Parts of Speech:

Structure Classes

A structure class has three characteristics:

1-Members of a given structure class are recognized mainly by position, as thy have no characteristics of from in do not change form.

2-A structure class is small.

3-A structure class has a stable membership and is a closed class.

A. Qualifiers

The qualifier occurs in the position just before an adjectival or an ad-verbial as shown:

The dinner was______ good.

She performed_______ skillfully.

The function of a qualifier is to modify; and the word following the qualifier is called the head.

EExercixercise 13se 13-1-1

Aj

Aj

Av

Aj

aj

B. PrepositionsPrepositions are words like of, in, and to witch are usually followed by a noun, noun phrase, personal pronoun, or noun- substitute called the object.

e.g.Examples: George sat between the two deans.English has a small group of prepositions:

1-These one-syllable preposi-tions.Examples: He came with the girl.

EExercixercise 13se 13-4-4

no

obj

obj

obj

obj

objobjobj

objobj

B. Prepositions

2-Two-syllable ones, such as about, before.

Some of these words we have been dealing with can be either preposi-tions or adverbials. Compare:

Preposition: She looked up the stairs.

Adverbial: She looked up.

EExercixercise 13se 13-6-6

B. Prepositions3-group of –ing prepositions

assuming, beginning.EExercixercise 13se 13-7-7

B. Prepositions4-compound prepositions.

e.g.Together with on account of

EExercixercise 13se 13-8-8

C. DeterminersA determiner is a word that patterns with a noun It precedes the noun and serves as a signal that a noun soon to follow.

If the non is proceeded by adjectives and nouns, the determiner precedes these modifiers.Examples: The new gymnasium.

Six of determiners --- his, John's, this, that, these, those--- may also be used in place of a noun as noun substitutes.Examples: That will be enough.

I prefer Elizabeth's.

EExercixercise 13se 13-9-9

DNsDDNsDDDDDNsDDDd

DD..AuxiliariesAuxiliaries

Auxiliaries are closely associated with the verb and are of 3 kinds .

The first kind is called modal auxiliaries such as :can, could, may , might, shall,

should ,will ,would ,must ,ought

The modal auxiliaries are bound together as a group by 2 characteristics of form :

(1)The present tense form does not take an–s in the third person singular.

(2)They do not have participle forms , present or past.

The second kind of auxiliary is the two primary

auxiliaries ,have and be .

The third kind of auxiliary is the periphrastic auxiliary

Do .

Exercise:13-11

1.21.2

2.22.2

3.33.3

4.04.0

5.25.2

Exercise:13-12

11..PAPA

22..MAMA

33..PP44..MAMA

55..PAPA