7/30/2019 Passiv Haus Institut

1/31

Definition of Passive Housescompiled by thePassive House

Institute .

http://www.passiv.de/http://www.passiv.de/http://www.passiv.de/http://www.passiv.de/http://www.passiv.de/http://www.passiv.de/

7/30/2019 Passiv Haus Institut

2/31

The Passive House is not an energyperformance standard, but a concept toachive highest thermal comfort conditions on

low total costs - this is the correct definition:

"A Passive House ist a building, for whichthermal comfort (ISO 7730) can beachived solely by postheating orpostcooling of the fresh air mass, whichis required to fullfill sufficient indoor airquality conditions (DIN 1946) - without aneed for recirculated air."

This is a purely functional definition. It doesnot need any numerical value and it isindependend of climate. From this definitionit is clear, that the Passive House is not anarbitrary standard enacted by somebody, buta fundamential concept. Passive Houseshave not been "invented", but the conditionsto use the passive principle has beendiscovered. One could argue about, whetherthe noun "Passive House" is adequat to

denote this concept. Well - there is no betterone. Thermal comfort is delivered in aPassive House by passive measures as faras reasonable (insulation, heat recovery inthe temperature gradient, passive utilizedsolar energy and internal heat loads). To useonly passive measures might be possible insome climates - but it will not be reasonablein most of them.

The drawing illustrates the basic principle of a Passive House: Ventilation hasto deliver at least the fresh air required for an acceptable indoor air quality. Isnt it possible to use just this amount of air to heat (and cool) the house? - Yes,in principle this is possible, but the maximum heat load which can be dealedwith by this concept ist very low.

This is the calculation to derive the "condition for Passive Houses":

From experience (and DIN 1946) we know, that 30 m/h is a minimum air rateper person to maintain a reasonable indoor air quality (Yes, in airoplanes youoften get only 12 or 15 m/h. But - is this a reasonable good indoor airquality?). Air has a specific heat capacity of 0,33 Wh/(mK) (at 21C). It isallowed to increase the fresh air temperature by 30 K, not more, to avoidpyrolysis of dust. You get

http://www.passivhaustagung.de/Passive_House_E/insulation_passive_House.htmlhttp://www.passivhaustagung.de/Passive_House_E/ventilation_06.htmlhttp://www.passivhaustagung.de/Passive_House_E/insulation_passive_House.htmlhttp://www.passivhaustagung.de/Passive_House_E/ventilation_06.htmlhttp://www.passivhaustagung.de/Passive_House_E/passive_house_ventilation.html

7/30/2019 Passiv Haus Institut

3/31

Why a mechanical ventilation system is recommended - atleast in Passive Houses

compiled by thePassive House

Institute .

That shows: 300 Watt per person can be delivered by a fresh air heatingsystem. If you have e.g. 30 m living space per person, you get 10 W per mliving space. This value is independend of the climate. So far all values arepeak load values, that is the maximum heat capacity needed at designconditions. In dependence of the external climate Passive Houses will have tobe insulated to a different level: More insulation in Stockholm, less in Roma.

It is important to distinguish heat load values (power in W (Watts)) from annualconsumption values (heat or energy in kWh). In a Central European climate

from experience and simulation we now, that typical heatig energyconsumptions of Passive Houses are some 15 kWh/(ma) - but these are onlyraw figures. In Stockholm it could be up to 20, in Roma more like 10 kWh/(ma).

Read more about the 11th International Conference on PassiveHouses 2007-04-13 to 15th: www.passivhaustagung.de.

http://www.passivhaustagung.de/elfte/english/01_start_home.htmlhttp://www.passiv.de/http://www.passiv.de/http://www.passiv.de/http://www.passivhaustagung.de/elfte/english/01_start_home.htmlhttp://www.passivhaustagung.de/elfte/english/01_start_home.htmlhttp://www.passivhaustagung.de/elfte/english/01_start_home.htmlhttp://www.passiv.de/http://www.passiv.de/http://www.passiv.de/

7/30/2019 Passiv Haus Institut

4/31

The health and comfort of the inhabitantsare the most important objectives of aPassive House design. Excellent indoor

air quality is indispensable. But this canonly be achieved if stale air is exchangedwith fresh outdoor air at regular intervals.This can definitely not be done by justopening windows twice a day.

Ventilation will work accurately only ifpolluted air is removed constantly out ofkitchen, bathrooms, and all other roomwith significant air pollution. Fresh air has

to be supplied to the living room,childrens room, sleeping rooms, andworkrooms to substitute the removed air.The system will supply exactly as muchfresh air as is needed for comfort and forgood indoor air quality; only outdoor airwill be supplied no recirculated air. Thiswill lead to a high level of indoor airquality.

What has been discussed so far could besatisfied by using a simple exhaust fanventilation system, where the air issupplied through direct vents in externalwalls. These vents allow fresh (cold) air toenter the room at the required rate.However, for a Passive House, the heatlosses caused by such a system are muchto high.

The scheme of a comfortable ventilation system. Stale air (brown) isremoved permanently from the rooms with the highest air pollution. Fresh air(green) is supplied to the living rooms. (Section from the Passive House estate atHannover Kronsberg, design by Rasch & Grenz. These row houses have been openedduring the field trip of the 10th Conference on Passive Houses, Sunday, May 21st 2006)

http://www.passivhaustagung.de/Passive_House_E/insulation_passive_House.htmlhttp://www.passivhaustagung.de/Passive_House_E/insulation_passive_House.htmlhttp://www.passivhaustagung.de/Passive_House_E/passivehouse_definition.html

7/30/2019 Passiv Haus Institut

5/31

Ventilation in Passive House onlyHigh Efficiency Will Work

compiled by thePassive House

Institute .

This is how a counterflow heat exchanger works: The warm air (red, extractair) flows through a channel and delivers heat to the plates. This air will leavethe exchanger cooled (orange, then called exhaust air). On the opposite sideof the exchanger plates the fresh air (blue) flows in separate channels. Thisair will absorb the heat and it will leave the exchanger with a highertemperature (but still unpolluted), then called supply air (green). The

counterflow principle allows for almost 100% recovery of the temperaturedifference, if the exchanger is long enough. In practise, systems with 75% to95% are available.

http://www.passiv.de/http://www.passiv.de/http://www.passiv.de/http://www.passivhaustagung.de/Passive_House_E/passive_house_ventilation.htmlhttp://www.passivhaustagung.de/elfte/english/05_start_Ausstellung.htmlhttp://www.passivhaustagung.de/Passive_House_E/compact_system_passive_house.htmhttp://www.passiv.de/http://www.passiv.de/http://www.passiv.de/

7/30/2019 Passiv Haus Institut

6/31

It is essential that the ventilation system in a passive house canprovide high quality indoor air for the following reasons: Acontinuous exchange of sufficient air volume has to be provided

even in the cold season in any new building and that will onlywork using a mechanical system.

Uncontrolled infiltration through cracks in the buildingenvelope is inadequate (see also "airtightness): Windand temperature driven stack ventilation fluctuates verysignificantly in Central European climate (and that willhold for almost any climate). A building, that is notcompletely airtight might allow for sufficient infilrationduring calm weather but will have unacceptable draftsduring periods with high wind speeds (see the first

diagram left hand side). All new buildings constructed inGermany after 1984 are built such that infiltration of airwill not be sufficient at all. This also holds for therefurbishment of existing buildings, if new windows havebeen installed.

It should also be noted that if air can leak into a building,then warm and humid air can also migrate out of abuilding which can lead to moisture problems inside theconstruction.

Without a mechanical ventilation system in new building,

one can only try to use the strategy of opening thewindows widely at regular intervals. To achieve an airchange rate of 0.33 ach, one would have to open all thewindows at least once every three hours for some 5 to 10minutes at a time even during the night (see thecartoon). This would obviously be both impractical andunacceptable in most dwellings. As a result, the indoor airquality would be poor coupled with increased humidity. It

The weather conditions are fluctuating - and so is the airexchange rate using natural ventilation. If ventilation isjust about sufficient during calm days, the infiltrationlosses during draughty periods will be unacceptablyhigh.

http://www.passivhaustagung.de/Passive_House_E/airtightness_06.htmlhttp://www.passivhaustagung.de/Passive_House_E/airtightness_06.html

7/30/2019 Passiv Haus Institut

7/31

This will only work in a Passive House:

Heating with nothing other than fresh air

prepared by thePassive House

Institute .

This is the know "classical" compact unit: all building services are realised in

Idea #1: Use thefresh air requiredfor indoor airquality also forheating thebuilding

A buildingoccupied byhuman beingsneeds fresh air. Ifthe fresh airsupply is left togood luck, itshould notsurprise if indoorair quality (IAQ)

worsens.

If on the otherhand the heatfrom the exhaustair is notrecovered, there

Not that simple, ventilation by opening windows atregular intervals...

Infrared picture of an inlet air valve for fresh air usedwith exhaust fan ventilation. That could be a solutionacceptable for low energy houses, if a radiator is placedunderneath the inlet (graphik by: ebk). In a passivehouse the cold air flow is not acceptable - and neither isthe resulting high ventilation heat loss.

Cross-flow-ventilation of a dwelling - this design isrecommended to ensure good indoor air quality by small

air flows (Section: PHI)

http://www.passiv.de/http://www.passiv.de/http://www.passiv.de/http://www.passiv.de/http://www.passiv.de/http://www.passiv.de/

7/30/2019 Passiv Haus Institut

8/31

one handy appliance:

heating, ventilation and domestic hot water.

Everything is centred on the element of air: air is the medium that transportsthe heat (on the supply side), air is the heat source of the heat pump (on theexhaust side). Of course, if necessary, the air could be cooled anddehumidified as well, using the same equiment - that might be interesting inhot climates.

Note that only the fresh air required for indoor air quality is used, there is norecirculated air. That is a difference to the systems in wide use e.g. in theUS; those use only recirculated airand a far higher air flow rate.

will be significantventilation heatlosses. It isimpossible torealise an energyefficient building inthis way -especially if theindoor air qualityis to be high aswell.

Therefore, forenergy efficientnew constructionor refurbishment amechanicalventilation withheat recovery isreally necessary -this at least holdsfor cold climates

(climates, in whichone needs aheating system)and in hotclimates (climates,in which oneneeds active

Infrared photo of an opened heat exchanger(counterflow). The heat exchanger is the hexagon in thecenter. The heat recovery rate is higher than 75% of thesensible heat (Photo PHI).

http://www.passivhaustagung.de/elfte/english/05_start_Ausstellung.htmlhttp://www.passivhaustagung.de/elfte/english/05_start_Ausstellung.htmlhttp://www.passivhaustagung.de/elfte/english/05_start_Ausstellung.htmlhttp://www.passivhaustagung.de/elfte/english/05_start_Ausstellung.htmlhttp://www.passivhaustagung.de/elfte/english/05_start_Ausstellung.htmlhttp://www.passivhaustagung.de/elfte/english/05_start_Ausstellung.htmlhttp://www.passivhaustagung.de/elfte/english/05_start_Ausstellung.html

7/30/2019 Passiv Haus Institut

9/31

summer cooling).For a detaileddiscussion of thispoint, have a lookat our page on thetopic ventilation.

The supply air,which is deliveredby the air-to-airheat exchanger,can transportsome heat, too. Itis not a hugeamount, but just10 W/m can bedelivered to thesupply air roomsusing the fresh airrequired for goodIAQ (see thecalculation on

heating capacityof fresh air). Thatwill not besufficient at all inconventionalhouses. But in apassive house,

These are examples of central units of ventilationsystems suitable for passive houses. These and moreunits will be shown at the exhibition.

http://www.passivhaustagung.de/Passive_House_E/ventilation_06.htmlhttp://www.passivhaustagung.de/Passive_House_E/passivehouse_definition.htmlhttp://www.passivhaustagung.de/Passive_House_E/passivehouse_definition.htmlhttp://www.passivhaustagung.de/Passive_House_E/ventilation_06.htmlhttp://www.passivhaustagung.de/Passive_House_E/passivehouse_definition.htmlhttp://www.passivhaustagung.de/Passive_House_E/passivehouse_definition.html

7/30/2019 Passiv Haus Institut

10/31

the peak heat loadrequirement isextraordinary low.Indeed, it will beso low that these10 W/m availablefrom a fresh airsupply will besufficient (that infact is the definingcondition for apassive house).

Thus, somesimplified buildingservices systemsbecome possiblein passive houses:Heating with theventilationsystem, withoutthe need foradditional ducts or

even without theneed for a higherduct cross-sectiondimension. If, inaddition, theheater for thesupply air is

7/30/2019 Passiv Haus Institut

11/31

integrated withinthe ventilationsystem and thedomestic hotwater boiler, oneends up with anintegratedcompact unit:

Heating,ventilation,domestic hotwater andcooling (ifnecessary) canbe supplied byjust oneappliance. Manysolutions can bechosen for heatgeneration:

Use of asmall heatpump(Compactunit withheat pump,see figure

7/30/2019 Passiv Haus Institut

12/31

at left handside)

Use of asmallcondensing burner(naturalgascompactunit)

Use of asmallcombustion unit forbiomassfuel (e.g.straw-pellets).

Idea #2: Heatingwith the remnantenergy of theexhaust air:Compact unitwith heat pump

The remnant heatin the exhaust airafter the air-to-air

7/30/2019 Passiv Haus Institut

13/31

heat exchangerdoes not yieldvery much heat.To be exact, wehave to talk aboutthe "enthalpy",because a mainpart is deliveredby the humidity inthe air, whichcondensates.Again, in apassive house theheat requirementis very low, sovery low, that itcan be realisedalmost completelyby the remnantexhaust airenthalpy. Thisdiscovery waspublished in 1995by WolfgangFeist. That wasthe beginning ofthe compact unitsystemsdevelopment.

7/30/2019 Passiv Haus Institut

14/31

In the meantimethere are morethan ten providersproducing suchcompact units withsmall heat pumps.These appliancesare highly efficient- monitoring inPassive Housesettlements hasproven that..

Idea #3: Heatingusing biomass:The pelletcompact unit

Of course, heatingwith biomass isnot only availablein passive houses.But the potentialtotal amount ofenergy frombiomass is limited- as long, as the

7/30/2019 Passiv Haus Institut

15/31

cultivation methodis keptsustainable. If theeffciency of theenergy use ispoor, only a smallfraction of thebuildings inEurope may beheated bybiomass - that willhold world wide aswell with someexceptions inremote regions.But if efficiency ishigh enough, e.g.if the passivehouserequirements aremet, then the fuelpotentiallyproduced by asustainableagriculture andforestry can besufficient to supplya major portion ofthe energy

7/30/2019 Passiv Haus Institut

16/31

demand.

The Germanbiomass potential(some 90 BillionkWh/a atmaximum) issufficient to cover16% of thecontemporaryheatingrequirement of allhouseholds. If theefficiency of thebuildings isincreased to thelevel of passivehouses (i.e. afactor 5), thesame energy willbe sufficient toheat 79% of all

domesticbuildings.

High efficiency isan advantage forthe users as well:One "problem" of

7/30/2019 Passiv Haus Institut

17/31

biomass alwayswas the handlingof the fuel, it wasin fact animportant reasonwhy peoplechanged to centralheating and theuse of oil as afuel. But if thepeak heat load fora whole dwellingis reduced to 1 or2 kW, the biomassheating systemwill be just a smallbox, placed in theliving room andsufficient to heatthe whole home.Most people liketo have a fireplace

in the living room.In a passivehouse, animproved versionof a fireplacecould be the mainheating system.

7/30/2019 Passiv Haus Institut

18/31

That results inmany advantages:

Thebiomassoven("fireplace")will run fullyautomatically as one isused towithmodernheatingsystems.

Fuelrequirement will be justa fewkilogramsper day..

Therefore

the placeneeded tostore thefuel is quitesmall.

It evenwould be

7/30/2019 Passiv Haus Institut

19/31

possible tobuy the fuelonce a

weakduring foodshopping.

Thecombustionair requiredfor theoven couldbe suppliedby the

ventilationsystem,too.

And theflue gascould bedischargedvia theexhaustduct of the

ventilation,too - noadditionalchimney orflue pipewould beneeded.

7/30/2019 Passiv Haus Institut

20/31

All theseadvantages are

available if andonly if the peakload demand isvery low -otherwise highercapacities,additional ovensin other rooms,flue pipes etc. willbecome

necessary.

This is a quitesimple concept,relying completelyon renewableenergy, which willwork in passivehouses. There arealready some

passive housesusing this concept(passive housesFriedberg(German)).

Idea #4: Heating

http://www.passivhausprojekte.de/projekte.php?detail=185&keyword=Blumrichhttp://www.passivhausprojekte.de/projekte.php?detail=185&keyword=Blumrichhttp://www.passivhausprojekte.de/projekte.php?detail=185&keyword=Blumrichhttp://www.passivhausprojekte.de/projekte.php?detail=185&keyword=Blumrich

7/30/2019 Passiv Haus Institut

21/31

with condensingunits: A compact

unit usingnatural gas

Everybody using agas stove knowsthat small andclean heatgenerators areavailable usingnatural gas (or

liquid gas).Nethertehless, ittook some timeuntil such apostheaterbecame availablefor a compactventilation unit inpassive houses.The advantages

are at hand here,too:

Thecondensingcombustionunit only

7/30/2019 Passiv Haus Institut

22/31

requires avery lowcombustion

air volume.Theventilationsystem,heart ofanycompactunit, caneasilysupply this

combustionair on theway.Therefore,anadditionalcombustionair ductbecomesdispensabl

e. In the

condensingcombustionunit therewill becondensate

7/30/2019 Passiv Haus Institut

23/31

that has tobedisposed to

the sink.But in aventilationsystem witha heatrecoverytherealready is asewer pipefor the

condensatethat mayoccur at theheatexchanger.The sewerpipes canbecombinedto save

costs. The flue

gas fromthecondensingcombustionwill need a

7/30/2019 Passiv Haus Institut

24/31

flue pipe.Again, thisis already

availablewith theexhaustduct of theventilationsystem: Aprecondition to usethat is,however,

that thepeak loadis verysmall andthere isonly asmallamount offlue gas -and, of

course,there hasto be aconcept forsecuityagainst

7/30/2019 Passiv Haus Institut

25/31

back drafts.

11th Conference

on PassiveHouses

Compact unitscombined with theventilation systemare not the onlysolutions for thebuilding servicesin passive houses:

There aresolutions usingnatural gas, woodpellets andinnovativeelectrical systems,too - thisdiscussion will beheld at theconference. In

addition, systemsusing solarthermal collectorshave anoutstandingperformance.

http://www.passivhaustagung.de/elfte/english/01_start_home.htmlhttp://www.passivhaustagung.de/elfte/english/01_start_home.htmlhttp://www.passivhaustagung.de/elfte/english/01_start_home.htmlhttp://www.passivhaustagung.de/elfte/english/01_start_home.htmlhttp://www.passivhaustagung.de/elfte/english/01_start_home.htmlhttp://www.passivhaustagung.de/elfte/english/01_start_home.html

7/30/2019 Passiv Haus Institut

26/31

At the exhibitiontechnologies for

passive houseswill bedemonstrated:

Efficiency andrenewable energycomplement oneanother very well:If the energyrequirement is as

low as in apassive house,solar energy cancover the mainpart of thedemand.

(updated: 2006-09-23 Author:W. Feist thanks to Peter Coxfor proof reading Passive House Institute;unchanged copy is permitted,

please give reference to thispage)

http://www.passivhaustagung.de/elfte/english/05_start_Ausstellung.htmlhttp://www.passivhaustagung.de/elfte/english/05_start_Ausstellung.html

7/30/2019 Passiv Haus Institut

27/31

7/30/2019 Passiv Haus Institut

28/31

FFFFFFFFFF IMPORTANT LINK !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! CASE PASIVEEXEMPLU DE PROIECTARE

http://www.passivhaustagung.de/zehnte/englisch/texte/PEP-

Info1_Passive_Houses_Kronsberg.pdf

Information on Passive Houses

- in short -

compiled by thePassive House

Institute .

The Passive House Standard is really energy efficient,cost effective,comfortable, affordable and sustainable.

Have a look at some examples: Passive Houses - examples. 16 years experience from the very first PassiveHouse.

http://www.passivhaustagung.de/zehnte/englisch/texte/PEP-Info1_Passive_Houses_Kronsberg.pdfhttp://www.passivhaustagung.de/zehnte/englisch/texte/PEP-Info1_Passive_Houses_Kronsberg.pdfhttp://www.passivhaustagung.de/Passive_House_E/Passive_House_in_short.htmlhttp://www.passiv.de/http://www.passiv.de/http://www.passiv.de/http://www.passivhaustagung.de/Passive_House_E/energyefficiency.htmlhttp://www.passivhaustagung.de/Passive_House_E/energyefficiency.htmlhttp://www.passivhaustagung.de/Passive_House_E/economy_passivehouse.htmhttp://www.passivhaustagung.de/Passive_House_E/comfort_passive_house.htmhttp://www.passivhaustagung.de/Passive_House_E/comfort_passive_house.htmhttp://www.passivhaustagung.de/Passive_House_E/Examples_passive_houses.htmlhttp://www.passivhaustagung.de/Passive_House_E/Examples_passive_houses.htmlhttp://www.passivhaustagung.de/Kran/First_Passive_House_Kranichstein_en.htmlhttp://www.passivhaustagung.de/Kran/First_Passive_House_Kranichstein_en.htmlhttp://www.passivhaustagung.de/Passive_House_E/Passive_House_in_short.htmlhttp://www.passivhaustagung.de/Passive_House_E/Passive_House_in_short.htmlhttp://www.passivhaustagung.de/Passive_House_E/Passive_House_in_short.htmlhttp://www.passiv.de/http://www.passiv.de/http://www.passiv.de/http://www.passivhaustagung.de/Passive_House_E/energyefficiency.htmlhttp://www.passivhaustagung.de/Passive_House_E/economy_passivehouse.htmhttp://www.passivhaustagung.de/Passive_House_E/comfort_passive_house.htmhttp://www.passivhaustagung.de/Passive_House_E/Examples_passive_houses.htmlhttp://www.passivhaustagung.de/Kran/First_Passive_House_Kranichstein_en.htmlhttp://www.passivhaustagung.de/Kran/First_Passive_House_Kranichstein_en.htmlhttp://www.passivhaustagung.de/zehnte/englisch/texte/PEP-Info1_Passive_Houses_Kronsberg.pdfhttp://www.passivhaustagung.de/zehnte/englisch/texte/PEP-Info1_Passive_Houses_Kronsberg.pdf

7/30/2019 Passiv Haus Institut

29/31

http://www.passivhausprojekte.de/projekte.php?lang=en

http://www.passivhausprojekte.de/projekte.php?lang=enhttp://www.passivhausprojekte.de/projekte.php?lang=en

7/30/2019 Passiv Haus Institut

30/31

Passive Houses save energy - not only based on calculations, but also in real life. Thisfigure shows energy consumptions measured in standard buildings, in comparison to

low energy houses and Passive House settlements. You find detailed measured dataon consumption of Passive Houses on this page.

In 114 Passive Houses of the European CEPHEUS project (far right) an averagesaving of 90% was monitored. By using a harmonized concept a new quality isachieved. The Passive House is economically justifiable through the achievement ofhigh comfort, healthy indoor air quality and affordable construction costs.

You want to have information about imbedded energy? Paper on the life cycle analysis

Passive House:Comfort through

Efficiency

The Passive House is theworlds leading standard inenergy efficientconstruction: Energysaved on heating is 80%compared to conventionalstandards of newbuildings. The energyrequirement for heating islower than 10 to 20 kWh/(ma) (depending onclimate), adding up to alow cost of 10 to 25 permonth. Therefore highenergy prices are nolonger a threat to PassiveHouse occupants.

Exceptionally efficientcomponents and a state ofthe art ventilation system,achieve these hugesavings withoutcompromising comfort, butrather increasing it.

http://www.passivhaustagung.de/Passive_House_E/Passivehouse_measured_consumption.htmlhttp://www.passivhaustagung.de/Passive_House_E/Passivehouse_measured_consumption.htmlhttp://www.cepheus.de/http://www.passivhaustagung.de/Passive_House_E/economy_passivehouse.htmhttp://www.passivhaustagung.de/Passive_House_E/Stock_LowE_PassiveHouses_annual_big.jpghttp://www.passivhaustagung.de/Passive_House_E/Passivehouse_measured_consumption.htmlhttp://www.passivhaustagung.de/Passive_House_E/Passivehouse_measured_consumption.htmlhttp://www.cepheus.de/http://www.passivhaustagung.de/Passive_House_E/economy_passivehouse.htmhttp://www.passivhaustagung.de/Passivhaus_D/Primary_Energy_Input_comm2007.pdfhttp://www.passivhaustagung.de/Passive_House_E/step_by_step_towards_passive_houses.htmlhttp://www.passivhaustagung.de/Passive_House_E/step_by_step_towards_passive_houses.htmlhttp://www.passivhaustagung.de/elfte/english/01_start_home.htmlhttp://www.passivhaustagung.de/Passive_House_E/airtightness_06.htmlhttp://www.passivhaustagung.de/Passive_House_E/ventilation_06.html

7/30/2019 Passiv Haus Institut

31/31

http://www.passivhaustagung.de/elfte/english/01_start_home.htmlhttp://www.passivhaustagung.de/Passive_House_E/airtightness_06.htmlhttp://www.passivhaustagung.de/Passive_House_E/ventilation_06.htmlhttp://www.passivhaustagung.de/Passive_House_E/passive_house_ventilation.html