Passages for the SAT

7/25/2019 Passages for the SAT

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Critical Reading Passages

Science Passages

This passage is excerpted from Joseph Mascaro, Gregory P Asner, Stuart Davies, Alex Dehgan, and

Sassan Saatchi, These Are the Days of Lasers in the Jungle,!"# $y Joseph Mascaro, et al%

Beginning of reading passage.

Just as the Moon&s history 'as disro$ed$y laser ranging (! years ago, )arth&stropical forests are giving up their secrets to the light% Air$orne light detection andranging*called +iDA*has over the last ten years $ecome a -ey tool thatecologists use to understand physical variationin tropical forests across space andtime% +i-e an M. of the human $rain, +iDApro$esthe intricatethree/dimensional architecture of the forest canopy, unveilingcar$on that forests -eep

out of the atmosphere, and also the mountingthreatsto that car$on storehouse0drought, fire, clandestine logging and $rash gold/mining operations% )ven the1uintessentialnatural distur$ance of the sun/filled light gap*long thought toenhance the incredi$ly high species diversity of tropical forests*has $eendeconstructed $y laser technology%

+aser ranging in tropical forests is such a game/changing technology thatscience results can scarcelyget throughpeer/revie'$efore they are d'arfed$ystill larger/scale studies% .n a decade, laser po'er on commercial/grade +iDAshas s-yroc-eted and costs haveplummeted% These improvements in +iDAtechnology allo' airplanes to fly faster, higher and farther, covering more forest

area in a single day than every ground/$ased survey that has ever $een collected inthe history of tropical ecology% To estimate the amount of car$on stored in a (!/hectare tropical forest monitoring plot on the ground*the largest field plot in the'orld*ta-es a team of " people a$out eight months0 a slogof rain and mud andsna-es 'ith tape measuresand data log $oo-s% Today&s air$orne +iDAs can getyou to 'ithin a$out "!2 of the same car$on estimate in eight seconds.

.t is this staggeringcontrast in scale $et'een +iDA and field'or- that led ushere0 3efore this decade is out, 'e could directly assess the car$on stoc- of everysingle s1uare hectare of tropical forest on )arth% 4e could do it 5ust as 'ell as if'e 'ere standing there in the flesh 'ith tape measures in hand% And 'e could do

it for far less than 'hat 'e have already spent to offsetcar$on emissions fromforests% % % %.t is easy in principle, though logistically nightmarish, to measure car$on in

tropical forests% A strict constructionist 'ould cut, dry and 'eigh the $iomass ofthe 'orld&s forests% 3ut this is a self/defeatingenterprise% As a result, it is li-elythat no one has measured car$on over a single hectare of tropical forest, even 'iththe most detailed field surveys% 6or a century ecologists and foresters have reliedon allometric"estimation in lieu of car$on measurements to translate field surveys


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of tree diameters, heights and 'ood densities into 'hole/forest car$on estimates%Given a volume 'ith -no'n dimensions and density, one 'ould estimate its massin a similar fashion%

As the ne' -id on the $loc-, +iDA has $een tac-ed onto the $ac- end*initially thought of as -ind of large/scale helper to field surveys% 7ar$on estimates

from the field have $een treated as something inherentlycloser to the real thingthan measurements made $y +iDA*ground 8Truth9 'ith a capital 8T9%This isperhaps understanda$le historically, $ut vis/:/vis actual car$on, there is no suchthing as ground truth0 $oth field and +iDA efforts rely on allometry to convertmeasurements into car$on estimates%Priorto using these measurements forcar$on estimation, they exist as standardi;ed, spatially explicit, archiva$leandverifia$le data*the needed su$strate for a )DD/type accounting program%

Due to the constancy of the underlying measurements, $oth field and +iDAdata could provide the needed information if they covered every hectare on)arth% 3ut, in the case of field surveys, this is impossi$le% The surveys that do

exist measure a tiny amount of actual forest, and so 'hat might $e verified is'idely spaced% And to avoid fraud and protect lando'ners, many governments-eep their plot locations secret% Satellite +iDA data remain sparse, providingonly extrapolated, coarse/resolution car$on estimates 'ith very high uncertainties,and there is no prospect of 'all/to/'all coveragein the near future% 3y !!,air$orne +iDA could give us a direct measurement of ations 6rame'or- 7onvention on 7limate 7hange%

Passage " is excerpted from +inden Miles, ?The Meandering Mind0 @ection and Mental Time Travel,?

!"! $y +inden Miles% Passage is excerpted from Justin Gregg, ?A >e' 6rontier in Animal

.ntelligence,? !"< $y Scientific American%

Passage 1

The a$ility to travel mentally through time sets humans apart from many otherspecies, yet little is -no'n a$out this core cognitive capacity% .n particular, 'hatshapes the passage of the minds 5ourney through timeB

A core facetof conscious experience is that ones mindperiodically'andersfrom the here/and/no'% 6rom memories of lost loves to expectations a$outforthcoming vacations, mental time travel CMTT ma-es it possi$le to revisit the
http://www.scientificamerican.com/article/new-frontier-animal-intelligence/?WT.mc_id=SA_syn_KhanAcadhttp://www.scientificamerican.com/article/new-frontier-animal-intelligence/?WT.mc_id=SA_syn_KhanAcad


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past and pre/experience the future% Present across cultures and emergingearly inchildhood, MTT is $elieved to serve apivotalfunction in human cognition% 4henconfronted 'ith complex and challenging 5udgments, simulating future outcomesCi%e%,prospection on the $asis of prior experience Ci%e%, retrospection is a tacticthat optimi;es decision/ma-ing and $ehavioral selection% That the past informs the

future in this 'ay Ci%e%, recollection-guides-simulation is evidenced from researchdemonstrating that retrospection and prospectionrely on largely overlappingneural structures and cognitive operations%

Eo'ever, remar-a$ly little is -no'n a$out the actual process of MTT and ho'it impacts peoples $ehavior% .n this respect, one emerging possi$ility is that MTTmay $e represented in the sensory/motor systems that regulate human movementCi%e%, MTT is em$odied% Put simply, traveling mentally in time may initiateassociated $odily movements through space% .nitial evidence for such a thought/action coupling during MTT 'as reported in a study in 'hich spontaneousfluctuationsin the direction and magnitude ofpostural s'ay'ere assessed 'hile

participants engaged in either retrospective orprospectivemental imagery% Theresults revealed that the temporal locus of MTT did indeed influence the directionof peoples movements * 'hereas retrospection 'as accompanied $y significant$ac-'ards s'ay, prospection yielded postural movement in an anterior direction%

)nd of reading passage%

Passage 2

Santino 'as a misanthrope 'ith a ha$it ofpelting tourists'ith roc-s% As hisreputation for mischief gre', he had to devise increasingly clever 'ays to am$ush

his 'aryvictims% Santino learned to stashhis roc-s 5ust out of sight and casuallystand 5ust a fe' feet from them in order to thro' offsuspicion% At the verymoment that passers$y 'ere fooled into thin-ing that he meant them no harm, hegra$$ed his hiddenpro5ectilesand launched his attac-%

Santino, you see, is not human% Ee&s a chimpan;ee at 6uruvi- Foo inS'eden% Eis crafty stone/thro'ing escapadeshave made him a glo$al cele$rity,and also caught the attention of researchers studying ho' animals, much li-ehumans, might $e a$le to plan their $ehavior%

Santino is one of a handful of animals that scientists $elieve are sho'ing acomplex cognitive a$ility called episodic memory% )pisodic memory is the a$ility

to recall past events that one has the sense of having personallyexperienced% =nli-e semantic memory, 'hich involves recalling simple facts li-e8$ee stings hurt,9 episodic memory involves putting yourself at the heart of thememory li-e remem$ering the time you s'atted at a $ee 'ith a rolled upne'spaper and it got angry and stung your hand%

.f an animal can imagine itself interacting 'ith the 'orld in the past viaepisodic memory H li-e Santino recalling a failed attac- 'hen a human spottedhim holding a roc-, or you remem$ering s'atting at a $ee H it stands to reason that


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the animal might also $e a$le to imagine itself in the future in a similar scenario,and thus plan its $ehavior% Santino might opt to hide his roc-s, and you mightdecide to stop antagoni;ing$ees% The a$ility to represent oneself and one&s actionsin the mind&s eye H $oth in the past Iand in the future H is 'hat scientists refer toas 8mental time travel%9

QUESTION 1 OF 11

Kver the course of passage ", the main focus shifts from

Please choose from one of the follo'ing options%

C7hoice AA

a scientific study a$out mental time travel to an example of ho' humans use mental time

travel in their daily lives%

C7hoice 33a description of the evolution of mental time travel to an evaluation of its limitations in

humans%

C7hoice 7, 7hec-ed7

an explanation of mental time travel to a description of a study a$out its neurological $asis%

C7hoice DD

an argument in support of the existence of mental time travel to a counter/argument refuting

its existence in humans%

QUESTION 2 OF 11

.t can reasona$ly $e inferred from passage " that, in humans, the existence of mental time travel


C7hoice AA

$egins $efore $irth%

C7hoice 33

continues to develop throughout adulthood%

C7hoice 7, 7hec-ed7

is universal%

C7hoice DD

is limited to certain populations around the 'orld%


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QUESTION 3 OF 11

4hich choice provides the $est evidence for the ans'er to the previous 1uestionB


C7hoice AA

lines "H C8The % % % species9

C8The a$ility to travel mentally through time sets humans apart from many other species,9

C7hoice 33

lines (HL C86rom % % % future9

C86rom memories of lost loves to expectations a$out forthcoming vacations, mental time

travel CMTT ma-es it possi$le to revisit the past and pre/experience the future%9

C7hoice 7, 7hec-ed7lines LH C8Present % % % childhood9

C8Present across cultures and emerging early in childhood,9

C7hoice DD

lines "!H"< C84hen % % % selection9

C84hen confronted 'ith complex and challenging 5udgments, simulating future outcomes

Ci%e%,prospection on the $asis of prior experience Ci%e%,retrospection is a tactic that optimi;es

decision/ma-ing and $ehavioral selection%9

QUESTION 4 OF 11As used in

line "!

C8pivotal9

, 8pivotal9 most nearly means


C7hoice AA

critical

C7hoice 3, 7hec-ed3

$asic

C7hoice 77

overriding


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C7hoice DD

=rgent

QUESTION 5 OF 11

.n the first paragraph of passage , the use of the 'ords 8mischief,9 8clever,9 and 8fooled9 serves

mainly toPlease choose from one of the follo'ing options%

C7hoice A, 7hec-edA

suggest that Santino had a violent disposition%

C7hoice 33

call attention to Santino&s advanced cognitive a$ilities%

C7hoice 77imply that Santino 'as smarter than most chimpan;ees%

C7hoice DD

illustrate Santino&s reliance on semantic memory%

QUESTION 6 OF 11

The author of passage indicates that Santino&s use of episodic memory is most evidenced $y his


C7hoice AA

a$ility to recall past experiences%

C7hoice 33

accuracy 'hen thro'ing o$5ects%

C7hoice 77

disinterest in other chimpan;ees%

C7hoice DD

tendency to interact 'ith humans%

QUESTION 7 OF 11

According to passage , 'hich choice $est summari;es the relationship $et'een episodic and

semantic memoryB



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C7hoice AA

)pisodic memory is a more advanced form of semantic memory%

C7hoice 33)pisodic memory relies on personal experiences 'hile semantic memory relies on fact

recollection%

C7hoice 77

)pisodic memory is an essential component of consciousness 'hile semantic memory is not%

C7hoice DD

Some animals are capa$le of episodic memory, $ut all animals are capa$le of semantic

memory%

QUESTION OF 11



C7hoice AA

lines


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The authors of passage " and passage 'ould li-ely agree a$out 'hich of the follo'ing

characteristics of mental time travelB


C7hoice AA

That it is similar to the concept of semantic memory

C7hoice 33

That it is a sophisticated cognitive a$ility

C7hoice 77

That it is present throughout the animal -ingdom

C7hoice DD

That it can affect the positioning and movement of the $ody

QUESTION 1" OF 11

4hich of the follo'ing types of evidence is relied upon in passage " $ut not in passage B


C7hoice AA

)xpert testimonies

C7hoice 33Personal narratives

C7hoice 7, 7hec-ed7

Scientific studies

C7hoice DD

Eistorical data

QUESTION 11 OF 11

The author of passage " 'ould li-ely use 'hich of the follo'ing terms to descri$e Santino&s a$ility to

recall past eventsB


C7hoice AA

etrospection


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C7hoice 33

Prospection

C7hoice 77Simulation

C7hoice DD

Semantic memory

This passage is excerpted from David 3% 4a-e and @ance T% @reden$urg, ?Amphi$ians in 7risis%?

!!L $y The >ational Academy of Sciences of the =SA%

Beginning of reading passage.Amphi$ians have received much attention during the last t'o decades $ecause

of a no'/general understanding that a larger proportion of amphi$ian species areat ris- of extinction than those of any other taxon%4hy this should $e hasperplexed amphi$ian specialists% A large num$er of factors have $een implicated,including most prominently ha$itat destruction and epidemics of infectiousdiseases glo$al 'arming also has $een invo-ed as a contri$uting factor% 4hatma-es the amphi$ian case so compelling is the fact that amphi$ians are long/termsurvivors that have persisted through the last four mass extinctions%

Paradoxically, although amphi$ians have proven themselves to $e survivors inthe past, there are reasons for thin-ing that they might $e vulnera$le to currentenvironmental challenges and, hence, serve as multipurpose sentinels ofenvironmental health% The typical life cycle of a frog involves a1uaticdevelopment of eggs and larvae and terrestrial activity as adults, thus exposingthem to a 'ide range of environments%

6rog larvae are typically her$ivores, 'hereas adults are carnivores, thusexposing them to a 'ide diversity of food, predators, and parasites% Amphi$ianshave moist s-in, and cutaneous respiration is more important than respiration $ylungs% The moist, 'ell vasculari;ed s-in places them in intimate contact 'ith their

environment% Kne might expect them to $e vulnera$le to changes in 'ater or air1uality resulting from diverse pollutants% Amphi$ians are thermal/conformers, thusma-ing them sensitive to environmental temperature changes, 'hich may $eespecially important for tropical montane Ce%g%, cloud forest species that haveexperienced little temperature variation% Such species may have little acclimationa$ility in rapidly changing thermal regimes% .n general, amphi$ians have smallgeographic ranges, $ut this is accentuated in most terrestrial species Cthe ma5orityof salamanders a large proportion of frog species also fit this category that


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develop directly from terrestrial eggs that have no free/living larval stage% Thesesmall ranges ma-e them especially vulnera$le to ha$itat changes that might resultfrom either direct or indirect human activities%

+iving amphi$ians C7lass Amphi$ia, Su$class +issamphi$ia include frogsCQ(,N!! currently recogni;ed species, salamanders CQ(O! species, and caecilians

CQ"O( species% Most information concerning declines and extinctions has comefrom studies of frogs, 'hich are the most numerous and $y far the most 'idelydistri$uted of living amphi$ians% Salamanders facing extinctions are centered inMiddle America% 7aecilians are the least 'ell -no'n little information on theirstatus 'ith respect to extinction exists%

The Glo$al Amphi$ian Assessment completed its first round of evaluating thestatus of all then/recogni;ed species in !!#, finding


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line L

C8compelling9

, 8compelling9 most nearly means


C7hoice AA

urgent%

C7hoice 3, 7hec-ed3

captivating%

C7hoice 77

over'helming%

C7hoice DD

forced%

QUESTION 3 OF 11

The author implies that the study of frogs and other amphi$ians is especially important $ecause these

species


C7hoice AA

are sensitive to environmental changes that might affect other species in the future%

C7hoice 33

have less a$ility to adapt to changing environmental conditions than other species do%

C7hoice 7, 7hec-ed7

are exposed to more predators and parasites than other species are%

C7hoice DD

em$ody the principles of evolution more clearly and linearly than other species do%

QUESTION 4 OF 11



C7hoice AA

lines ""H"#


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C8Paradoxically, although amphi$ians have proven themselves to $e survivors in the past,

there are reasons for thin-ing that they might $e vulnera$le to current environmental

challenges and, hence, serve as multipurpose sentinels of environmental health%9

C8Paradoxically % % % health9

C7hoice 33

lines "#H"N

C8The typical life cycle of a frog involves a1uatic development of eggs and larvae and

terrestrial activity as adults, thus exposing them to a 'ide range of environments%9

C8The typical % % % environments9

C7hoice 7, 7hec-ed7

lines "OH"

C86rog larvae are typically her$ivores, 'hereas adults are carnivores, thus exposing them to a

'ide diversity of food, predators, and parasites%9

C86rog % % % parasites9

C7hoice DD

lines "H"

C8Amphi$ians have moist s-in, and cutaneous respiration is more important than respiration

$y lungs%9

C8Amphi$ians % % % lungs9

QUESTION 5 OF 11

The author discusses the thermal conformity of amphi$ians in order to


C7hoice A, 7hec-edA

sho' 'hy they are so suscepti$le to $eing harmed $y changes in their environments%

C7hoice 33

contrast them 'ith other types of animals that other scientists have studied in greater depth%

C7hoice 77

prove that amphi$ians are the most sensitive of all animals and therefore need to $e treated

'ith greater care%

C7hoice DD

1uestion 'hy the geographic ranges of amphi$ians is so small compared to that of other

species%

QUESTION 6 OF 11


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6rogs have $een studied more than other amphi$ians $ecause


C7hoice A, 7hec-edA

mem$ers of other species are less common and not found in as many places%

C7hoice 33

they model human $iology $etter than other amphi$ians%

C7hoice 77

so many other amphi$ian species have recently $ecome extinct%

C7hoice DD

their sensitivity to environments ma-es them ideal for study%

QUESTION 7 OF 11



C7hoice A, 7hec-edA

lines


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QUESTION OF 11

The phrase 8glo$ally threatened9 C

line #N

C88glo$ally threatened99

primarily serves to


C7hoice AA

sho' that scientists consider amphi$ians& future perilous $y the seriousness of the terms%

C7hoice 33

lend authority to the author&s argument a$out amphi$ian extinction $y using a 'ell/recogni;ed

phrase%

C7hoice 771uote the scientists at The Glo$al Amphi$ian Assessment so that readers understand the

limited nature of their statistics%

C7hoice DD

demonstrate that, though amphi$ians have $een referred to as threatened, this term is

1uestiona$ly applied%

QUESTION ! OF 11

The graph supports the statement in the last paragraph a$out the evaluation completed in !!# $y


C7hoice AA

demonstrating that approximately of amphi$ian species are in the top three categories of

threat%

C7hoice 33

sho'ing that only "2 of amphi$ians have gone extinct in the 'ild, despite predictions to the

contrary%

C7hoice 77highlighting that scientists have not collected enough data on a significant num$er of

amphi$ian species%

C7hoice DD

proving that the remaining species of amphi$ians 'ill $ecome extinct in the future%

QUESTION 1" OF 11


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.nformation from the graph and the passage suggests that the second/largest category includes most of

the 'orld&s


C7hoice AA

caecilians%

C7hoice 33

salamanders%

C7hoice 77

frogs%

C7hoice DD

montane amphi$ians%

QUESTION 11 OF 11

The third/largest category represents amphi$ians that are classified as


C7hoice AA

endangered%

C7hoice 33

least concern%

C7hoice 77

extinct%

C7hoice DD

vulnera$le%

Adapted from A$i 3erger, "agnetic !esonance maging,"!! $y A$i 3erger%


Magnetic resonance imaging CM. uses the $odys natural magnetic propertiesto produce detailed images from any part of the $ody% 6or imaging purposes the


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hydrogen nucleus Ca single proton is used $ecause of its a$undance in 'ater andfat%

The hydrogen proton can $e li-ened to the planet earth,spinning on its axis,'ith a north/south pole% .n this respect it $ehaves li-e a small $ar magnet% =ndernormal circumstances, these hydrogen proton 8$ar magnets9 spin in the $ody 'ith

their axes randomly aligned% 4hen the $ody is placed in a strong magnetic field,such as an M. scanner, the protons axes all line up% This uniform alignmentcreates a magnetic vector oriented along the axis of the M. scanner% M.scanners come in different field strengths, usually $et'een !%( and "%( tesla%

The strength of the magnetic field can $e altered electronically from head to toeusing a series of gradient electric coils, and, $y altering the local magnetic field $ythese small increments, different slices of the $ody 'ill resonate as differentfre1uencies are applied%

4hen the radiofre1uency source is s'itched off the magnetic vector returns toits resting state, and this causes a signal Calso a radio 'ave to $e emitted% .t is this

signal 'hich is used to create the M images% eceiver coils are used around the$ody part in 1uestion to act as aerials to improve the detection of the emittedsignal% The intensity of the received signal is then plotted on a grey scale and crosssectional images are $uilt up%

Multiple transmitted radiofre1uency pulses can $e used in se1uence toemphasise particular tissues or a$normalities% A different emphasis occurs $ecausedifferent tissues relax at different rates 'hen the transmitted radiofre1uency pulseis s'itched off% The time ta-en for the protons to fully relax is measured in t'o'ays% The first is the time ta-en for the magnetic vector to return to its restingstate and the second is the time needed for the axial spin to return to its resting

state%The first is called T" relaxation, the second is called T relaxation%An M examination is thus made up of a series of pulse se1uences% Differenttissues Csuch as fat and 'ater have different relaxation times and can $e identifiedseparately% 3y using a 8fat suppression9 pulse se1uence, for example, the signalfrom fat 'ill $e removed, leaving only the signal from any a$normalities lying'ithin it%

Most diseases manifest themselves $y an increase in 'ater content, so M. isa sensitive test for the detection of disease% The exact nature of the pathology can$e more difficult to ascertain0 for example, infection and tumour can in some casesloo- similar% A careful analysis of the images $y a radiologist 'ill often yield thecorrect ans'er%

There are no -no'n $iological ha;ards of M. $ecause, unli-e x ray andcomputed tomography, M. uses radiation in the radiofre1uency range 'hich isfound all around us and does not damage tissue as it passes through%

)nd of reading passage%


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Magnetic @ector CT" and Axial Spin CT elaxation Times for Different MoleculesTissues, in

Milliseconds%

Tissue T" Cmsec T Cmsec

4ater #,!!! ,!!!

Gray Matter !! !

Muscle !! (!

+iver (!! #!

6at (! O!

Tendon #!! (

Source0 Data from 3ottomley PA, et al% ?A evie' of >ormal Tissue Eydrogen >M elaxation

Times and elaxation Mechanisms from "/"!! ME;0 Dependence on Tissue Type, >M 6re1uency,

Temperature, Species, )xision, and Age%? Med Phys "L#""0#(/##L

This passage is excerpted from Marcus )ri-sen&s ?Plastic Pollution in the 4orld&s Kceans0 More Than

( Trillion Plastic Pieces 4eighing Kver (!,!!! Tons Afloat at Sea,? !"#%


Plastic pollution is glo$ally distri$uted across all oceans due to its properties of$uoyancy and dura$ility, and the a$sorption of toxicants $y plastic 'hile travelingthrough the environment has led some researchers to claim that synthetic polymers

in the ocean should $e regarded as ha;ardous 'aste% Through photodegradationand other 'eathering processes, plastics fragment and disperse in the ocean,converging in the su$tropical gyres%Accumulation of plastic pollution also occursin closed $ays, gulfs and seas surrounded $y densely populated coastlines and'atersheds%

Despite oceanographic model predictions of 'here de$ris might converge,estimates of regional and glo$al a$undance and 'eight of floating plastics have$een limited to microplastics less than ( mm% =sing extensive pu$lished and ne'data, particularly from the Southern Eemisphere su$tropical gyres and marineareas ad5acent to populated regions corrected for 'ind/driven vertical mixing, 'epopulated an oceanographic model of de$ris distri$ution to estimate glo$aldistri$ution and count and 'eight densities of plastic pollution in all sampled si;eclasses%

Plastics of all si;es 'ere found in all ocean regions, converging in accumulation;ones in the su$tropical gyres, including southern hemisphere gyres 'here coastalpopulation density is much lo'er than in the northern hemisphere% 4hile thissho's that plastic pollution has spread throughout all the 'orlds oceans, the


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comparison of si;e classes and 'eight relationships suggests that duringfragmentation plastics are lost from the sea surface%

The o$servations that there is much less microplastic at the sea surface thanmight $e expected suggests that removal processes are at play% These include =@degradation, $iodegradation, ingestion $y organisms, decreased $uoyancy due to

fouling organisms, entrainment in settling detritus, and $eaching% 6ragmentationrates of already $rittle microplastics may $e very high, rapidly $rea-ing smallmicroplastics further do'n into ever smaller particles, ma-ing them unavaila$lefor our nets C!%


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QUESTION 7 OF 1"# IN$O%%E$T

The main contrast that the author dra's $et'een this study and previous studies of plastic pollution is

that this study


C7hoice AA

&sed sa/p*es of p*as(i) po**&(ion fro/ a** o0er (,e or*d.

Although this study does trac- plastic convergence all over the 'orld, the author does not indicate that

this factor is uni1ue to this study%

C7hoice 3, 7hec-ed, .ncorrect3

ep*ored (,e p,+si)a* pro)esses in0o*0ed in p*as(i) degrada(ion.

Although the author does present possi$le mechanisms involved in plastic degradation, he does not

indicate that this is the first study to address such mechanisms

C7hoice 7, 7orrect Ans'er7

es(i/a(ed (,e dis(ri'&(ion of *arger )*asses of p*as(i)s.

This choice is the $est ans'er $ecause, in paragraph , the author indicates that previous estimates of

plastic distri$ution have $een limited to microplastics less than ( mm in length%

C7hoice DD

fo)&sed on p*as(i) a))&/&*a(ion in s&'(ropi)a* regions of (,e g*o'e.

.n paragraph


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9espi(e o)eanograp,i) /ode* predi)(ions of ,ere de'ris /ig,( )on0erge es(i/a(es of

regiona* and g*o'a* a'&ndan)e and eig,( of f*oa(ing p*as(i)s ,a0e 'een *i/i(ed (o

/i)rop*as(i)s *ess (,an 5 //.8

9espi(e . . . 5 //8

This choice is the $est ans'er $ecause these lines indicate that previous studies have $een limited to

plastics less than ( mm in length%

C7hoice 77

*ines 2426

T,e o'ser0a(ions (,a( (,ere is /&), *ess /i)rop*as(i) a( (,e sea s&rfa)e (,an /ig,( 'e

epe)(ed s&gges(s (,a( re/o0a* pro)esses are a( p*a+.8

T,e . . . p*a+8

These lines indicate that certain processes may have removed some microplastics from the sea surface,

$ut they do not ma-e any reference to previous studies%

C7hoice DD

*ines 3134

:an+ re)en( s(&dies a*so de/ons(ra(e (,a( /an+ /ore organis/s inges( s/a** p*as(i)

par(i)*es (,an pre0io&s*+ (,o&g,( ei(,er dire)(*+ or indire)(*+ i.e. 0ia (,eir pre+

organis/s.8

:an+ . . . organis/s8

These lines refer to recent studies of the ingestion of microplastics $y organisms, $ut they do not ma-e

a contrast $et'een those studies and the current study%

C7hoice ))

I o&*d 'e g&essing.

QUESTION ! OF 1"# IN$O%%E$T

.n descri$ing the distri$ution of ocean plastics, the author relies primarily on 'hat type of evidenceB


C7hoice AA

Persona* narra(i0es

The author does not tell any personal stories in order to support the findings of the study%

C7hoice 33;is(ori)a* (rends

The author does not discuss ho' the accumulation of ocean plastics has changed throughout history%


9a(a s+n(,esis


21/54

.n paragraph , the author indicates that he relied on pu$lished and ne' data in order to create a model

of glo$al plastic distri$ution%

C7hoice D, 7hec-ed, .ncorrectD

Eper( opinions

The author does not include any expert opinions in order to support the findings of the study%

C7hoice ))

I o&*d 'e g&essing.

QUESTION 1" OF 1"# $O%%E$T

4hich of the follo'ing statements most 'ea-ens the author&s conclusion that there are fe'er

microplastics than expected on the sea surfaceB


C7hoice AAP*as(i)s of a** siarge p*as(i)s (end (o frag/en( d&e (o na(&ra* pro)esses s&), as 'iodegrada(ion.

Although the author does indicate that large plastics fragment due to natural processes, this fact does

not 'ea-en the conclusion that there 'ere fe'er microplastics than expected on the ocean&s surface% .f

anything, the degradation of large plastics 'ould actually increase the amount of microplastics on the

ocean&s surface%

C7hoice 77

So/e p*as(i)s ere *i?e*+ inges(ed '+ organis/s.

Although the author does indicate that some microplastics 'ere li-ely ingested $y organisms, this

finding 'ould strengthen, rather than 'ea-en, the conclusion that fe'er microplastics 'ere found than

expected%

C7hoice D, 7hec-ed, 7orrectD

T,e ne(s &sed in (,e s(&d+ ere &na'*e (o )ap(&re p*as(i)s s/a**er (,an ".33 //.

This choice is the $est ans'er $ecause the author indicates that some microplastics 'ere not caught

due to the !%


22/54

Passage " is excerpted from Tamara Davis, ?.f Galaxies are All Moving Apart, Eo' 7an They

7ollideB? !! $yScientific American% Passage is excerpted from David 3iello, ?More KftenThan >ot, Massive Galaxies 6orm $y Mergers? !!( $y Scientific American%

Passage 1

Dar- energy, $elieved to $e causing the acceleration of the expansion of the

universe, provides a constant out'ard force that does not diluteas the universe

expands% Pittedagainst this relentlesspush is the gravitational pull from the rest of

the matter and energy in the universe% )arly on, the universe 'as much denser than

it is today, and the attractive force of gravity 'as 'inning the $attle, on scales $oth

large and small% 7louds of gas condensed to form stars and galaxies, and galaxies

dre' together to form clusters% .f there had $een more matter around, the universe

might have started to recollapse $efore it ever had the chance to accelerate% 3ut

matter and energy do dilute as the volume of the universe increases, so dar-

energy slo'ly came to dominate% Since a$out six $illion years ago Ca$out a $illion

years $efore )arth formed, the expansion has, on average, $een accelerating%

>evertheless, the cosmic dance continues% Galaxies that had $een pulled

together $efore the universe $egan accelerating still have the chance to

collide% 7ollectivelythey form overdensepatchesof the universe in 'hich gravity

still reigns% .n our neigh$orhood the Andromeda galaxy, our largest companion, is

actually falling to'ard us, and 'e 'ill have our first close encounter 'ith it in 5usta fe' $illion years time%

Kur local group comprises Andromeda, the Magellanic 7louds and a$out


23/54

Astronomer Pieter van Do--um of Uale =niversity used some of the longest

and deepest s-y surveys ever conducted to try to determine 'hether the oldest,

largest galaxies//called ellipticals $ecause they lac- the s'irling armsof the spiral

type, li-e our o'n Mil-y 4ay//formed from the collapse of ancient clouds of gas

or the accretion of smaller galaxies $umping into each other% Kf the "N galaxiesof all varieties van Do--um loo-ed at, NO sho'ed telltale signs of impact, such as

trailing tails of stars, or a collision in progress%

?Kur study found these common massive galaxies do form $y mergers,? @an

Do--um explains% ?.t is 5ust that the mergers happen 1uic-ly and the features that

reveal the mergers are very faint and therefore difficult to detect%?

?Vuic-ly? on a galactic scale means 5ust a fe' hundred million years//a small

fraction of the "


24/54


25/54


26/54

History Passages

The follo'ing is a speech given $y 3en5amin 6ran-lin to the 7onstitutional 7onvention on Septem$er

"O, "OLO% The 7onvention 'as deciding 'hether to ratify the final version of the =%S% 7onstitution%


Dear Mr% President,. confess that there are several parts of this constitution 'hich . do not at

present approve, $ut . am not sure . shall never approve them0 6or having livedlong, . have experienced many instances of $eing o$liged $y $etter information or

fuller consideration, to change opinions even on important su$5ects, 'hich . oncethought right, $ut found to $e other'ise% .t is therefore that the older . gro', themore apt . am to dou$t my o'n 5udgment, and to pay more respect to the5udgment of others% Most men indeed as 'ell as most sects in eligion, thin-themselves in possession of all truth, and that 'herever others differ from them itis so far error% Steele, a Protestant in a Dedication tells the Pope, that the onlydifference $et'een our 7hurches in their opinions of the certainty of theirdoctrines is, the 7hurch of ome is infalli$le and the 7hurch of )ngland is never


27/54

in the 'rong% 3ut though many private persons thin- almost as highly of their o'ninfalli$ility as of that of their sect, fe' express it so naturally as a certain frenchlady, 'ho in a dispute 'ith her sister, said ?. dont -no' ho' it happens, Sister $ut. meet 'ith no $ody $ut myself, thats al'ays in the right?% % %

.n these sentiments, Sir, . agree to this 7onstitution 'ith all its faults, if they are

such $ecause . thin- a general Government necessary for us, and there is no formof Government $ut 'hat may $e a $lessing to the people if 'ell administered, and$elieve farther that this is li-ely to $e 'ell administered for a course of years, andcan only end in Despotism, as other forms have done $efore it, 'hen the peopleshall $ecome so corrupted as to need despotic Government, $eing incapa$le of anyother% . dou$t too 'hether any other 7onvention 'e can o$tain may $e a$le toma-e a $etter 7onstitution% 6or 'hen you assem$le a num$er of men to have theadvantage of their 5oint 'isdom, you inevita$ly assem$le 'ith those men, all theirpre5udices, their passions, their errors of opinion, their local interests, and theirselfish vie's%

6rom such an Assem$ly can a perfect production $e expectedB .t thereforeastonishes me, Sir, to find this system approaching so near to perfection as itdoes and . thin- it 'ill astonish our enemies, 'ho are 'aiting 'ith confidence tohear that our councils are confounded li-e those of the 3uilders of 3a$el and thatour States are on the point of separation, only to meet hereafter for the purpose ofcutting one anothers throats% Thus . consent, Sir, to this 7onstitution $ecause .expect no $etter, and $ecause . am not sure, that it is not the $est% The opinions .have had of its errors, . sacrifice to the pu$lic good*. have never 'hispered asylla$le of them a$road*4ithin these 'alls they 'ere $orn, and here they shalldie*.f every one of us in returning to our 7onstituents 'ere to report the

o$5ections he has had to it, and endeavor to gain parti;ans in support of them, 'emight prevent its $eing generally received, and there$y lose all the salutary effectsW great advantages resulting naturally in our favor among foreign >ations as 'ellas among ourselves, from our real or apparent unanimity% Much of the strength Wefficiency of any Government in procuring and securing happiness to the people,depends on opinion, on the generalopinion of the goodness of the Government, as'ell as 'ell as of the 'isdom and integrity of its Governors% . hope therefore thatfor our o'n sa-es as a part of the people, and for the sa-e of posterity, 'e shall actheartily and unanimously in recommending this 7onstitution Cif approved $y7ongress W confirmed $y the 7onventions 'herever our influence may extend,and turn our future thoughts W endeavors to the means of having it 'elladministered%

Kn the 'hole, Sir, . cannot help expressing a 'ish that every mem$er of the7onvention 'ho may still have o$5ections to it, 'ould 'ith me, on this occasiondou$t a little of his o'n infalli$ility//and to ma-e manifest our unanimity, put hisname to this instrument%


28/54

.n the 7hristian 3i$le, the people 'ho $uilt the To'er of 3a$el spo-e multiple languages and could

not understand each other 'ell enough to complete the to'er&s construction%

Passage " is excerpted from John +oc-e&s 8Second Treatise of Government,9 first pu$lished in "NL%

Passage is excerpted from Pierre/Joseph Proudhon&s 8General .dea of the evolution in the "th7entury,9 originally pu$lished in "L("%

Passage 1


Men $eing, as has $een said, $y nature, all free, e1ual, and independent, noone can $e put out of this estate, and su$5ected to the political po'er of another,'ithout his o'n consent% The only 'ay 'here$y any one divests himself of hisnatural li$erty, and puts on the $onds of civil society, is $y agreeing 'ith othermen to 5oin and unite into a community for their comforta$le, safe, and peacea$leliving one amongst another, in a secure en5oyment of their properties, and a greatersecurity against any, that are not of it% This any num$er of men may do, $ecause itin5ures not the freedom of the rest they are left as they 'ere in the li$erty of thestate of nature% 4hen any num$er of men have so consented to ma-e onecommunity or government, they are there$y presently incorporated, and ma-e one$ody politic, 'herein the ma5ority have a right to act and conclude the rest%

6or 'hen any num$er of men have, $y the consent of every individual,made a community, they have there$y made that community one $ody, 'ith apo'er to act as one $ody, 'hich is only $y the 'ill and determination of thema5ority0 for that 'hich acts any community, $eing only the consent of theindividuals of it, and it $eing necessary to that 'hich is one $ody to move one

'ay it is necessary the $ody should move that 'ay 'hither the greater forcecarries it, 'hich is the consent of the ma5ority0 or else it is impossi$le it should actor continue one $ody, one community, 'hich the consent of every individual thatunited into it, agreed that it should and so every one is $ound $y that consent to $econcluded $y the ma5ority%)nd of reading passage%

Passage 2


The Social 7ontract is the supreme act $y 'hich each citi;en pledges to the

association his love, his intelligence, his 'or-, his services, his goods, in return forthe affection, ideas, la$or, products, services and goods of his fello's the measureof the right of each $eing determined $y the importance of his contri$utions, andthe recovery that can $e demanded in proportion to his deliveries%Thus the social contract should include all citi;ens, 'ith their interests andrelations% * .f a single man 'ere excluded from the contract, if a single one of theinterests upon 'hich the mem$ers of the nation, intelligent, industrious, and


29/54

sensi$le $eings, are called upon to $argain, 'ere omitted, the contract 'ould $emore or less relative or special, it 'ould not $e social%The social contract should increase the 'ell/$eing and li$erty of every citi;en% *.f any one/sided conditions should slip in if one part of the citi;ens should findthemselves, $y the contract, su$ordinated and exploited $y the others, it 'ould no

longer $e a contract it 'ould $e a fraud, against 'hich annulment might at anytime $e invo-ed 5ustly%

QUESTION 1 OF 1"# $O%%E$T

The main idea of Passage " is that


C7hoice AA

i( is safer for peop*e (o *i0e in a s(a(e of na(&re (,an (o )onsen( (o *i0e in a )o//&ni(+.

The author does not indicate that people are safer 'hen they live in a state of nature% ather, he

explains that people are safer and en5oy more security 'hen they 5oin a community%

C7hoice 3, 7hec-ed, 7orrect3

peop*e ,o ),oose (o 'e)o/e par( of a )o//&ni(+ are s&'@e)( (o (,e i** of (,e /a@ori(+.

.n paragraph " the author asserts that people are safer 'hen they 5oin a community and in paragraph

he argues that these communities should $e governed $y the consent of the ma5ority%

C7hoice 77

/inori(+ opinions and /a@ori(+ opinions s,o&*d 'e gi0en eA&a* )onsidera(ion in

)o//&ni(+ affairs.

ather than indicating that minority and ma5ority opinions should $e given e1ual consideration, the

author states that the 'ill of the ma5ority should determine the actions of a community or political

$ody%

C7hoice DD

i( is &nrea*is(i) (o epe)( peop*e (o s&rrender (,eir na(&ra* *i'er(ies ,en @oining a

)o//&ni(+.

ather than stating that it is unrealistic to expect people to surrender their natural li$erties, the author

indicates that people may choose to do so in order to increase their safety and security%

C7hoice ))

I o&*d 'e g&essing.


.n Passage ", the reference to 8$onds9 C

line #

C8$onds9


30/54

mainly serves to


C7hoice AA

inser( a persona* opinion in(o an o(,erise o'@e)(i0e dis)&ssion of so)ia* rig,(s.

All of Passage " presents the author&s opinion, not an o$5ective or un$iased discussion of social rights%


s&gges( (,a( a** peop*e /&s( re*+ on one ano(,er in a s(a(e of na(&re.

ather than suggesting that people must rely on one another in a state of nature, the author states in

the first sentence of the passage that, in a state of nature, people are independent of one another%


e/p,asi


31/54


T,e )on(ra)( s,o&*d 'e disso*0ed if an+ peop*e are 'eing oppressed.

This choice is the $est option $ecause in the last paragraph of Passage the author states that

annulment of the social contract is 5ustified if any citi;en or group of citi;ens is $eing 8su$ordinated

and exploited $y others%9

C7hoice DD

T,e )on(ra)( s,o&*d 'e disso*0ed if a /a@ori(+ of (,e pop&*a(ion agrees (,a( i( is (,e 'es(

)o&rse of a)(ion.

.n the last paragraph of Passage , the author descri$es specific conditions under 'hich annulment is

5ustified% Ee does not suggest that a ma5ority of the population needs to agree 'ith this decision%

C7hoice ))

I o&*d 'e g&essing.


Eo' do the authors of the t'o passages vie' the relationship $et'een society and personal li$ertyB


C7hoice AA

T,e+ 'o(, a)?no*edge (,a( par(i)ipa(ion in so)ie(+ in)reases (,e *i'er(ies of e0er+

indi0id&a*.

Although the author of Passage suggests that the social contract should increase the li$erty of every

citi;en, the author of Passage " states that people must divest themselves of their natural li$erties in

order to 5oin a community%

C7hoice 33

T,e+ 'o(, agree (,a( par(i)ipa(ion in so)ie(+ in)reases (,e *i'er(ies of a *i/i(ed n&/'er

of )i(i


32/54

This choice is the $est option $ecause the author of Passage " states that 5oining a community

decreases the natural li$erties of an individual, 'hile the author of Passage states that the social

contract should increase the 8'ell/$eing and li$erty of every citi;en%9

C7hoice ))

I o&*d 'e g&essing.


The author of Passage 'ould most li-ely respond to the assertion in Passage " that it is necessary for

a community to follo' the 8consent of the ma5ority9 C

line "

C8consent of the ma5ority9

'ith


C7hoice AA

agree/en( 'e)a&se i( is i/possi'*e for e0er+ /e/'er of a so)ie(+ (o agree i(, one

ano(,er.

The author of Passage states that the needs of all citi;ens must $e addressed in the social contract%

Therefore, he li-ely 'ould not agree 'ith the assertion%


agree/en( 'e)a&se so/e indi0id&a*s in a so)ie(+ are /ore i/por(an( (,an o(,ers.

The author of Passage states that the needs of all citi;ens must $e addressed in the social contract%

Therefore, he li-ely 'ould not agree 'ith the assertion%


disagree/en( 'e)a&se so)ie(+ /&s( address (,e needs of e0er+ indi0id&a*.

The author of Passage states that the social contract should involve and increase the 'ell/$eing of all

citi;ens, not 5ust the ma5ority of citi;ens% Therefore, he 'ould li-ely disagree 'ith the assertion%

C7hoice DD

disagree/en( 'e)a&se so/e /inori(+ opinions /a+ in fa)( 'e 'e((er (,an (,e /a@ori(+

opinion.

Although the author of Passage 'ould li-ely disagree 'ith the assertion, it 'ould not $e $ecause he

$elieves some minority opinions are $etter than the ma5ority opinion the author of Passage statesthat the needs of all citi;ens must $e addressed in the social contract%

C7hoice ))

I o&*d 'e g&essing.


33/54

Literature Passages

his passage is excerpted from Eenry James, ?Daisy Miller0 A Study,? originally pu$lished in "LO% Thefollo'ing scene descri$es the meeting of t'o Americans in a S'iss village%


?Kur courier says they ta-e you right up to the castle,? the young girl continued%?4e 'ere going last 'ee-, $ut my mother gave out% She suffers dreadfully from

dyspepsia% She said she couldnt go% andolph 'ouldnt go either he says hedoesnt thin- much of old castles% 3ut . guess 'ell go this 'ee-, if 'e can getandolph%?

?Uour $rother is not interested in ancient monumentsB? 4inter$ourne in1uired,smiling%

?Ee says he dont care much a$out old castles% Ees only nine% Ee 'ants to stayat the hotel% Mothers afraid to leave him alone, and the courier 'ont stay 'ith


34/54

him so 'e havent $een to many places% 3ut it 'ill $e too $ad if 'e dont go upthere%? And Miss Miller pointed again at the 7hateau de 7hillon%

?. should thin- it might $e arranged,? said 4inter$ourne% ?7ouldnt you getsomeone to stay for the afternoon 'ith andolphB?

Miss Miller loo-ed at him a moment, and then, very placidly, ?. 'ish UK=

'ould stay 'ith himX? she said%4inter$ourne hesitated a moment% ?. should much rather go to 7hillon 'ith

you%??4ith meB? as-ed the young girl 'ith the same placidity%She didnt rise, $lushing, as a young girl at Geneva 'ould have done and yet

4inter$ourne, conscious that he had $een very $old, thought it possi$le she 'asoffended% ?4ith your mother,? he ans'ered very respectfully%

3ut it seemed that $oth his audacity and his respect 'ere lost upon Miss DaisyMiller% ?. guess my mother 'ont go, after all,? she said% ?She dont li-e to rideround in the afternoon% 3ut did you really mean 'hat you said 5ust no'*that you

'ould li-e to go up thereB??Most earnestly,? 4inter$ourne declared%?Then 'e may arrange it% .f mother 'ill stay 'ith andolph, . guess )ugenio

'ill%??)ugenioB? the young man in1uired%?)ugenios our courier% Ee doesnt li-e to stay 'ith andolph hes the most

fastidious man . ever sa'% 3ut hes a splendid courier% . guess hell stay at home'ith andolph if mother does, and then 'e can go to the castle%?

4inter$ourne reflected for an instant as lucidly as possi$le*?'e? could onlymean Miss Daisy Miller and himself% This program seemed almost too agreea$le

for credence he felt as if he ought to -iss the young ladys hand% Possi$ly he'ould have done so and 1uite spoiled the pro5ect, $ut at this moment anotherperson, presuma$ly )ugenio, appeared% A tall, handsome man, 'ith super$'his-ers, 'earing a velvet morning coat and a $rilliant 'atch chain, approachedMiss Miller, loo-ing sharply at her companion% ?Kh, )ugenioX? said Miss Miller'ith the friendliest accent%


4hich choice $est summari;es the passageB


C7hoice A, 7orrect Ans'erA

I( )ap(&res a )on0ersa(ion 'e(een (o (o&ris(s in Si(


35/54

I( des)ri'es (,e re*a(ions,ip 'e(een (o friends.

The passage involves dialogue that presents, rather than descri$es, an interaction $et'een t'o

American tourists 'ho have only recently met%

C7hoice 77

I( pain(s a pi)(&re of *ife in Si(


36/54

.n this context, 8conscious9 does not mean 8'atchful%9 .t 'ould $e illogical to say that 4inter$ourne

'as 8'atchful that he had $een very $old%9

C7hoice ))

I o&*d 'e g&essing.


3ased on the interaction $et'een Miss Miller and 4inter$ourne, it can reasona$ly $e inferred that

4inter$ourne


C7hoice AA

fee*s )o/for(a'*e epressing ,is fee*ings for :iss :i**er.

.n the last paragraph of the passage, the narrator indicates that 4inter$ourne did not feel comforta$le

fully expressing his feelings for Miss Miller%


is e(re/e*+ e)i(ed go (o (,e )as(*e i(, :iss :i**er.

.n the last paragraph of the passage, the narrator indicates that 4inter$ourne is so excited that he

'ants to -iss Miss Miller&s hand%

C7hoice 77

is engaging i(, :iss :i**er on*+ in order (o 'e po*i(e.

The narrator does not indicate that 4inter$ourne is engaging 'ith Miss Miller only in order to $e

polite% Kn the contrary, the narrator indicates that 4inter$ourne is engaging 'ith Miss Miller, in part,

$ecause he has feelings for her%

C7hoice DD

,as reser0a(ions a'o&( @oining :iss :i**er (o (,e )as(*e.

The narrator does not suggest that 4inter$ourne has reservations a$out 5oining Miss Miller to the

castle% Kn the contrary, the narrator indicates that 4inter$ourne is very careful not to ruin their plans

to go to the castle%

C7hoice ))

I o&*d 'e g&essing.




C7hoice AA

*ines 2223


37/54

B&( i( see/ed (,a( 'o(, ,is a&da)i(+ and ,is respe)( ere *os( &pon :iss 9ais+

:i**er.8

B&( . . . :i**er8

These lines refer to Miss Miller&s lac- of a'areness of 4inter$ourne&s 8audacity9 and 8respect9 and

do not imply anything a$out 4inter$ourne&s actions%


*ine 27

:os( earnes(*+ Cin(er'o&rne de)*ared.8

:os( . . . de)*ared8

4hile these lines do indicate that 4inter$ourne 'as comforta$le communicating his desire to go to

the castle, they do not suggest that he 'as comforta$le expressing his feelings for Miss Miller%

C7hoice 77

*ine 34

Cin(er'o&rne ref*e)(ed for an ins(an( as *&)id*+ as possi'*eDe )o&*d on*+ /ean

:iss 9ais+ :i**er and ,i/se*f.8

Cin(er'o&rne . . . ,i/se*f8

4hile these lines do reference 4inter$ourne&s inner thoughts, they do not indicate that he 'as afraid

of ruining the plans to go to the castle%

C7hoice D, 7orrect Ans'erD

*ines 3436

T,is progra/ see/ed a*/os( (oo agreea'*e for )reden)e ,e fe*( as if ,e o&g,( (o ?iss

(,e +o&ng *ad+s ,and.8

T,is . . . ,and8

This choice is the correct ans'er% These lines indicate that 4inter$ourne 'as extremely happy a$out

the plans%

C7hoice ))

I o&*d 'e g&essing.


.n the last paragraph, the 'ords 8reflected,9 8lucidly,9 and 8felt9 primarily serve to


C7hoice AA

,ig,*ig,( (,e narra(or=s ne&(ra* and o'@e)(i0e poin( of 0ie.

These 'ords highlight 4inter$ourne&s inner thoughts and do not reflect the narrator&s point of vie'%

C7hoice 33

fores,ado (,e f&(&re a)(ions of a ),ara)(er.


38/54

4hile these 'ords do highlight 4inter$ourne&s inner thoughts, they do not indicate anything a$out his

future actions%

C7hoice 77

in(rod&)e a ne ),ara)(er in(o (,e passage.

These 'ords help emphasi;e 4inter$ourne&s inner thoughts and do not help introduce )ugenio into

the scene%

C7hoice D, 7hec-ed, 7orrectD

s,if( (,e fo)&s fro/ a )on0ersa(ion (o a ),ara)(er=s s&'@e)(i0e (,o&g,(s.

These 'ords help shift the focus from the dialogue $et'een 4inter$ourne and Miss Miller to

4inter$ourne&s inner thoughts%

C7hoice ))

I o&*d 'e g&essing.

Social science passages

This passage is excerpted from John P% A% .oannidis, 8Scientific esearch >eeds an Kverhaul,9 !"#

$y Scientific American%

Beginning of reading passage.)arlier this year a series of papers in The Lancetreported that L( percent of the

YN( $illion spent each year on medical research is 'asted% This is not $ecause of
http://www.scientificamerican.com/article/science-research-needs-an-overhaul/?WT.mc_id=SA_syn_KhanAcadhttp://www.scientificamerican.com/article/science-research-needs-an-overhaul/?WT.mc_id=SA_syn_KhanAcad


39/54

fraud, although it is true that retractions are on the rise% .nstead, it is $ecause toooften a$solutely nothing happens after initial results of a study are pu$lished% >ofollo'/up investigations ensue to replicate or expand on a discovery% >o one usesthe findings to $uild ne' technologies%

The pro$lem is not 5ust 'hat happens after pu$lication*scientists often have

trou$le choosing the right 1uestions and properly designing studies to ans'erthem% Too many neuroscience studies test too fe' su$5ects to arrive at firmconclusions% esearchers pu$lish reports on hundreds of treatments for diseasesthat 'or- in animal models $ut not in humans% Drug companies find themselvesuna$le to reproduce promising drug targets pu$lished $y the $est academicinstitutions% The gro'ing recognition that something has gone a'ry in thela$oratory has led to calls for, as one might guess, more research on research Ca-a,meta/research*attempts to find protocols that ensure that peer/revie'ed studiesare, in fact, valid%

.t 'ill ta-e a concerted effort $y scientists and other sta-eholders to fix this

pro$lem% 4e need to identify and correct system/level fla's that too often lead usastray% This is exactly the goal of a ne' center at Stanford =niversity Cthe Meta/esearch .nnovation 7enter at Stanford, 'hich 'ill see- to study researchpractices and ho' these can $e optimi;ed% .t 'ill examine the $est means ofdesigning research protocols and agendas to ensure that the results are not deadends $ut rather that they pave a path for'ard%

The center 'ill do so $y exploring 'hat are the $est 'ays to ma-e scientificinvestigation more relia$le and efficient% 6or example, there is a lot of interest oncolla$orative team science, study registration, stronger study designs andstatistical tools, and $etter peer revie', along 'ith ma-ing scientific data, analyses

and protocols 'idely availa$le so that others can replicate experiments, there$yfostering trust in the conclusions of those studies% eproducing other scientists&analyses or replicating their results has too often in the past $een loo-ed do'n on'ith a -ind of 8me/too9 derision that 'ould 'aste resources*$ut often they mayhelp avoid false leads that 'ould have $een even more 'asteful%

T,e Priori(ies of :a@or S(a?e,o*ders in S)ien(ifi) %esear),

P&'*is,a'*e F&nda'*e Trans*a(a'*e Profi(a'*e

Scientists ZZZ ZZZ Z

Drug companies ZZZ

>ot/for/profit funders

philanthropists ZZ ZZZ

Journal editors ZZZ Z

=niversities Z ZZZ Z


40/54

P&'*is,a'*e F&nda'*e Trans*a(a'*e Profi(a'*e

>ot/for/profit research institutions ZZZ ZZZ Z Z

This ta$le highlights the priorities of ma5or sta-eholders in scientific research% Kne ?Z? is the lo'est

non/;ero score and three ?ZZZ? is the highest non/;ero score%

Adapted from John P% A% .oannidis, ?Scientific eseach >eeds an Kverhaul,? !"#%

QUESTION 6 OF 1"

The main purpose of the passage is to


C7hoice A, 7hec-edA

argue that scientific studies need to $e more efficient%

C7hoice 33

descri$e the results of a scientific study%

C7hoice 77

explain the history of scientific in1uiry%

C7hoice DD

highlight the fraudulent nature of many research studies%

C7hoice ))

. 'ould $e guessing%

QUESTION 7 OF 1"

Kver the course of the passage, the main focus shifts from


C7hoice AA

an explanation of a phenomenon to a narrative illustrating this phenomenon%

C7hoice 33

the identification of a pro$lem to a proposal for solving this pro$lem%

C7hoice 77

a prediction for the future to an explanation underlying this prediction%


41/54

C7hoice DD

the introduction of an argument to a counterclaim refuting this argument%

C7hoice )). 'ould $e guessing%

QUESTION OF 1"

4hich of the follo'ing situations is most similar to the research pro$lems descri$ed in paragraph B


C7hoice AA

A high school has to cut its music and arts programs due to a decrease in government funding%

C7hoice 33

A patient continues to get sic-er $ecause she does not a$ide $y her physician&s

recommendations%

C7hoice 77

A governmental $ody is una$le to come to a consensus a$out the $udget for the upcoming

year%

C7hoice DD

A mar-eting firm tests a 'e$site 'ith participants that are not representative of the target

population%

C7hoice ))


QUESTION ! OF 1"

.n the final paragraph, 'hich of the follo'ing counterarguments regarding experiment replication does

the author anticipateB


C7hoice AA

That it often results in contradictory outcomes

C7hoice 33

That it is unoriginal and therefore not 'orth'hile

C7hoice 77

That it is difficult to fund


42/54

C7hoice DD

That it is fre1uently unpu$lisha$le


QUESTION 1" OF 1"

According to the graph, 'hat are the primary research priorities for drug companies and universitiesB


C7hoice AA

Drug companies prioriti;e profita$ility universities prioriti;e pu$lisha$ility%

C7hoice 33

Drug companies prioriti;e funda$ility universities prioriti;e translata$ility%

C7hoice 7, 7hec-ed7

Drug companies prioriti;e profita$ility universities prioriti;e funda$ility%

C7hoice DD

3oth drug companies and universities prioriti;e profita$ility a$ove funda$ility, pu$lisha$ility,

and translata$ility%


Writing and Language Tests


43/54

The sym$ol "indicates that 1uestion " references this portion of the passage%G&di(,e ;ernande< and (,e $,i)ana r(is(i) -oi)e


Judithe Eernande;&s art career $egan in +os Angeles during the socially andpolitically tur$ulent "N!s% 4hile enrolled as a graduate student at the Ktis Art

.nstitute in +os Angeles, Eernande; met fello' student 7arlos Almara;, one of thefounding "mem$ers of the 7hicano artist collective -no'n as 8+os 6our%9 AtAlmare;&s re1uest, Eernande; 5oined 8+os 6our9 as its fifth, and only female,mem$er% Eernande; $ecame 'ell -no'n for her 'or- 'ith this revolutionarygroup of artists, 'ho are credited 'ith authori;ing 7hicano art as its o'ndistinctive school of C=S American art%


44/54

Some 1uestions 'ill direct you to an underlined portion of the passage or a location in the passage%

Kthers 'ill as- you to thin- a$out the passage as a 'hole%

Many 1uestions include a 8>K 7EA>G)9 option% 7hoose that option if you thin- the $est choice is

to leave the relevant portion of the passage as it is%

QUESTION 1 OF 11


C7hoice A, 7hec-edA

>K 7EA>G)

C7hoice 33

artists 'ho started

C7hoice 77

mem$ers 'ho created and $elonged to

C7hoice DD

creators 'ho $egan

QUESTION 2 OF 11


C7hoice AA

>K 7EA>G)

C7hoice 3, 7hec-ed3

esta$lishing

C7hoice 77

permitting

C7hoice DD

approving

QUESTION 3 OF 11

4hich choice most effectively esta$lishes the central claim of the passageBPlease choose from one of the follo'ing options%

C7hoice AA

>K 7EA>G)

C7hoice 33


45/54

The 7hicano Movement, also -no'n as 8)l Movimiento,9 $egan in the "#!s 'ith the explicit

goal of empo'ering Mexican/Americans%

C7hoice 7, 7hec-ed7

Judithe Eernande; 'as $orn to a progressive Mexican/American family in +os Angeles that

encouraged her involvement in the arts from an early age%

C7hoice DD

.n the "N!s, 7hicano art 'as often displayed as pu$lic murals intended to create a dialogue

a$out the issues faced $y Mexican/Americans%

QUESTION 4 OF 11


C7hoice AA

>K 7EA>G)

C7hoice 33

Movement, 'hich 'as0

C7hoice 77

Movement*

C7hoice DD

Movement

QUESTION 5 OF 11

The 'riter is considering deleting the underlined sentence% Should the 'riter ma-e this deletionB


C7hoice AA

Ues, $ecause the topic of 7hicano artists is irrelevant to the main idea of the paragraph%

C7hoice 33

Ues, $ecause it provides information that is already present else'here in the passage%

C7hoice 77

>o, $ecause it helps to develop the main topic of the paragraph%

C7hoice DD

>o, $ecause it effectively transitions $et'een the topics of male 7hicano artists and female

7hicano artists%


46/54

QUESTION 6 OF 11

At this point, the 'riter 'ants to provide a transition that effectively lin-s the topics of the second and

third paragraphs% 4hich choice $est accomplishes this goalB


C7hoice AA

As one of the first prominent =S artists to depict the experiences of Mexican/American

'omen, Judithe Eernande; played a vital role in the 7hicano art movement%

C7hoice 33

All of the mem$ers of 8+os 6our9 'ere college/educated artists 'ho served as activists and

educators 'ithin the 7hicano movement%

C7hoice 77

Eernande; and Alvare; colla$orated together on a num$er of pu$lic murals for the =nited>ations 6arm 4or-ers and the amona Gardens Eousing Pro5ect in )ast +os Angeles%

C7hoice DD

7hicano artists 'ere heavily influenced $y artists from the Mexican Mural Movement,

particularly Diego ivera%

QUESTION 7 OF 11


C7hoice AA

>K 7EA>G)

C7hoice 33

is

C7hoice 77

'as

C7hoice DD

have $eenQUESTION OF 11

The 'riter 'ants to smoothly incorporate the mural&s title, 8emem$rances of Uesterday, Dreams of

Tomorro',9 into the underlined sentence% 4hich choice most effectively accomplishes this goalB


C7hoice AA


47/54

The mural portrays +a eina de +os Angeles Cthe patroness of the city engaged 'ith images

of the past and present, and the mural is entitled 8emem$rances of Uesterday, Dreams of

Tomorro'%9

C7hoice 33

The mural portrays +a eina de +os Angeles Cthe patroness of the city, and is entitled

8emem$rances of Uesterday, Dreams of Tomorro',9 'hile sho'ing the patroness engaged

'ith images of the past and present%

C7hoice 77

The mural, entitled 8emem$rances of Uesterday, Dreams of Tomorro',9 portrays +a eina

de +os Angeles Cthe patroness of the city engaging 'ith images of the past and present%

C7hoice DD

The mural $eing entitled 8emem$rances of Uesterday, Dreams of Tomorro',9 it portrays +aeina de +os Angeles Cthe patroness of the city engaging 'ith images of the past and present%

QUESTION ! OF 11


C7hoice AA

>K 7EA>G)

C7hoice 33

also underscores

C7hoice 77

and still underscoring

C7hoice DD

underscoring

QUESTION 1" OF 11


C7hoice AA>K 7EA>G)

C7hoice 33

une1ual gender

C7hoice 77


48/54

une1ual gender

C7hoice DD

une1ual*gender

QUESTION 11 OF 11


C7hoice AA

>K 7EA>G)

C7hoice 33

'omen, highlighting

C7hoice 77

'omen, she highlights

C7hoice DD

'omen% And highlighting

The sym$ol "IMar-er for 1uestion" indicates that 1uestion " references this portion of the passage%The sym$ol I"ISentence" indicates that the follo'ing sentence is referenced in a 1uestion%

Tos,io F&?&da# :edi)a* %o'o(i)s Pioneer

Beginning of reading passage..magine a 'orld in 'hich it&s "IMar-er for 1uestion" casual for a doctor to

prepare for a difficult surgery $y 8operating9 on a full/si;ed, electronicallyresponsive model of a patient% .t may seem fantastical, $ut one engineer is 'or-ingto ma-e this scenario possi$le% Dr% Toshio 6u-uda is a pioneer in the field ofmedical ro$otics% .n designing his medical ro$otic e1uipment, Dr% 6u-uda dra'supon a variety of disciplines and s-ill sets% Eis 'or- serves as an example of ho'colla$oration across a variety of fields can drive innovation%

I"ISentence" Dr% 6u-uda&s career is a case study in ho' the interaction of

vastly different fields can produce exciting results% IISentence Ee did not$egin his career 'ith the goal of developing medical ro$otics% I


49/54

doctor 'ho as-ed if he could $uild a ro$ot that could travel inside a human&s $loodvessels% K 7EA>G)

C7hoice 33

common

C7hoice 77shared

C7hoice DD

general

C7hoice ))


QUESTION 2 OF 1"


C7hoice AA

>K 7EA>G)

C7hoice 33

engineering*not medicine,


50/54

C7hoice 77

engineering not medicine*

C7hoice DDengineering*not medicine*

C7hoice ))


QUESTION 3 OF 1"

To ma-e this paragraph most logical, sentence # should $e placed


C7hoice AA

'here it is no'%

C7hoice 33

$efore sentence "%

C7hoice 77

after sentence %

C7hoice DD

after sentence (%

C7hoice ))


QUESTION 4 OF 1"


C7hoice AA

>K 7EA>G)

C7hoice 33

that of the macro/ro$ot%

C7hoice 77

those of the macro/ro$ot%


51/54

C7hoice DD

macro/ro$ots%

C7hoice ))


QUESTION 5 OF 1"


C7hoice AA

>K 7EA>G)

C7hoice 33

the expertise of innovators in ro$otics and medicine is shared to save lives%

C7hoice 77

lives are saved $y innovators in ro$otics and medicine sharing their expertise%

C7hoice DD

the sharing of expertise $y innovators in ro$otics and medicine saves lives%

C7hoice ))


T,e $o/p*e ;is(or+ of (,e Si/p*e $,ops(i)?


The origin of chopstic-s reaches $ac- to the Shang Dynasty of ancient 7hina%At that time, chopstic-s*'hich 'ere then called 8Fhu9*'ere used for coo-ingrather than NIMar-er for 1uestionN to eat% 3ecause the people of ancient 7hinali-ed to steam or $oil their food, chopstic-s 'ere originally used to reach deep into$oiling pots of 'ater or oil% Eo'ever, according to 7hinese lore, chopstic-s laterevolved into an eating utensil during the Ean Dynasty due to the influence of the7hinese philosopher, 7onfucius% 3oth a pacifist and vegetarian, 7onfucius$elieved that -nives and other sharp utensils 'ere inappropriate for mealtime$ecause they reminded people of violence and 'arfare% 7hopstic-s, on the otherhand, allo'ed people to savor their meals in a more relaxed and en5oya$lesetting% OIMar-er for 1uestionO

Since then, the diversity of chopstic- styles and uses LIMar-er for1uestionL has 1uic-ly expanded% .n 7hina, for example, chopstic-s are oftenlonger and taper to a $lunt end, 'hile in Japan, chopstic-s are shorter and taper to


52/54


53/54

egardless of 'hether the nod to 7onfucius is accurate, chopstic-s $ecame u$i1uitous

throughout 7hina and much of Asia after his death%

C7hoice 33

7onfucius is also famous for championing the doctrine, $ased on his philosophical teachings,

8Do not do to others 'hat you do not 'ant done to yourself%9

C7hoice 77

.ronically, though, 7onfucius did support a num$er of re$ellions%

C7hoice DD

.t 'as during this period that people $egan holding chopstic-s in their dominant hand and

handling them using their thum$, middle, and ring fingers%

C7hoice ))


QUESTION OF 1"


C7hoice AA

>K 7EA>G)

C7hoice 33

have

C7hoice 77

have $een

C7hoice DD

'ere

C7hoice ))


QUESTION ! OF 1"

4hich choice provides an example that most effectively supports the claim made in the previous

sentenceB


C7hoice AA

.n $oth 7hina and Japan, chopstic-s are often made out of 'ood or $am$oo%


54/54

C7hoice 33

=nli-e the chopstic-s found in traditional homes, the chopstic-s found in 7hinese restaurants

are often made out of melamine plastic%

C7hoice 77

4hile chopstic-s in 7hina are often made of 'ood, those from [orea are often made of

metals such as $rass or silver%

C7hoice DD

The material chopstic-s are made from, such as 5ade, ivory, or porcelain, can also signal one&s

social status%

C7hoice ))


QUESTION 1" OF 1"


C7hoice AA

>K 7EA>G)

C7hoice 33

their prominence in

C7hoice 77

the high historical importance of chopstic-s 'ithin

C7hoice DD

ho' important chopstic-s& prominence is 'ithin the past of

C7hoice ))


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Passages for the SAT

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