Partitions Compartmentation One area of a building is separated from another by the use of fire...

PartitionsCompartmentation

• One area of a building is separated from another by the use of fire rated

materials

• System that creates self contained areas within a building

Definitions

• Assembly, Construction

The number of building materials used together to create a structure element

• Assembly, Fire Rated

Refers to all the parts that make up a rated assembly

• Damper

Device to restrict passage of flames in duct systems

• Fire Barrier

Continuous fire rated assembly (either vertical or horizontal).

Definitions, Con’t

• Fire Blocking

Materials installed to resist the passage of fire to other areas of the building through concealed spaces.

• Fire resistance

Prevention or retarding the passage of excessive heat, hot gases, or flame.

Resistance to fire exposure in hours or fraction of an hour.

• Firestop

Assembly to prevent spread of flame through penetrations in fire resistive assemblies

• Smoke Barrier

Continuous membrane (either vertical or horizontal) that restricts movement of smoke

Fire Barriers

The Actual Fire Rating Of The Wall Depends On:

The occupancy classification The location of the wall Sprinkler status

Fire Barriers, con’t

Three Types

Fire Walls

Highest fire ratings

Usually part of building shell

Party walls and occupancy separation walls

Fire Separation Walls –

Tenet separation walls

Corridor separation walls

Room separation Walls

Floor/ Ceiling Assemblies

Determined by construction type or occupancy classification

Fire Barriers, con’tFire Walls

Provide continuous fire protection from the foundation to the roof

Construction on one side is separated from failure of other side

The most common rating – 3 to 4 hours

Can be affected by occupancy classification


Occupancy Separation Walls

May be used to separate different uses in the same occupancy

Typically separation walls must have a 1 to 2 hr fire rating

Use the higher rating between different occupancies


Tenant separation Walls

Demising walls separate two tenants with the same occupancy

The most common rating is 1 hr.

Corridor Walls

Typically corridors used as exits, such as exit passageways must have a 2 hr.

Corridors used as exit accesses – 1 hr

Horizontal Exits

Occupants are not expected to leave the building but to pass to the other side of a fire wall to an area of refuge.

2 hr.


Vertical Shaft Enclosures

Determined by the number of floors it penetrates

Walls are usually continuous from bottom of the building to the underside of the roof deck.

Typically – 1 hr if three stories or less

2hr rating if four or more stories.

An exit access stair may require a fire rated enclosure if it connects more than two floors

There is a limit to the number of elevators in a single shaft to two to four

Room Separation

Contents of room may be considered hazardous

Boiler, furnace, large storage rooms

Smoke Barriers

• Consists of either a wall assembly or a full enclosure

• Limited openings are allowed

• Additional mechanical functions are required – ventilation and air circulation

Smoke Barriers, con’t

Smoke

Buoyancy – increases with heat – forced upward

Expansion – Gases create pressure

HVAC – Transport and air supply

Stack Effect – Cold outside – forced up

Warm – forced down


Wall Assemblies

Continuous from outside wall to outside wall

Areas created are considered a smoke compartment – area of refuge

Other requirements

Specific swing type doors

Automatic release door closures

Smoke dampers at the mechanical ducts


Vertical Shafts

Smoke proof required if a building is over a certain height

All doors must automatically close on the detection of smoke

Smoke Stop Door is required as well

Through Penetration ProtectivesFirestops, Draftstops and Fire Dampers

FirestopsSeal and Protect any opening created by penetrations

Conduit, Pipes, HVAC, Cables

LSC require the use of listed and approved firestops and smoke barriers

Firestop device

Endothermic – release water when exposed

Intumescent – Expands in volume when exposed – sealing the gap

Draftstop

Create separate spaces or areas to prevent movement of air

Through Penetration ProtectivesFirestops, Draftstops and Fire Dampers

Damper SystemsAlso considered a smoke barrier

Two kinds

Static – shuts down during a fire

Dynamic – remains in operation during a fire to control air flow

Fire Dampers

Installed whenever there is a wall penetration

Rating – 1-1/2 to 3 hours

Smoke Dampers

Activated specifically by the presence of smoke

Ceiling Dampers

Prevent heat from entering the space between the ceiling and the floor or roof above

Closes when heated air moves through

Rated Materials

Underwriters Laboratories

Fire resistance Directory, Vol 1

Beams, columns, floors, roofs, and penetrations

Fire resistance Directory, Vol II

Through penetration firestop system

Gypsum Wallboard Partitions

New Products

Gypsum and fiber from recycled paper

Use

Studs

Over furring

Suspended ceilings


Gypsum Wallboard

Panels 4 and 4-1/2 Ft (1200 and 1372) wide

8,10,12,14 ft (2400, 3000, 3600, 4200mm) long

¼, 3/8, ½, 5/8, ¾ (6.4, 9.5, 12.7, 15.9, 19mm) thick

5/8” (16mm)Commercial and high quality residential

½” (12.7mm) Common residential

3/8” (9.5) – used for double layer applications and remodeling work

¼” (6.4) – used for curved surfaces

Components


Gypsum Wallboard, con’t

Double layers used for fire resistance and acoustic benefits

Most common form has tapered edges – allows for reinforcement tape and joint compound

Fire rated Gypsum Wallboard

Type X

Must be used for fire rated applications

Components


Gypsum Wallboard, con’t

Water Resistant Wallboard

Backing for adhesive applied ceramic tile

Areas where wallboard may be exposed to moisture during construction

Better to use Portland cement plaster setting bed or other cementitious panel products

Foil Backed Wallboard

Vapor barrier to prevent transmission of water vapor to the exterior wall and ceiling spaces

Pre- finished Wallboard

Used with demountable partition systems

Exposed vertical joint or covered with proprietary trim

Components


Framing

Wood

Residential or small commercial

Can double as load bearing wall

Common – 2x4 (actual – 1-1/2x 3-1/2” – 38.1 x 88.9mm)

Spaced 16” or 24” on center (406, 610)

16” is more common in commercial construction

Components


Framing, con’t

Metal

Usually nonbearing walls

Can be load bearing if heavy gage studs are used

(Requires calculation by structural engineer)

Components


Framing, con’t

Metal, con’tSize

Thickness

25 gage – most common

22 gage – used for very tall partitions

12, 14, 16, 18 gage for structural steel studs

Depths

Determined by height of partition

Most common is 2-1/2” (63.5) and 3-1/2” (92.1)

2-1/2” adequate for normal ceiling heights of 8-10’

1-5/8”, 2-1/2”, 3-5/8”, 4, and 6”(41.3, 63.5, 92.1, 101.6, 152.4mm)

Width

Varies slightly around 1-1/4” (32mm)

Components


Framing, con’t

Metal, con’t

16 or 24 inch on center (406, 610)

24 inch is more common for non load bearing partitions

Runners on floor and ceiling “C” shaped

Attached with self tapping screws

Special framing shapes for application from one side as needed for wall liners in stairways, elevators, and dumbwaiters.

H shaped studs are used for area separation walls to provide firebreak between apartments or condos

Components


Wood and Metal furring

Usually placed 16 or 24 inch on center (406, 610)

Base for attachment to one side of construction

Wood

1x2 (3/4 x 2-1/2) (19.1x38.1)

Metal

Hat channel is most common

Resilient channel – for acoustic application requirements

Z-furring – accommodate electrical conduit, switch boxes and insulation

Components


TrimStandard – 6 common shapes

Corner bead trim

LC bead trim

Used where edge of wallboard is exposed

Needs to be installed before wallboard

L- bead trim

Similar to LC but may be installed after wallboard

U trim

Does not require finishing – esthetic concern

LK Trim

Similar to LC trim – fits into slot of frame

Control joints

Used at distances of 50 ft

Components


Trim, con’t

Proprietary Trim

Usually extruded aluminum

Large curved corners

Reveals

Components


Finishing

Reinforcing tape

Joint Compound

Tape used in process of finishing joints

Placed in joint compound

Usually three layers of compound to finish joint treatment

Three layers are usually used for nail or screw holes

Finishes

Textured coatings

Hides minor surface imperfections

Orange peel

Knock Down

Components


Finishing, con’t

Standard Types

Level 0

No taping

Level 1

Tape imbedded – free of excess compound

Level 2

Level 1 with a separate layer of joint compound as well

Use for substrate for ceramic tile

Level 3

Level 2 plus another compound coat

Used anywhere wherever medium or heavy textured surface is applied

Used where heavy wall covering is to be applied

Components


Finishing, con’t

Standard Types, con’t

Level 4

Three coats of joint compound

Used for light textured wall covering is to be applied

Economic concerns

Do not use gloss paint

Level 5

Level 4 with the addition of a skim coat over entire surface

Severe lighting conditions and gloss paint situations

Components


Gypsum is inherently fire resistant

Density makes gyp a good material for fire resistance

Ratings

1, 2, 3, 4 hour rating requirements

Established by independent testing laboratories

Standard fire tests

Used to protect columns, beams, and other building components

Fire and Sound Ratings


Ratings, con’t

One hour partitions

Separating lease corridors from lease space

Separating houses from attached garages

Separating one type of occupancy from another

Two hour Partitions

Enclose vertical shafts

Stairways

Elevators

Some types of occupancy require 3-4 hour separation

Sound ratings

Determined by STC requirements

Fire and Sound Ratings


Typical Residential Partition

2x4, 16 to 24” OC

¼ to ½” gap at the floor hidden by the baseboard

Typical partition construction


Non-rated Commercial Construction

LC trim used at ceiling

Runners for ceiling and floor

5/8” (15.9) in most cases – 24” (610) OC

½” (12.7) – 16” (406) OC

2-1/2” (63.5) for ceiling heights of 8 – 10 Feet (2438, 2743)

3-5/8” (92.1) when additional dimension is required

for mechanical, electrical systems.



Non-rated Commercial Construction, con’t

Most contractors will apply horizontally:

Fewer joints Convenient Ties more studs together Strongest dimension across the studs



1 Hour Rated

Fire rated sealant

Slip joint at ceiling – note this is in the plenum space so finishing is not a concern

Fire rated wallboard – type X

Attached to fire rated ceiling and floor assemblies

All joints edges and penetrations must be sealed

Electrical boxes may be placed but are limited – one box on one side in each space between studs.

Fluted metal deck – must be sealed



2 Hour Rated

Required around vertical enclosures

Slip joint at ceiling

Fire rated sealant at ceiling and floor

Two layers of 5/8” (16) type X gyp on both sides

Or

¾” single type X gyp



Chase Walls

Double row of studs

Provides space for plumbing

May be used for recessing for large elements



Special Partition ConstructionAcoustical partition design

Single row of studs

Adding more layers of wallboard.

Use resilient channels

Use batt insulation in the stud cavity

High attenuation partitions

Usually double row of studs

Note proprietary shaped studs held ½” (13) above “floor angle”

Need to verify compliance

Small “leak” can make a significant difference



Special Partition Construction

Support for Hanging heavy loads

Blocking must be shown on the drawings when heavy loads are involved

Partition Anchoring

Partitions that are built to the suspended acoustical ceiling

Need to indicate additional bracing above the ceiling to the structural floor above. –

especially if heavy loads are to be “hung” on the partition.

Called “kickers”

Usually metal studs screwed to the runner


Lath and Plaster - The most common wall finish prior to the introduction of drywall. Thin wood strips (lath) were nailed onto the framing as a base for the sand/lime plaster (see diagram).

Advantages

Form multiple curves

High abrasion resistance

Water resistant if Portland cement is used

Lath And Plaster Partitions

ComponentsMaterial

Combination of gypsum, Portland cement, lime, water, aggregates of sand, vermiculite, or perlite

Portland cement is used where wetting, steam, or severe dampness is expected.

Plaster

Where extreme abrasion resistance is needed – Keene’s cement is used

Dehydrated gyp and lime putty

Texture is created through the incorporation of sand

Fresco – Painting of freshly spread plaster before it sets


Standard lath Traditional

Several coats over some type of open lath

Lath is attached to the studs

Lath types

Diamond mesh lath

Attached to studs using metal ties

Used for complex double curves

There is a self furring type to be used over old surfaces


Standard lath, con’t

Lath types, con’t

Flat rib metal lath

More rigid

Use for flat ceiling where greater rigidity is needed

Rib metal lath

Used for studless solid partitions – for use in widely spaced framing

Rib metal lath

Used for studless solid partitions – for use in widely spaced framing


Gypsum lath

Used for veneer plaster installations

Blueboard

Can be fire rated


Gypsum lath

Trim

Similar to that used for wallboard construction.


Gypsum lath

Construction

Codes do address use of Plaster – requirements for mixing, frame spacing, types, and application.

Applied in three coats

Scratch coat

½” (12)

roughened to attach next coat

Brown coat

¼” (6)

Finish Coat

1/8” (3)


Construction, con’t

Advantages – gypsum lath

Faster and less expensive to construct

Provides a hard surface

Not as much moisture involved in environment Disadvantage – gypsum lath

Not appropriate as base around in wet areas – Use standard lath for this or cement backing boards

(residential)

Stud spacing – gypsum lath

Usually 16” (406)


Construction, con’t

Glass Reinforced Gypsum (GRG)

Used for decorative elements

Molds are cast

No lath


Date post:	28-Dec-2015
Category:	Documents
Upload:	samson-king
View:	217 times
Download:	0 times

Partitions Compartmentation One area of a building is separated from another by the use of fire...

Documents