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Past tense forms in English stopped, walked, coughed, kissed,
leashed, reached stabbed, wagged, achieved, buzzed,
soothed, bridged steamed, stunned, pulled played, flowed, studied wanted, located, decided, guided
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The regular past tense form in English is pronounced as [t] when the word ends with a voiceless consonant, [d] when it ends with a voiced sound, and [ d] wheɪn it ends with [t] or [d].
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Plural rule
z / [-voice, +cons]______ (Devoicing) / 咝擦音 _____z (增音 ) z z 剩余位置
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Obligatory Contour Principle (OCP) Obligatory Contour Principle No identical adjacent autosegment
s. (Goldsmith 1976)
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3. Non-linear Phonology These theories began as a method
for representing prosodic features such the stress in complex words, so that their different levels of stress are represented not by linear orders but by a metrical grid:
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Later the method was extended to the representation of earlier linear rules.
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Feature Geometry
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Plural rule (1)
[+cons] [+cons][-son] root [-son] plural
z
Laryngeal Laryngeal
[-voice] [+voice]
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Plural rule (2)
Ø X /X____________X
[-cons] [+cons] [+cons]
[+strid] [+strid]
[COR] [COR]
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Past tense rule (1)[+cons] [+cons][-son] root [-son] past
d
Laryngeal Laryngeal
[-voice] [+voice]
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Ø X /X__________X
[-cons] [+cons] [+cons]
[-cont] [-cont]
[-nas] [-nas]
Past tense rule (2)
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4. OT The ranking of the constraints is
represented by a “tableau”.
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Review of some constraints *VOICEVOICE: consecutive obstruen
ts must be identical in voicing within a syllable.
DEP-IO: insertion of segment is prohibited.
IDENT-IO: input segment and the corresponding output must be identical.
OCP: No identical adjacent autosegments.
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OT tableau for plural forms (1)
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OT tableau for plural forms (2) / / OCP DEP-IO *voice-voice IDENT(F)
a. [ ə ] *!
b. [ ] *!
c. [ ] *
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OT tableau for past forms (1)
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OT tableau for past forms (2) /wkd/ OCP DEP-IO *voice-voice IDENT(F)
a. [wkd] *!
b. [wkd] *!
c. [wkt] *
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Ranking of the constraints
OCP » DEP-IO » *voice-voice » IDENT(F)