Passive Design Measures MAXIMMM

8/3/2019 Passive Design Measures MAXIMMM

1/9

86 Home Power #90 August / September 2002

ome dwellers in the UnitedStates spent US$138 billion onenergy for their residences in the

year 2000. As an average homedweller, your share of that energy piewas US$1,300. Heating and coolingtypically account for more than 40percent of the energy consumed in agiven home, or US$520 worth eachyear. The good news is that passivesolar design can offset the majority ofthe energy (and money!) you spend

heating and cooling your home.Passive solar design has come a long way from thetilted windows, water walls, and roof ponds of the 1970s.Todays passive solar house has more in common withconventional residential structures than not. Moderndesigns create living spaces that are bright, attractive,comfortable, and inexpensive to heat and cool.

Passive solar construction may add less than 5 percentto the cost of building a new home. Any additional costtypically yields a 15 to 20 percent tax-free return oninvestment through energy savings. Most homes built

today will likely still be occupied 50 to 100 years fromnow. Good design results in huge energy and resourcesavings over the life of the building. So why isnteveryone incorporating passive solar design into newconstruction? Why isnt it required by local building

codes? Good questions!A passive solar energy system is designed to collect,store, and distribute solar energy without the aid ofmechanical or electrical devices. There you goadefinition suitable for any glossary. But passive solardesign isnt about a definition. Its about a better lifeany way you measure it. Passive solar design usessunlight to create energy efficient living and workspaces that are a pleasure to be in, and minimizes theuse of fossil fuels and associated pollution. To top it alloff, the principles of passive solar design are easy tograsp and implement in new construction.

Design Basics

Passive solar design is based on the following fiveprinciples that optimize the use of solar energy forheating and cooling your living space:

Building orientation towards true south (in thenorthern hemisphere)

Properly placed, energy efficient windows

Calculated roof overhangs

Thermal mass for energy storage

Thermal efficiency and insulation

A modern passive solar home can compete with the Jones for style,andmake them envious of its energy and fiscal efficiency.

Ken Olson & Joe Schwartz 2002 Ken Olson & Joe SchwartzA Pa s s i vss i ve S o l a rl a r D e s i g ns i g n P r i m e ri m e r

Photo courtesy ofwww.sunplans.com


2/9

Passive Solar

87Home Power #90 August / September 2002

Passive solar design uses south-facing windows to bring the sunsenergy into your home. Thermalmass, such as a tiled, concrete floor,stores the heat and minimizestemperature fluctuations inside the

building. Ample insulation conservesenergy for both heating and cooling.Thats the conceptplain and simple.

In the winter, when the suns path islower in the sky, calculated roofoverhangs let the sun shine directlyinto the building and warm the slab.The happy coincidence is that thesuns path is higher overhead in thesummer, and these same overhangsshade the windows then, keeping thesun out and your home nice and cool.

Passive solar heating and coolingdesigns are easy and inexpensive toincorporate into new buildings, butcan be difficult to retrofit into existingstructures. This is because manypassive solar design elements and materials areintegral to the home. This article focuses on new homedesign and construction.

Face the SunBuilding Orientation

Step one in passive solar design is to simply orient thebuilding toward the sun. This is a no added cost

element of passive solar design. Orientation toward truesouth (magnetic south adjusted for declination) or truenorth if you live in the southern hemisphere, allows yourhome to capture as much solar energy as possible.Elongating the buildings east-west dimension allowsdirect solar energy to reach more of the building interiorcompared to a structure that has a deeper north-southdimension.

Fortunately, we have some room to play withorientation. A building orientation 20 degrees east orwest of true south will only lose about 6 percent of the

solar gain possible.This minor design penalty gives yousome room to accommodate other factors, like the view,into the design of your home. For comparison,orientations 25 degrees off true south will lose about 10percenta more significant loss, but still worthwhile ifthat is the best you can do with your site.

Since youre reading Home Power, you may be planningto install solar-electric or thermal panels on the roof ofyour new home. If this is the case (and we hope it is!)the closer to true south you can orient your house, themore energy these systems will produce, and the morecost effective they will be.

Room layout is important too. Open floor planspassively distribute both warm and cool air throughoutthe building. Living spaces like kitchens, living rooms,and dining rooms are best located along the south,east, and west sides of the house. Place bedrooms,bathrooms, storage closets, laundry rooms, hallways,

and other less used spaces along the north. The westside of the house is a prime location for a coveredporch. The porch roof will shade any windows on thisside of the house, keeping out unwanted afternoon sun.It will also double as an excellent place to sit and watchthe sunset.

Passive solar design creates open, well-lit, andtemperate indoor environments that are comfortable tobe in. And its interesting to note that these same openfloor plans are now commonly used in conventionalhome designs. Passive solar homes fit right in withtodays architectural styles.

WindowsLocation, Location, Location

Windows are the solar collectors of a passive solarbuilding. But windows also have low insulative values,compared to well-insulated walls. In a typical Americanhome, 25 percent of the energy used to heat and coolthe house goesyou guessed itright out the window.Even energy efficient windows are responsible for themajority of heat loss from a well-sealed buildingenvelope. Because of this, passive solar designoptimizes the amount of south-facing windows to collectsolar energy, and minimizes the use of nonsouth-oriented windows to limit heat loss. Window placement

A Passive Solar Floor Plan Image courtesy ofwww.sunplans.com


3/9

Passive Solar


is another no additional cost principle of passive solardesign.The materials are the same as the ones used inconventional, energy efficient construction.

South-facing windows provide the greatest amount ofsolar heat over the course of the day. Southeast or

limited east-facing windows allow for a quick heat-up,and provide a pleasant light in which to sip coffee or teaduring the up and at em process.

West and southwest-facing windows should be kept to aminimum. They tend to cause overheating since theyallow low-angle sunlight to enter the house in theafternoon when the house is already up to temperature.North-facing windows should be kept to the minimumneeded for light and ventilation.Theyre the hands-downenergy loser of the four compass directions.

In the 1970s, many passive solar designs specifiedsouth-facing windows that were tilted to the latitude ofthe building site. Solar collectors (PVs, thermal panels,or windows in this case) capture the greatest amount ofenergy when oriented perpendicular to the sun.Nowadays, tilted glass surfaces are not recommendedfor living spaces because they make it more difficult tocontrol direct solar gain with the changing seasons.

Its much easier to control seasonal shading on avertical wall. Properly calculated roof overhangs are builtonce and dont have to be operated on a daily basis, likewindow shades. Its a hands-off approach. So keep yourwindows vertical and let the building do the work!

A conventional house has its windows evenly distributedin each of the four compass directions. South-facingwindows typically have an area equal to approximately 3percent of the total floor area of the house. In a passivesolar house, south-facing window area is increased to arange of 7 to 12 percent of the floor area depending onthe amount of thermal mass thats integrated into thedesign. Higher percentages than this will likely result inoverheating during the day and adds cost to the wallsstructural design and construction. Too much glass alsoresults in greater heat loss at night.

Remember, compared to well-insulated walls, evenwindows with high insulative values are pretty much bigholes in the wall when it comes to thermal efficiency. Infact, the most common mistake made in passive solarhome designs is too much glass. High temperatureswings and high heating and cooling bills characterizethese designs. Its a real life example of a case wheremore is not better.

High Performance Windows

High performance, energy efficient windows also makea big difference. An ideal window maximizes solar heatgain in winter and minimizes solar heat gain in summer.

The window may also need to maximize or minimizelight transmittance, depending on its use. The goodnews is that super smart windows are available in thebuilders market these days. And compared to standard,double-pane windows, high performance windows only

add a small percentage to the total cost of an average-sized home.

Modern window designs demonstrate an understandingof the dynamics of conduction, convection, and radiationwell enough to be nearly ten times more efficient thansingle-pane windows. The rate of heat loss of a givenwindow is referred to as its U-value (BTUs per hour persquare foot per degree Fahrenheit). For heatingpurposes, the lower the U-value, the better. In northernclimates, select windows with U-values of 0.35 or below.Some triple-pane windows have U-values as low as

0.15. In southern climates, select windows with U-values 0.60 or less. For comparison, single-panewindows with clear glass have a U-value of about 1.0depending on the frame material.

Early versions of modern window technology werereferred to as transparent insulation, and so they are.Low emittance glass surfaces, often referred to as low-E, optimize the effects of radiation. Low-E is part of afamily of spectrally selective surfaces. This means thatthey are highly transparent in the visible region of thelight spectrum, yet they are nearly opaque to the longerwave, infrared end of the electromagnetic spectrum. We

Exterior Interior

Gap: Argon or krypton gas in spacebetween glass panes acts as insulationLow-E Coating: On inside of

outer pane; transmits visible lightbut reflects long wavelength

(infrared) radiation

Low-E Double-Pane Glazing

Summer:Heat is reflected

back outside,helping to keepthe house cool

Winter:Heat is reflected

back inside,helping to keepthe house warm

Frame: Tight and well insulated,prevents air infiltration


4/9

Passive Solar


cant see the infrared, but we can feel it. Warm interiorsurfaces of your house emit low temperature, infraredradiation toward every colder surface they see. Low-Eglass functions like a mirror to reflect infrared radiationback into the house rather than allowing it to escape.

Air spaces between panes of glass reduce summerheat gain as well as winter heat loss. Multiple layers ofglass create air spaces that act as insulation. To

effectively eliminate the convective air flow within an airspace, manufacturers use heavy gases, such as argonor krypton.The result is a window that keeps your homecooler in the summer and warmer in the winter.Insulated frames and thermal breaks also minimizeconductive heat loss and gain through a window unit.Tight seals on operable windows minimize airinfiltration.

The Solar Window & Calculated RoofOverhangs

In passive solar design, as well as othersolar thermal technologies, the amount of

shading you receive during the dayresults in a corresponding reduction ofheating. Midday sun is more intensethan early morning or late afternoonsun. So that is your most valuableresource if you are heating, and yourenemy if you are cooling.

The concept of a solar windowidentifies the available hours of sun in alocation, and any areas or times of day thatyour home will be shaded. Because it travelsthrough less of the earths atmosphere, midday

sun is more intense than early morning or late afternoonsun. Direct solar gain between 9 AM and 3 PM is yourmost valuable resource if you are heating, and yourenemy if you are cooling. The bottom side of the solarwindow is defined by the suns path on December 21st(in the northern hemisphere).The left and right sides ofthe solar window are defined by 9 AM and 3 PM in eachmonth of the year. The top of the solar window isdefined by the suns path on the longest day of the

yearJune 21st.

90

75

60

45

30

15

0

120 105 90 75 60 45 30 15 0 15 30 45 60 75 90 105 120East South West

Azimuth Angle

Altitude

Angle

Sun Path Chart for 40 North Latitude

To use this chart for southern latitudes, reverse horizontal axis (east/west & AM/PM)

5 AM

6 AM

7 AM

8 AM

9 AM

10 AM

11 AM

SolarNoon

1 PM

2 PM

3 PM

4 PM

5 PM

6 PM

7 PM

December 21

Jan. & Nov. 21Feb. & Oct. 21

Mar. & Sept. 21

Apr. & Aug. 21

May & July 21

June 21

Sun Time

Sun Path

December 21

S

E

N

9 AM

June21

Mar. & Sept.21

Noon3 PM

W

Solar Window


5/9

Passive Solar


An effective passive solar home design makes use ofthe same concept. The notable difference is that,depending on the climate in which you live, you mayneed to adjust the top side of the solar windowdownward to block the sun from striking your windows inthe months when heating is unwanted, and cooling isthe name of the game. In passive solar design, shading

windows in summer, late spring, and early fall is takencare of by building appropriately sized roof overhangs.

The optimum size of the roof overhang varies withlatitude and window height. A simple approach forcalculating roof overhangs is to make a scale drawing ofthe cross-section of the house (looking east or west),that details the south window height dimension relativeto the floor. By adding the noon sun angle at varioustimes of the year, the width of the overhang can beeasily determined.

Information on sun angles at different latitudes is

provided in the classic, but long out-of-print PassiveSolar Energy Book, by Ed Mazria. For those of you withWeb access, the folks at Sustainable By Design inSeattle, Washington, have a great Web site withcalculators for sun angles, sun position, windowoverhang design, and window heat gain. Check themout at: www.susdesign.com.

Other helpful resources include two building designsoftware packages that take all aspects of heat gain andheat loss into account. Guidelines for Home Building isa great book that comes with a software program called

Builder Guide. The book andsoftware package present clearconcepts and guidelines suitable forowner builders at a cost of US$100.Building design professionals will beinterested in a publication and

software package entitled, Design-ing Low-Energy Buildings withENERGY-10 at US$250. (SeeAccess.)

Thermal Mass

Thermal mass is a general term forany material that can absorb largeamounts heat. Mass within a buildingacts as a thermal flywheel. Itstabilizes indoor temperatures. Heatit upit stays warm; cool it offitstays cool. The degree to which abuilding can be solar heateddepends upon its ability to store heatfor times when there is no sun. Itsmass slowly absorbs heat like asponge soaks up water, and then

releases the heat slowly for winter warmth. The samemass, shaded from the sun, will help keep your homecool during the summer months. The slab will help keepthe building cooler if you have a ventilation strategy thatcools the slab down overnight.

Although every building already has a minimal amount

of thermal mass in its structure, drywall, andfurnishings, its ability to store excess heat deliveredthrough south-facing windows is limited. If you want toachieve a higher percentage of heat from the sun, youwill have to add substantially more thermal mass.Concrete, brick, tile, adobe, and other masonrymaterials are the most common choices for thermalmass in a building.

Thermal Mass: 28 inches of concrete, stone, adobe, etc.

Insulation: 2 inches closed cell foam

Base: 46 inches of compacted gravel or sand

Earth

Pavers: Tile, etc., optional

Thermal Mass Floor

Example Roof Overhang for 40 North Latitude

June 21:76 at noon

March &September 21:

39 at noon

December 21:26 at noon

Overhang

WallHeight

Partial suninfiltration

Full suninfiltration

No suninfiltration

SOUTHThermal Mass Floor:

Heated by sun

Window


6/9

Passive Solar


Heat always moves from hot to cold.

Conduction, convection, radiation,and evaporation are the four ways

heat is gained and lost.The end product of

any design will be the combined effect of

these four phenomena.

ConductionConduction is the transfer of thermal energy betweenobjects in direct contact. If you hold a metal poker in afire, the heat will pass from the hot end (in the fire) tothe cold end (in your hand). The molecules of the metal

are in contact with each other and pass heat, alwaysfrom hot to cold, by virtue of conduction.

Metals are excellent conductors of heat energybecause their molecules are so close. Other materialssuch as wood or plastics are poor conductors becausetheir molecules have spaces between them. Poorconductors are good insulators.

Conduction in a buildings structure occurs throughwalls, windows, roof, floor, etc. If we want to minimizethe rate of heat transfer from one side of the wall to theother, we use materials that are good insulators.Insulative properties are rated with what is called an R-

value. R stands for resistance.The greater the R-value,the better the insulation.

ConvectionConvection is energy transfer between any surface anda fluid medium, such as moving air or water. Themovement of air or water across the surface of a solidaccelerates the transfer of heatonce again alwaysfrom hot to cold.

A cold wind will accelerate heat loss because the coldair removes heat from the outside surfaces of yourhome. A more subtle example occurs within your

home, particularly at the surface of windows, whichbecome cold because of their low, conductiveR-value.

Put your hand near the glass on a cold day and you willfeel a cold draft as the indoor air in contact with thecold glass surface becomes cooler. As the air cools, itbecomes more dense and it sinks. This descendingdraft pulls warm air from near the ceiling toward thewindow, where it cools at the surface of the windowand feeds the draft. If you live in a hot climate, you willexperience the very same phenomenon, except thateverything will work in reverse.

Radiation

Radiation is energy transported by electromagneticwaves. Unlike conduction and convection, radiationrequires neither contact nor the presence of moving airor water. Its only requirement is that surfacesexchanging heat can see each other. Once again, thewarmer surfaces always radiate to the cooler surfaces.The heating comfort you receive from a fire is 100percent radiant. Conversely, you dont have to be arocket scientist to search for shade on a hot, sunny dayin Tucson, Arizona. Shade immediately eliminates theradiant heat coming directly from the sun.

Radiation is how the suns energy is delivered to us

every day. At night, the earths surface is warmer thanthe deep sky temperature, particularly in arid climateswith clear skies, and the radiation serves to cool allsurfaces that see the sky. In fact, these surfaces canbecome colder than the ambient air temperature underclear night skies.

In building design, you may want to maximize orminimize the radiant effect, depending upon the climateand the application. Rooftop surfaces in Phoenix,Miami, or Houston are better off being highly reflectiveor light in color. Sunbathed floors, walls, and roofs incooler climates are better off in darker earth tones.

EvaporationRelative humidity and air movement contribute tocomfort, or discomfort. Everyone who lives in a hotclimate knows that a fan keeps the comfort levelbearable on a hot, humid day. A fan is forcedconvection that passes air over the surface of your skinto help remove heat and moisture. As moistureevaporates from liquid to vapor, it absorbs heat fromyour body. It is easier to keep cool in hot, dry climatesthan it is in hot, humid climates, because theevaporative effect is so much stronger when the air isdry. Evaporative coolers are popular in hot, dryclimates, and dehumidifiers are popular in humidclimates.

Conversely, maintaining a higher level of relativehumidity indoors is wise in a cold climate. As cold, dryair infiltrates your home in winter and your heatingsystem increases the temperature, the relative humidityof the air drops. Relative humidity is a measure of howmuch moisture is contained in the air relative to howmuch the air can hold when saturated. The lower therelative humidity of the air, the easier it is to evaporatemoisture from your skin. This is why humidifiers arepopular in cold winter climates.

How Does Heat Move?


7/9

Passive Solar


Thermal mass can be incorporated into ceilings andwalls, but the most cost effective location for thermalmass in a residential structure is a floor that receivesdirect sun. Mass that is not illuminated by the sunabsorbs heat mostly by convection from the warm air inthe space, and provides much less benefit in terms of

heating.

A slab thickness of 2 inches (5 cm) is sufficient toabsorb and release heat on a daily basis. Some passivesolar designers are after a rapid response or quickwarm-up of the slab on a daily basis. Thin, 2 to 3 inch(57.6 cm) slabs lend themselves to this. Compared tothicker slabs, they are less expensive, and can bepoured over wood-framed floor systems, designed tohandle the added weight of the concrete.

But additional mass provides heat storage that can lastthrough several days of cloudy weather. A 6 to 8 inch

(1520 cm) slab is optimal in most applications,providing it receives direct solar gain over the majority ofits surface during the heating season. The increasedmass of a thicker slab raises the average minimumroom temperature, compared to a thinner slab. It alsolowers the average maximum room temperature. Thislimits daytime overheating and reduces the need fornighttime cooling. Thicker slabs also help keep thebuilding cool during the summer. Slabs thicker than 8inches provide little additional benefit in mostapplications.

Two inches (5 cm) of high density, closed cell, rigid foam

should be laid under the slab and around the perimeter.This approach thermally isolates the slab from outdoorand ground temperature swings.

The color of thermal mass is another important aspectof passive solar design. When exposed to sunlight,earth tones and dark-colored objects absorb heat moreeasily than light-colored objects. Extremely darksurfaces, however, may become too hot for bare feet.Also, carpets covering the mass floor should be kept toa minimum. A small throw rug here or there is not aproblem. But covering the floor with carpet will insulate

the slab and radically decrease its ability to absorb andrelease heat.

Thermal EfficiencyA Mantra

Just as energy efficiency is the most important step forsolar-electric systems, it should not be any surprise thatenergy efficiency is also vital to any successful passivesolar building project. This mantra is to be repeated overand overthe less energy you consume or waste, theless you need to produce. Remember that efficiency isthe only energy resource that is 100 percent efficient,and it is almost always the most economical investment.Thermal efficiency has three main applications in

passive solar design: windows (discussed earlier),insulation, and a tight building envelope.

The most cost effective investment you can make to

improve the thermal efficiency of your home isinsulation. It not only helps keep your house warm in thewinter; it helps keep it cool in the summer. And when itcomes to insulation, more is almost always better.General insulation guidelines for efficient passive solarhomes are R-30 walls and R-60 roofs in temperateclimates, and R-40 walls and R-80 roofs in extremelycold or hot climates.

Air leakage causes the single greatest loss of energy inmost homes. You want to minimize air leakage in thebuilding envelope that surrounds your indoor space.

Caulk the trim around windows and doors on the insideand outside, install and adjust the weatherstrippingaround the operable surfaces of doors and windows,use expanding foam to seal all the penetrations theplumbers and electricians made, and use sill sealbetween the walls bottom plate and the foundation. Asyou build, make sure you take care of those air leaks allthe way through the construction process. It will neverbe easier or more effective.

Note that airtight building envelopes can be a potentialhazard to your health. Fresh airfree of dust, spores,bacteria, and any chemicals that may off-gas from

Common Mistakes Trying to heat too large or inefficient spaces.

Passive solar works better in smaller buildings,

such as residences, and where the buildingenvelope design controls the energy demand.

Overheating as a result of excessive glazing. Inhot climates, buildings having large glass areaswith direct solar gain may overheat.

Failing to minimize southwest and west-facingwindows, and not sizing shading devicesproperly.

Providing inadequate quantities of thermal massfor the amount of direct gain glazing. In passive

solar heated buildings with high solarcontributions, it can be difficult to provideadequate quantities of effective thermal mass.

Having too much sun glare. Room and furniturelayout needs to be planned to avoid glare fromthe sun on equipment, such as computers andtelevisions.


8/9

Passive Solar


paints, petroleum-based carpets, and furnitureupholsteryis important to human well-being.

Mechanical ventilation may be desirable or evennecessary to ensure adequate indoor air quality.Ventilation systems bring fresh air into living spaces and

exhaust it from bathrooms, kitchens, and laundry roomswhere moisture and less desirable air are moreconcentrated. Super-insulated homes can also use anair-to-air heat exchanger to retrieve the heat content ofexhaust air.

Other Design ConsiderationsIn addition to cutting your energy costs for heating andcooling, passive solar home design may integratedaylighting and passive ventilation. Daylighting designuses natural sunlight to supplement and minimize theuse of electric lights during the day. When designingyour home, pay attention to window location in relation

to where light is neededa window over the kitchensink, a desk, your favorite reading chair, and in thebathroom can be helpful. Properly positioned skylightsor light tubes can be a great source of daylighting aswell. Light-colored walls help to distribute lightthroughout the house.

Passive ventilation optimizes natural air flow byconvection and can be used to distribute warm, cool, orfresh air throughout the house. Doors and operablewindows and skylights can provide the majority of airtransfer in a passive solar house with a tight buildingenvelope. Windows located on opposite walls will create

cross-ventilation and maximize air movement.

During warm months, the common practice of shuttingwindows and doors during the daytime keeps unwantedheat out. In the evening, opening the windows anddoors brings in cool, nighttime air that helps cool thethermal mass. In the morning, the windows and doorsare shut again and the chilled out mass helps to keepthe building cool during the day.

In a home with a tight building envelope, its amazinghow few windows or doors need to be opened to createa whole house draft that cools the house overnight.

Open floor plans help this process, as well. This drafteffect can be increased by the inclusion of skylights orsecond stories with an open stairway between floors.Hot air rises. So opening a first floor window and asecond floor window or skylight creates a chimneyeffect that pushes and pulls the warm air out of thebuilding.

Reaping the HarvestBy now you have grasped the fundamental concepts ofpassive solar design for heating and cooling. The fiveprinciples are: building orientation towards true south,

properly placed energy efficient windows, calculatedroof overhangs, thermal energy storage, and thermalefficiency. Future issues of Home Powermagazine willdetail some successful passive designs, and delvedeeper into the concepts introduced in this article.

Conventional home building is responsible for a largepercentage of our cultures energy excesses. But it hasbeen undergoing a quiet revolution. Not everywhere orfast enough of coursebut you can claim anothervictory for the revolution just by letting the sun into yourhome. Thanks to the passive solar pioneers of the1960s, 70s and 80s, the mistakes have already beenmade for us, and the successful strategies have beenrefined. The guidelines presented in this article weregenerated over the course of several decades of boldfront yard experiments, common sense technology,passionate professionalism, and lessons learned andfreely shared. Considering that a building built today willlast 50 to 100 years, you can be sure that yourinvestment in passive solar will continue to pay off wellbeyond your mortgageand your lifetime.

Access

Ken Olson, SoL Energy, PO Box 217, Carbondale, CO81623 Phone/Fax: [email protected] www.solenergy.org

Joe Schwartz, Home Power, PO Box 520, Ashland, OR97520 541-512-0201 [email protected]

Christopher Gronbeck, Sustainable By Design, 3631

Bagley Ave. N, Seattle, WA 98103 206-925-9290Fax: 877-684-0797 or [email protected] susdesign.comDesign tools and consulting

Guidelines for Home Buildingand Designing Low-Energy Buildings With ENERGY-10, book and softwarepackages, US$100 and US$250 respectively, availablefrom Sustainable Buildings Industry Council (SBIC),1331 H St. NW, Ste. 1000, Washington, DC 20005202-628-7400 Fax: [email protected] www.sbicouncil.orgBuild Better Buildings PDF available at:

www.sbicouncil.org/resource/4aBldBet.pdf

Solar Todaymagazine and Affordable Passive SolarHomes: Low-Cost, Compact Designs, by Richard LCrowther, SciTech Publishing Co., 1984, US$20(members US$15), ISBN 0-916653-00-5 and Sun-Earth: Sustainable Designby Richard Crowther,reprinted 1994 from 1983 classic edition, US$17.95(members US$16), available from American SolarEnergy Society (ASES), 2400 Central Ave., Suite G-1,Boulder, CO 80301 303-443-3130Fax: 303-443-3212 [email protected] www.ases.org


9/9

Passive Solar


Energetic Design, Debra Rucker Coleman, Architect,18250 Tanner Rd., Citronelle, AL 36522334-866-2574 [email protected] Passive solar house plans

Alliance to Save Energy, Kate Offringa, EWC Program

Manager, 1200 18th Street N.W., Suite 900,Washington, D.C. 20036 202-530-2245Fax: 202-331-9588 [email protected] Energy efficient window info

Date post:	06-Apr-2018
Category:	Documents
Upload:	dan-cirjan
View:	225 times
Download:	0 times

Passive Design Measures MAXIMMM

Documents