit quality 4 5 3 Disease and pest resistant 3 3 4 Yield 3 4 5 Market price 4 4
Rank II I
3.8 Venn diagram:
The institutional relationship diagram indicating, how close the contact and
cooperation between those organizations and groups is prepared with the help of farmers.
This indicates the importance of the various individuals and the institutions in and outside
the village with regard to a phenomenon related to agriculture. The importance of various
organizations/ individuals for a phenomenon is indicated in terms of size of the circles and
distance from the centre.
3.9 Farmers participated in PRA:
1 Dasharath Limba Shirsath 19 Kondiba Sudam Mate 2 Prakash Shamrao Mate 20 Suhasini Hanumant Shirsath 3 Shivaji Ranganath Randhwe 21 Vishnu Haridas Yadav 4 Vishwanath Hanumant Shinde 22 Tukaram Ganpat Mate 5 Dagadu Shankar Gawali 23 Mahadev Ranganath Mendhe 6 Mahadev Gangaram Mane 24 Rajaram Yashwant Karande 7 Rukhmini Dashrath Sirsath 25 Manohar Nagnath Mendhe 8 Pralhad Mariba Shirsath 26 Sahebrao Dada Shirsath 9 Vitthal Gejendra Mate 27 Sambhaji Govind Patil 10 Dnyandev Phula Jadhav 28 Nagnath Chandrahar Shinde
VENN DIAGRAM of village Chikhali, Tal. Mohol, Dist. Solapur
11 Suryabhan More 29 Vishnu Yashwant Karande 12 Rajkumar Uddhav Mali 30 Dattatray Vishnu Karande 13 Dattatray K. Mendhe 31 Shivaji Dashrath Mendhe 14 Balaji Chandrakant Waghmode 32 Rajendra Mate 15 Bhanudas Bramhadev Mendhe 33 Bhawath Nagnath Mendhe 16 Mahadev Prabhakar Mali 34 Anil Shamrao Barbole 17 Bhagwan Mendhe 35 Rajaram Pandurang Shirsath 18 Balaji Ramchandra Mate 36 Pandurang Nagnath Mendhe 4 .1 SWOT analysis of village: S- Strength, W- Weaknesses, O- Opportunity, T- Threats Strength:
1. Village is situated on National Highway No. 9. 2. Soil and climate suitable for agronomical crops. 3. Maximum number of vegetable growers. 4. Availability of organic waste. 5. Soil is best suitable for fruit and vegetable crops. 6. Availability of transport facilities. 7. Maximum number of live stock. 8. Availability of Self-Help Groups. 9. Missionary workers of the village are famous. 10. Positive attitude towards adopting new technologies. 11. Awareness towards mass media.
Weaknesses: 1. Unawareness about improved cultivation practices. 2. Lack of knowledge about soil testing and INM. 3. Lack of knowledge regarding IPM and INM practices. 4. Use of local varieties. 5. Imbalanced use of fertilizers. 6. Irrigation facilities are insufficient. 7. Lack of knowledge about use of bio-fertilizers. 8. Unawareness about soil and water conservation practices. 9. Unawareness about scientific feeding management to livestock.
Opportunities: 1. Scope for introducing diversified farming system. 2. Scope for introducing horticultural crops. 3. Well drain soil suitable for plantation of fruit crops. 4. Scope for increasing area under pulses and oilseeds crops. 5. Scope for agro based food processing. 6. Farmer’s participation is helpful for transfer of new technology.
Threats:
1. Monocropping. 2. Depleting of ground water table. 3. Soil degradation due to imbalanced use of fertilizers.
4.2 POIN analysis
Sr. No.
Problem Opportunity Issues Needs
1 Monocropping Diversified farming approach
Lack of knowledge about cropping system
Intercropping crop rotation
2 Unawareness about dryland technologies
Incorporation of dryland technologies
Traditional farming approach, use of local varieties.
Training Group discussions Kisan Mela
3 Indiscriminate use of fertilizers
Use of balanced dose of fertilizers as per recommendations
Excess use of fertilizers
INM practices Use of bio-fertilizers soil testing
4 Lack of knowledge about pest and disease management
Introduction of IPM and IDM practices, Introduction of resistant varieties
Unawareness about use of pesticides and fungicides, Traditional farming system
Training Demonstrations, Literature
5 Low milk yield Increasing milk yield Unawareness about breeding, feeding management
Balanced ration of livestock and health management
6 Unawareness of processing of food
Scope for establishment of SSI
Lack of knowledge Training Exposure visit Demonstrations
7 Less participation of farm women in decision making
Increasing involvement of farm women in decision making
Traditional culture, illiteracy
Training, Formation of SHG
5.1 Seasonability of weather:
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sept Oct Nov Dec
Rainfall - - - - - *** **** ***** ***** *** ** -
Temperature * *** **** **** **** ** ** ** ** ** ** *
Humidity ** ** * * * *** **** **** **** ** ** ***
5.2 Seasonability of crop:
Crop Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sept Oct Nov Dec
Sugarcane
Maize
Sorghum
Wheat
Tomato
Chilli
Brinjal
Leafy
Vegetables
Ridgegourd
Onion
Cucumber
Watermelon
5.3 Seasonability of animal diseases:
Particular Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sept Oct Nov Dec
H.S
FMD
Diarrhoea
5.4 Seasonability of pest and disease:
Crop Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sept Oct Nov Dec
Sugarcane
(Adasali)
Sorghum
Wheat
Brinjal
Wooly Aphid
Top Shoot Borer
Red rot
Shoot Fly
Chikta
Top shoot borer
Rust
Chilli
Tomato
Onion
Watermelon
6. Major cropping pattern:
1. Vegetable based production system 2. Dairy based production system 3. Rabi Jowar based production system
7. Major problems identified in village: A. Agronomy
1. Monoculture cropping pattern. 2. Traditional farming approach. 3. Lack of seed treatment. 4. Unawareness of biofertilizers. 5. Imbalanced use of fertilizers. 6. Improper sowing method.
B. Horticulture
1. Unawareness about INM in fruit crop. 2. Indiscriminate use of insecticide, pesticide and fungicide. 3. Imbalanced use of fertilizers. 4. Lack of scientific knowledge regarding post harvest technologies in fruit crops. 5. Lack of knowledge about proper methods of training, pruning in fruit crops. 6. Unawareness about handling of vegetable seedling during transplanting.
Leaf curl
Thrips
Fruit borer
Wilt
Fruit borer
Wilt
Thrips
Aphid Jassid, white fly
Downey mildew
C. Livestock 1. Unawareness about scientific feeding management practices. 2. Lack of knowledge about improved varieties of fodder crops. 3. Lack of knowledge about vaccination schedule. 4. Low milk yield in buffalow and indigenous cattle. 5. Improper care and management of livestock.
D. Soil Science
1. Unawareness about soil sampling. 2. Unawareness about soil and water conservation practices. 3. Imbalanced use of fertilizers.
E. Food science and technology
1. Lack of knowledge about post harvest management practices. 2. Unawareness about processing of agricultural produce. 3. Lack of scientific knowledge and skill about value addition of fruit and
vegetables. 4. Low risk bearing ability for establishment of agro based industries.
F. Agriculture Extension 1. Traditional attitude towards agriculture. 2. Less participation of woman in decision making. 3. Technological gap amongst the farmers. 4. Less awareness about mass media.
8. Problem cause diagram: a. Problem cause diagram for low yield in sugarcane:
b. Problem cause diagram for low yield in Sorghum :
c. Problem cause diagram for low yield in Tomato:
d. Problem Cause Diagram for low yield in Onion :
Low yield in Tomato
Use of local variety
Scientific staking not followed
Occurrence of pest and diseases
Micronutrient deficiency
Imbalanced use of fertilizers
Lack of knowledge
Lack of knowledge
Lack of seedling treatment
Less use of micronutrients
Lack of knowledge
Low yield in Onion
Use of local variety
Imbalanced use of fertilizers
Improper irrigation
Incidence of pest and diseases
Lack of knowledge
Lack of knowledge
Lack of integrated water management
Lack of seed treatment
e. Problem cause diagram of low yield in Chilli :
f. Problem Cause Diagram for low milk yield :
Low yield in Chilli
Use of local variety
Occurrence of pest and diseases
INM
Irrigation management
Lack of knowledge
No seedling treatment
Lack of knowledge
Improper irrigation
Low milk yield in
Improper health management
Mineral mixture deficiency
Shortage of green fodder during summer
Improper breeding
Unawareness
Unaware about balanced feeding
Area under scarcity zone
Lack of knowledge
Vaccination
Improper feeding to cattle and buffalo Lack of knowledge
Unawareness
9. Implications:
The KVK scientist interacted with the farmers and discuss with farmers in relation
to their problebms, constraints and weeds in agriculture. As per the problems, needs of the
farmers the KVK scientist given implications as follows.
1. Agronomy:
To incorporate diversified farming approach.
To change in traditional farming approach.
Use of proper sowing methods.
To create awareness about importance of seed treatment and use of biofertilizer.
Balance use of fertilizers as per recommendation.
Follows IPM, IDM and IWM methods.
To aware about use of improved varieties.
Use of drip and sprinkler irrigation system.
Incorporate intercropping and crop rotation.
2. Horticulture:
To aware about INM practices in fruits and vegetables crops.
Use of proper methods of training, prunning in fruit crop
Use of micro irrigation system for irrigation and application of water soluble fertilizer.
To aware about nursery management practices.
To develop skill about post harvest technologies in fruits and vegetable crops.
To aware about improved cultivation practices in fruit and vegetable crop.
Follows IPM, IDM, IWM prctices in horticultural crops.
Need to increase area under fruit crop.
3. Livestock:-
To aware farmers about importance of sanitation and hygiene ine livestock
Need to increase milk production by use and balance feed in livestock.
To aware farmer about suplement feed, mineral mixture in livestock.
To aware farmer about vaccination for health management of livestock.
Need to cultivation of improved fodder crop, varieties.
4. Soil Science:-
To aware farmers about importance of soil testing.
To aware and motivate farmers for adoption of soil and water conservation practices.
Popularize in site moisture conservation practices for dryland agriculture.
To guide farmers for balanced use of fertilizer as per soil testing report.
5. Food science and Technology:-
To give knowledge about post harvest technology.
To aware farmers about processing of agricultural produce.
To guide farmers for establishment of agrobase industries.
6. Agricultural Extension:-
To change the attitude of farmers towards improved agricultural technologies.
Increase participation of woman in decision making by involving in various extension
programmes.
To create awareness about mass media among the farmers.
Use different extension teaching methods (viz. trainings, melawas, group discussion, farm
and home visit, demonstrations, field days) for transfer of agricultural technologies.