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8/7/2019 Parts of the Human Heart
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Parts of the Human Heart
The outer covering of the heart is a strong, thin membrane calledthepericardium. The superior vena cava, aorta, and other largeblood vessles lead in and out of the heart. Smaller blood vessels
nourish the heart itself.
The ventricles make up the largest part of the heart. They form
the whole lower portion. Their thick, strong muscles pumpblood throughout the body.
The atria form the upper, smaller part of theheart. They have thin walls, and are smaller than
the ventricles. Each atrium serves as a collectingstation for the blood that flows into the heart.
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IV. Anatomy and Physiology
The Anatomy of the Heart
Your heart is located under the ribcage in the center of your chest between
your right and left lung. It¶s shaped like an upside-down pear. Its muscular
walls beat, or contract, pumping blood continuously to all parts of your body.
The size of your heart can vary depending on your age, size, or the condition
of your heart. A normal, healthy, adult heart most often is the size of anaverage clenched adult fist. Some diseases of the heart can cause it to
become larger.
The Exterior of the Heart
Below is a picture of the outside of a normal, healthy, human heart.
The illustration shows the front surface of the heart, including the coronary
arteries and major blood vessels.
The heart is the muscle in the lower half of the picture. The heart has four
chambers. The right and left atria (AY-tree-uh) are shown in purple. The right
and left ventricles (VEN-trih-kuls) are shown in red.
Connected to the heart are some of the main blood vessels²
arteries and veins²that make up your blood circulatory system.
The ventricle on the right side of your heart pumps blood from the
heart to your lungs. When you breathe air in, oxygen passes from your lungs
through blood vessels where it¶s added to your blood. Carbon dioxide, a
waste product, is passed from your blood through blood vessels to your
lungs and is removed from your body when you breathe air out.
The atrium on the left side of your heart receives oxygen-rich blood
from the lungs. The pumping action of your left ventricle sends this oxygen-
rich blood through the aorta (a main artery) to the rest of your body.
The Right Side of Your Heart
The superior and inferior vena cavae are in blue to the left of the
muscle as you look at the picture. These veins are the largest veins in your
The image cannot be displayed. Your computer may not have enough memory to open the image, or the image may have been corrupted. Restart your computer, and then open the file again. If the red x still appears, you may h ave to delete the image and then insert it again.
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8/7/2019 Parts of the Human Heart
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assessment DIAGNOSIS plan INTERVENTION RATIONALE EVALUATION
Objectives:
y Attachedtracheostomy tube
y Longhospital ±
lization
Potential for
infection
related to
invasive
procedure-
tracheostomy
tube
attached.
At the end of
24 to 48 hours
of nursing,
intervention,
patient will be
protected from
possible
potential
infection.
I ndependent:
1. Observed color/odor characteristicsof sputum. Notedrainagearoundtracheostomy
tube.2. Reduced
nosocomial riskex.Handwashing,maintainingsterile suctiontechnique.
3. Encourageddeep breathin,coughing andfrequentpositionchanges.
4. Instructed
1. Yellow/ greenpurulentodoroussputum isindicate of infection;while thick,
tenacioussputumsuggestsdehydration.
2. These factorsmay be thesimplest butare the most
important keysito preventionof hospital-acquired-infection.
3. Maximizes lungexpansion andmobilization of
At the end of
24 to 48 hours
of nursing
intervention,
patient was
protected from
possible
potential
infection.
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Significant othersand patient in
proper secretiondisposal ex.Tissues soiledtracheostomydressing.
Dependent:
5. Administer antimicrobials asindicated.
secretions toprevent/reduce
accumulation of secretions.
4. Reducestransmission of fluid-borneorganisms.
5. One or moremay be useddependent onidentifiedpathogens if infection doesoccur.
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Assessment DIAGNOSIS planning INTERVENTION RATIONALE EVALUATION
Objectives:
y poor muscletone
y poor skinturgor
y bodymalaise
y Sunkeneyeballs
Altered
Nutrition: less
than body
requirements.
At the end of
3 days to 1
week nursing
intervention,
patient will be
able toincrease body
weight to a
more
desirable
weight within
normal limits.
I ndependent:
1. Monitoredpatient¶sgeneralizedmuscle wasting.
2. Documented oral
intake if/whenconsumed. Offer foods that patientenjoys.
3. Providedsmallfrequent feedingsof soft/ easilydigested foods if
able to swallow.
Dependent:
4. Administer fluidintake of atleast2500 ml/ day
1. These symptomsare indicative of depletion of muscle energy andcan reduce
respiratory musclefunction.2. Appetite is usually
poor and intake of essential nutrientsmay be reduced.Offering favoritefoods can
enhance oralintake.
3. Preventsexcessivefatigue,enhancesintake andreduces risk of
At the end of 3
days to 1 week
nursing
intervention,
patient was
able toincreased body
weight to a
more desirable
weight within
normal limits.
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within cardiactolerance.
5. Adjusted dietwith help of dietician to meetrespiratoryneeds.
gastric distress.4. Prevents
dehydration thatcan beexacerbated byincreasedinsensible lossesand reduces risk of constipation.
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Assessment DIAGNOSIS planning INTERVENTION RATIONALE EVALUATION
Objectives:
y weak inappearance
y limited rangeof motion
y decreasedperformance
y inability to
maintainusual routines
Activity
intolerancerelated to
generalized
weakness.
At the end of
24 hoursnursing
intervention
patient will
be able to
remain free
of
preventablediscomfort.
I ndependent:
1. Adjusted
activities asnecessary,reducingintensity level/discontinuingactivities asindicated.
2. Encouragedpatient to dowhatever possible ex.Self care.
3. Stressednecessities inof allowing for
frequent restperiods.4. Encouraged
nutritionalintake/ use of supplementsas appropriate.
1. Prevents
overexertion, allowsfor some activitywithin patient ability.
2. Provides for senseof control andfeeling of accomplishments.
3. Enhancesperformance whileconserving limitedenergy, preventingincrease in level of fatigue.
4. Necessary to meetenergy needs for
activity.5. Increaseoxygenation.Evaluateseefctiveness intherapy.
At the end of
24 hoursnursing
intervention
patient was
able to remain
free of
preventable
discomfort.
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Dependent:
5. Administer O2at 2l/min tosustain patientoxygenation, if
necessary.
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