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Part of Speech: NOUN
Nouns name– Person– Place– Thing– Abstraction
• Idea• Emotion
Kinds of nouns– Common– Proper
Function of NOUN in Sentence
Subject: – Jack jumped over the candlestick.
Direct object: – Mary had a little lamb.– Jack sent Mary an invitation.
Indirect object: – Jack sent Mary an invitation.
Object of the preposition: – Jack jumped over the candlestick.
Noun function
Noun in direct address: – Jack, will you help me?
Appositive: – Mr. Smith, the grocer, rang up my bill.
Predicate nominative or subject complement: – Mr. Smith is a grocer.
Possessive: – Jack’s pail has a hole in it.– The boys’ game was cancelled.– The men’s game was cancelled.
Part of Speech: PRONOUN
Pronouns replace nouns: stand-in for a person, place thing or abstraction.
The noun replaced by the pronoun is known as the antecedent
Kinds of PRONOUNS
Personal pronouns – replace noun– 1st person singular: I, me, my, mine – 1st person plural: we, us, our– 2nd person : you, you, your (thou, thee, thine)– 3rd person singular: He,she,it; him, her, it;
his, hers, its ( Note the possessive its has no apostrophe! it’s = it is )
– 3rd person plural: They, them, their
Interrogative pronouns – ask questions– Who, whom, whose?– Which, what?
Kinds of Pronouns
Indefinite pronouns – do not require an antecedent: – Singular: another, any, each, nothing, one, anyone,
everyone, everybody, everything, someone, something, either, neither
– Plural: few, many, some, all
Relative pronouns -- create a dependent clause by introducing a noun or adjective clause– The man, who hit my car, did not give me his license
number.– who, whom, whose, whoever, which, whichever, what,
whatever, that
Kinds of Pronouns
Demonstrative pronouns – point– This, these– That, those
Intensive pronouns – emphasize preceding noun. Same form asReflexive pronouns – receive the action of the subject who is the same person– Singular: Myself, yourself, himself, herself, itself, oneself– Plural: ourselves, yourselves, themselves
Part of Speech: ADJECTIVE
Adjectives describe, limit or modify a noun or pronoun – The blue dress was beautiful.
Article– Definite: the– Indefinite: a, an
Part of Speech: ADVERB
Adverbs modify or describe: verbs, adverbs, and adjectives.– He ran quickly. – He ran very quickly.– The dress was cobalt blue.
Part of Speech: PREPOSITION
Prepositions link a noun or pronoun to other words in the sentence creating a PREPOSITIONAL PHRASE: preposition + noun– He ran to the bus.– She met me at six o’clock.
Function of PREPOSITION in Sentence
Prepositional phrases always modify or describe something.
Adjectival prepositional phrases:– The stew for dinner was delicious.
Adverbial prepositional phrases:– The stew was made with beef, potatoes,
carrots and onions.
Part of Speech: CONJUNCTION
Conjunctions connect Coordinate conjunctions– and, or, nor, so, for, but, yet
Correlative conjunctions– both…and– either…or– neither…nor– Not only…but also– Whether…or
Subordinate conjunctions
Function of CONJUNCTIONS in Sentences
Coordinate conjunctions -- connect words, phrases or clauses of equal weight.– Jack and Jill went up the hill.– Jack fell down, and Jill came tumbling after.
Correlative conjunctions – always used in pairs also connect terms of equal weight – Both Jack and Jill went up the hill.– Not only Jack did fall down, but Jill also tumbled after
him.
Subordinate conjunctions – create dependant clauses by introducing adverb clauses– When Jack fell down, Jill tumbled after.
Common Subordinate Conjunctions
After
Although
As
As if
Because
Before
If
Once
Since
That
Unless
Until
When
Whenever
Where
While
Part of Speech: INTERJECTION
Interjections exclaim or express emotions – Ouch– Alas– Oh– All those words you curse with
Function of VERB in Sentence
Main verbs– Action: walk, sing, fly– State of being or linking: is, feel
Auxiliary (helping) verbs – combine with main verbs to create verb phrases– Be: am walking, was sung– Have: had flown
Principal Parts of Verbs
Infinitive: to be3rd person present tense: is3rd person past tense: wasPast participle: been
to have, has, had, had to walk, walks, walked, walked to sing, sings, sang, sung to fly, flies, flew, flown
VERB Tenses
Present: – I walk– The bird flies
Past – I walked– The bird flew
Future – I shall walk– The bird will fly
Perfect VERB Tenses
Present Perfect– I have walked– The bird has flown
Past Perfect– I had walked– The bird had flown
Future Perfect– I shall have walked– The bird will have flown
Progressive VERB Tenses
Present progressive– I am walking– The bird is flying
Past progressive– I was walking– The bird was flying
Future progressive– I shall be walking– The bird will be flying
VERB Moods
Indicative – makes a statement– The cow jumped over the moon.
Interrogative – asks a question– Who jumped over the moon?
Imperative – gives a command or direct request– Jump over the moon.
Subjunctive – expresses a wish or contrary-to-fact statement– If the cow jump over the moon, I will be surprised.– I wish the cow would jump over the moon.
VERBALS
Parts of verbs that function as nouns, adjectives or adverbs– Present participle: being, walking, singing, flying
• The flying bird overhead is a blue heron.– Past participle: been, walked, sung, flown
• The opera sung last night was Carmen.– Infinitive: to be, to walk, to sing, to fly
• To walk a mile every day is healthy.– Gerund (always as a noun): being, walking,
singing, flying• Flying is his passion