Parts of Speech
Parts of Speech In the English language, words are
used in EIGHT different ways: Noun Pronoun Verb Adjective Adverb Preposition Conjunction Interjection
NounsA noun is a word that names
something: a person, a place, a thing, or an idea.governorOregonhospital Buddhism love
Proper Nouns• Proper- names a particular person,
place, thing, or idea. Proper nouns are ALWAYS capitalized.
Jackie RobinsonWorld SeriesChristianityChristmas
Common Nouns• Common- names a general person
place or thing; not capitalized. person woman president park baseball government
Practice:Underline the nouns in the following sentences.
1. The wedding was beautiful.2. The bride and groom gazed into one
another’s eyes.3. The flowers perfectly complimented
the bride’s hair.4. Too bad the groom threw up on the
bride’s dress.
PRONOUNS
Pronouns• A pronoun takes the place of a noun, like “they “ for
children, and “she” for Shelly.
School House Rocks
Antecedents• All pronouns have antecedents. An antecedent is
the noun that the pronoun refers to or replaces.
Tim threw his glove over the fence. Then he jumped over and kicked it to his car.
• Tim is the antecedent for “his” and “he,” while glove is the antecedent for “it.”
PracticeCircle the antecedent in the following sentences.
1. The student forgot his homework in his car.
2. The homework was important. It was worth the final project
for the class.
3. The student was glad he had not squandered his
bathroom/hall passes.
PersonThe person of a pronoun indicates whether the person, place, thing, or idea represented by the pronoun is speaking, is spoken to, or is spoken about.
First person is used in place of the name of the speaker or speakers.
I, me, my, mine, we, us, our, ours
Second Person pronouns name the person or persons spoken to.
You, your, yours
Third person pronouns name the person or thing spoken about.
He, she, it, one, they, him, his, her, them, their, theirs, hers
Is the pronoun in the following sentence in first, second, or third person?
1. I love to read books.2. They plunged down the steep embankment. 3. You are a funny person. 4. He doesn’t seem guilty. 5. We removed our shoes on the beach.
practice
VerbIt’s what you do . . .
Verbs are the part of speech that express
action or being.
According to A Writer’s Reference: Sixth Edition
•There are two types of verbs.
• Action Verbs (swimming) • Linking Verbs (was)
ACTION!
•Action verbs express action.
•Linking verbs express being.
Linking v. ActionLinking VerbsHave, has, hadDo, does, didBe, am, is, are, was, were, being, been
Action VerbsRun, swim, hit, throwDance, see, hear, fall, marryMake, draw, sculpt, compose
Sam is getting married. Sam married my sister.
What is being expressed: action/being?
1. The cat catches mice. ____________________
2. Repetition does not always produce perfection. ________________
3. Rome was not built in a day. ____________________
4. The best fish swim near the bottom. ____________________
5. Miss America is beautiful. ____________________
Adjectives & Adverbs
What kind
Which one
How many
When
Where How
Why
Under what condition
To what extent
questions
Adjectives Adverbs What kind Which one How many
How When Where Why Under what conditions To what degree
Adjectives Modify or Describe nouns
Answers which one, what kind, how many The lame elephant (which elephant?) Valuable old stamps (what kind of stamps?) Sixteen candles (how many candles?)
Adverbs Adverbs modify:
◦ verbs (swim quickly) ◦ adjectives (always sad)◦ other adverbs (too quickly)
Adverbs often end in –ly.
The negators “not” and
“never” are classified as
adverbs.
What question does the adverb answer?
Pull gently at a weak rope. _____________________
Read the best books first. _____________________
The students are talking too loudly._____________________
Tell whether the following are adjectives or adverbs:
The boat drifted peacefully down the river. ________________
Afterward, we watched a movie. ________________
The children enjoyed singing the silly songs. ________________
Jennifer smiled shyly at the students in her new class. ________________
The old man snored quietly in the waiting room. ________________
________________ ________________
Two hundred voters came to the polls. ________________
Adjectives and adverbs both describe!
Adjectives describe nouns.Adverbs describe verbs,
adjectives, and other adverbs.
Prepositions
They’re everywhere…
SCHOOL HOUSE
ROCKS
Prepositions
•Prepositions are used in sentences to show relationships between other words.
•They give extra information or details.
I love going to the movies.
Prepositions
Above Before During Over UntilAcross Behind For Through UponAfter Below From To WithAgainst Beyond In Toward WithinAmong Beneath Into Under WithoutAround By Of Till
The most common prepositions are:
Prepositions •Prepositions do not stand alone in a sentence. They “join” with other words to make a PREPOSITIONAL PHRASE.
•A prepositional phrase is made up of a preposition, an object (noun/pronoun), plus any words that modify the object.
• IN THE MALL• ON THE WALL
Prepositions FUNCTION:•Prepositional phrases act like adjectives or adverbs—they DESCRIBE.
• Along the beach• Under the table
•After the preposition, ask, “What?” to find the object.
• In the morning• To the doctor• I will get a drink of water.
Examples Underline the preposition in each
phrase, circle the object, highlight the modifiers:
Along the beach Under the table Beneath the beautiful yet aged face In her own time After the close game
NOTE: A preposition is always followed by an object; if there is no object, the word is an adverb, not a preposition.
Example:Turn at the light before Walmart.
Natasha never played soccer before.
Place [brackets] around each prepositional phrase. Underline the preposition and circle the object.
1. Captain America loves punching Nazis in the face.
2. Beneath the water, the terrible creature feasted on his favorite meal—children’s cough syrup.
3. He was late because of numerous things, but mostly the ninja attack.
INTERJECTION
Interjection A word that shows strong emotion or
surprise. Oh no! Yipes! Good grief! Well, . . .
Interjections are usually followed by an exclamation point, but not always.
Practice Fill in the blanks with an appropriate
interjection.1. ______________! I forgot my homework!
2. Will you marry me? __________!
3. _______________! I can’t believe I won the lottery!
Conjunctions“Conjunction, junction, what’s your function?”
Conjunctions Conjunctions are CONNECTING words.
They join together different clauses, phrases, and ideas in a sentence.
There are four main types of conjunctions: Coordinating Conjunctions Subordinating Conjunctions Correlative Conjunctions Conjunctive Adverb
Coordinating Conjunctions Coordinating Conjunctions are
connectives that join elements of equal rank (and, but, or, for, nor, so, yet, while).
Coordinating conjunctions can join anything of equal rank. Clauses Phrases Ideas
Clause: I love watching football, but I would prefer to play.
Ideas: I love football and basketball.
ForAndNorButOrYetSo
Coordinating Conjunctions Equal rank= they can join independent
clauses, ONLY when preceded with a comma.
Practice:
I wanted to play outside but it was raining.
Apples and oranges are my favorite fruits.
Subordinate ConjunctionsAKA “subordinators”
Subordinating Conjunctions connect clauses that are not equal in rank – that is, in sentences which one idea is made subordinate to another.
These subordinate clauses are also called dependent clauses because they cannot stand alone. Common subordinators are as follows:
After Before In order Until
Although Even if Once When
As Ever since Since Whenever
Because If Unless Wherever
While That
Subordinators (cont.) Use a comma when a subordinator is
used for an introductory clause. You do not need to use a comma if the
clause comes at the end of the sentence.
Examples:
When we get home, I will take out the trash.
Mom said I had to because it was causing the house to smell.
Correlative Conjunctions Correlative Conjunctions are also used
to connect equal parts of sentences. These paired conjunctions (both/and, either/or, neither/nor, not only/but also) actually work as one.
Example:
Not only are we going to St. Louis to watch the game, but we are also going to visit the zoo.
Conjunctive Adverbs Conjunctive Adverbs are other connective or
transitional words. The most common are:
Conjunctive adverbs must be preceded by a semi-colon (;) and followed by a comma.
Accordingly Certainly Furthermore Otherwise
Also Consequently However Similarly
Besides Finally Nevertheless Undoubtedly
Jack loved Jill; nevertheless, he didn’t need help carrying the water up the hill.
PRACTICE
1. The girl and the boy were on time. 2. Because he did not study, he did poorly on the test. 3. You can leave now or you can leave later. 4. Either my ACT or SAT scores should earn me a scholarship. 5. Jack however doesn’t feel well enough to go tonight. 6. John not only wanted to take pre-med courses but he also wanted to
play on the varsity football team. 7. I understand your anger however I hope you can forgive me. 8. He may not get better however if he does he may go anyway. 9. John hated physics class but he needed the credit to graduate. 10.Until she saw the letter she did not believe she had been admitted to
college.
In the following sentences, insert the correct punctuation and tell what kind of conjunction the underlined word is.