Past perfect

First I studied. Then I took the test.

After I had studied, I took the test.

I took the test after I had studied.

First I did my homework.

Then I rode my bike with friends.

When I had done my homework, I rode my bike with friends.I rode my bike with friends after I had done my homework.

The ground was wet. It rained.Which happened first?

After it had rained, the ground was wet.

The ground was wet because it had rained.

El suelo estaba mojado porque había llovido.

It had rained, so the ground was wet.

Había llovido, así que el suelo estaba mojado.

The film had already started.I arrived late to the cinema.

When I arrived at the cinema, the film had already started.

Cuando llegué al cine, la película ya había empezado.

When he opened his backpack, he realised that he had forgotten his English book.

opened his backpack

8:30 am 9:05 am

realised he didn’t have his book

Forgot to pack his English book

How do we form the past perfect?

had + past participle

I had studied.I had done my homework.It had rained.The film had started.He had forgotten his book.